United Kingdom of the Netherlands

The United Kingdom of the Netherlands is the common term in historiography for the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1815 to 1830, the period in which the currentNetherlands Belgium and one State formed under King William I. The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was by a personal Union and political ties connected to the Kingdom.



Content
[hide] *Arise 1  ==Genesis[ Edit] == After Prussian and Russian troops the French troops in 1813 had largely expelled from the Netherlands, Willem Frederik returned later, the son of the last stadtholderWilliam V after his landing in Scheveningen back to the Hague, to there on 2 december 1813 the title of Prince of the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands to receive. A Constitutional Committee came together at the end of december 1813 and three months later, on 29 March 1814, during the Assembly of Notables was theConstitution approved.
 * 1.1 the preparation
 * 1.2 William Gets the Board about Belgium
 * 1.3 Willem calls itself to King
 * 1.4 the Constitution of 1815
 * 1.5 the unification achieved
 * 2 the power of the King
 * 3 Status of Luxembourg
 * 4 administrative divisions
 * 4.1 Administrative oddities
 * 5 economic and social developments
 * 6 Reasons for the separation
 * 6.1 the language issue
 * 6.2 religious problems
 * 7 Developments after 1830
 * 8 see also

After the liberation of most of the Belgian provinces installed the High allied powers on 15 February 1814 a provisional Government led by a Governor General. The competence of the Government was limited initially to the territory of the Dijle River Leie, departments, Scheldt, Deux-Nèthes, and Sambre-et-Meuse Jemappes . The departments of Basse-Meuse Ourte and fell under the jurisdiction of the provisional Government of the lower Rhine. The Department of Forests fell under the jurisdiction of the provisional Government of the Middle Rhine. On 12 June 1814 were both last Governments merged. ===The preparation[ Edit] === Since Hendrik Van der Noot in 1789 to the Republic to a reunification early, had this idea the still young Willem no longer released. The defeat of Napoleon gave him the chance to fulfill this wish.

In contrast to representatives from the former States, which wanted a restoration of the former autonomous provinces, wished Willem a unitary State. Pamphlets appeared here and there about a Confédération Batavian or affiliated Confederation, on the basis of a North and a South Dutch Dutch part. William saw this not be and was supported by Metternich. This chose a unitary State to French model, because this stronger would stand in front of France than a divided country. A vision of which 15 years later showed that she was not right.

After the battle of Leipzig (16-18 October 1813), the British Foreign Secretary Robert Stewart with the following proposals for a new buffer State against France:

A subsequent proposal came on 9 november 1813 by Willem itself:
 * The northern Netherlands would be restored within their old borders and the Southern Netherlands would be a barrier State under a superpower. This scenario was fired because the southern Netherlands Austria simply no longer wanted back, although this was the greatest wish of the South Dutch representatives. Their compromise to an independent South-Netherlands/Belgium under an Austrian Prince was set by the great powers, on little enthusiasm, because this State was too weak in their eyes.
 * The northern Netherlands would get territorial expansion as the southern Netherlands (partially) French would continue; It was thought up to the Nete in the province of Antwerp, or even including very Flanders. In this scenario, there would be also be territorial expansion at the expense of Germany, and would the border walk fromMechelen, Maastricht, Vera so to end up to the Rhine at Cologne and Düsseldorf. This was rejected because this proposal would retain the reports France too much territory.

===William Gets the Board about Belgium<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the liberation of Belgium put England on 15 February 1814 to the allies for some articles in which they stated that the Belgian provinces United would be with theSovereign Principality of the United Netherlands. This Convention of Troyes was provisionally kept secret and only subject to approved by Prussia and Russia. The outcome depended on the course of the war and of the negotiations.
 * France would continue, within its old borders and the northern Netherlands would be extended with the southern Netherlands, a piece of Germany on the west bank of the Rhine to the Moselle river, on the East Bank the Duchy of Berg and the old Nassau countries.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Meanwhile a delegation of Belgian dignitaries led by the Duke of Beaufort to emperor Francis I in Chaumont drawn to argue for the record again by Austria of the Board of Belgium. On 20 February 1814 they were received by the Emperor in order to learn that the association with Holland was already a done deal. On 13 March when the allies decided to an Austrian Governor General to send to Belgium revived some hope of a statute of Belgium under Austrian control. That was not intended. Along with the Governor and the great powers would also appoint a representative may be present at the Holland each Belgian Government. Incidentally, in fact still first the Prussianbaron of Horst appointed as Governor-General and partly because of his resistance only the agreements could proceed starting from 6 May 1814. As a representative of William was when 1814 baron added to the Belgian Government.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the peace treaty of Paris of May 30, 1814 was determined that Holland would get an extension, but no territory was specifically referred to. One would negotiate this further in London and in Vienna. However, a day later pending the definitive allocation determined that the Belgian Government would function in command of the sovereigns of the occupying forces, particularly England and Holland. The Central Committee led by baron vom Stein, which until then the sovereignty of the allies over the on France conquered areas represented, was then dissolved on 15 June 1814.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Eventually, it was with the London Protocol on 21 June 1814 the territory agreed that William would get the Austrian Netherlands in 1789 (so without French Flanders), the old Republic, and the Liège region, provided some borders were straightened out. Willem aimed Givet, yet Le Quesnoy, Maubeugeand Condé , Valenciennes, but unsuccessful. In France, it was satisfied, because the feared that the superpowers Alsace-Lorraine and French Flanders would be included in the new Kingdom of the Netherlands.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Intention was that there would be a State that would unify both parts perfectly under a Constitution that had to be agreed by mutual agreement. William was invited the protocol and to accept appointment as Governor-General for Belgium. On July 21, 1814 William accepted the protocol. With his proclamation ' to the residents of Belgium ' took on 1 August 1814 the Provisional Board of the southern Netherlands about. On 15 August he installed there are Government that more than a year in Office remained until 16 september 1815. On August 20, 1814, the entire Western River Maas transferred to the Belgian Government. ===Willem calls itself to King<span class="mw-editsection" len="374" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">For William was now wait and see what is on the Congress of Vienna, which officially opened on 1 november 1814, would be decided on the Association of his Principality with Belgium and its limits. On 1 August he met the English Minister in Brussels that Castlereagh was on his way to Vienna. His wishes were found to be unacceptable, but also the plans for Prussia of Prussia called resistance at the allies on Prussia originally wanted the whole Kingdom of Willem. include in the German Confederation. Setting the border of the Empire by William was part of the global negotiations on the new European borders and took months to complete.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 13 February 1815 the powers reached an agreement that for what the Netherlands is concerned, later also visit would come in the final act of the Congress of Vienna. Would have to give up his inheritance and Willem the border between Netherlands and Prussia was established. Article 21 stipulated that Holland and the Belgian provinces according to the newly defined borders under the Prince-Sovereign of the United provinces would form a single Kingdom under the name Kingdom of the Netherlands (Royaume des Pays-Bas). The Prince and his successors would bear the title of King of the Netherlands. It was now waiting for ratification.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A few weeks later, while Congress was still in full swing, Napoleon began a new offensive. William waited no longer on the final act and proclaimed himself following the decisions already taken on 16 March 1815 to King of the Netherlands, William I. He maintained his Belgian Government pending the establishment of a constitutional monarchy for the whole area. On 12 May 1815 were eventually the Belgian provinces located on the Eastern riverbank transferred to the provisional Government-General of Belgium. The final act of the Congress of Vienna of 9 June 1815 explained all about the emergence of the new provisions is final. On June 18, 1815 Napoleon was finally defeated at Waterloo. ===The Constitution of 1815<span class="mw-editsection" len="362" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 16 March 1815 after he had proclaimed King of the Netherlands, did a Committee of 12 members from northern Netherlands and 12 members from South-Netherlands getting started to make the necessary adjustments to the Constitution within the framework of the eight articles. The 12 southern members did not prove to have much need for change, but demanded a majority in the States General. Eventually it was decided to a representation of 55 members each.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Both conservative and liberal southern representatives were the States General to want to split. This was eventually reduced to Second Room above which the First Room was posed. Since the members of the last were appointed by the King, took over the power of the King, although the representatives had actually want to achieve the opposite.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Commission had In relative agreement so the Constitution of 1815 designed, which in the North by the old estates General was adopted. For the time being in the absence of this institution in the South, was voted on by a college of 1604 notables here. By the episcopate was against the Constitution. There was also resistance to the equal division of the public debt. Only 527 of the 1323 voted for, while 796 voted against. Furthermore, a large majority of the Dutch-speaking regions, while a small majority of the Walloon regions for was. To here to come out against William I counted the 126 votes, based on the freedom of religion, at the yes-votes appealing on the binding nature of the eight articles in this area. Because there is still no majority was, he counted the 281 absentees also if yes-votes so he with this infamous "Hollandic arithmetic", Arithmétique hollandaise, it still came to a majority. On 24 August 1815 William explained that the Constitution was accepted. ===The unification achieved<span class="mw-editsection" len="367" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From 16 september 1815, the first Government which is responsible for the whole territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The administrative and territoraile unit are realized and with the approval of the Constitution is now basically a constitutional monarchy located throughout the country.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 21 september 1815 in Brussels on the Coudenberg was the unification of the northern and southern low countries solemnly celebrated. With the ideal of the unification accomplished William I of Orange. ==The power of the King<span class="mw-editsection" len="364" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Constitution gave the King a lot of power. The northern provinces of the Kingdom at the time, had more than two million inhabitants, the southern provinces almost three-and-a-half. The second Room got 110 members, of which, despite the larger population in the South, 55 by the northern and 55 by the southern provinces were chosen. The first Chamber consisted of old and new nobility, many of whom owe their appointment to the King had. That the King had much power, was also evident in the fact that the eight ministers themselves have no accountability to the States General to testify, but only to the King. In fact, they carried out the orders of the King, and brought the people's representation against little. Also frost could reign per Royal Decree. ==Status of Luxembourg<span class="mw-editsection" len="362" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Luxembourg was politically connected, and in a personal Union with the Kingdom and made at the same time as Grand Duchy of part of the German Confederation. The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg would be the first Treaty of London in 1839, at, is able fully become detached from the Kingdom, although the personal Union persisted until 1890.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" len="187" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [5]  <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" len="187" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[6]  <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" len="187" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[7] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" len="187" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[8] ==Administrative divisions<span class="mw-editsection" len="363" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == The provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands on 1 June 1816 from 1816-1830 after the former had come and with the Netherlands at Kleefse enclaves Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in personal Union.The United Kingdom and its provinces in 1816. Brand the county boundaries of Liège, Namur andLuxembourg on; These were later modified.<p lang="en" len="60" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The United Kingdom of the Netherlands counted 17 provinces: <p lang="en" len="691" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The United Kingdom also maintained a personal Union with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, of which the Grand Duke was King William I.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sittard wanted German, but arrived at the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Dutch continue Hertogenrade wanted but came to Prussia. Usually forget that the formation of the territory of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands was only completed after the former Prussian territories in 1816 in the Liemers and the Over-Betuwe to Netherlands and the last frontier problems were solved with Prussia in 1817.

<p lang="en" len="959" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The highest point in the UK was to 1830/1839 the Baraque Michel of 674 m and from 1830/1839 until 1890, the Kneiff of 560 m. With the overseas territories included the Carstensztop of 4887 m (in the East) and the Country of 1280 m (in the West). ===Administrative oddities<span class="mw-editsection" len="372" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The United Kingdom of the Netherlands had two governmental centres; The Hague and Brussels. Every other year the Government was a year in the Hague and a year in Brussels. That meant that the ministers and officials had to own or rent homes in both cities.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The King insisted that the General had to be Dutch operational language, but in the second Room spoke French all Belgian delegates (also by most Dutch delegates was mean). In the first room, in which only members of the nobility had session, members also spoke most Dutch French to better by their southern colleagues (and especially Walloon) means. This Northern Dutch aristocrats called that "Défendre la les intérêts nationaux and langue étrangère" (defend The national interests in a foreign language).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The southern Netherlands had over 60% of the total population and of the soldiers was more than 60% come from the South. Of the officers and senior officials, however, was the vast majority come from the northern part of the country. ==Economic and social developments<span class="mw-editsection" len="380" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Went the the new State for the economic wind, although especially in the beginning, the North faced a lot of unemployment and poverty, after a flood of British goods had destabilised the trade market. One in nine people there lived a kind of assistance, barely enough to survive. Weakened workers were replaced by fresh, skilled workers from other European countries, what the unemployment rate further south-westerly. Via a new institution, the society of Charity, an initiative of General Van den Bosch, were schools for orphans, poorand peat colonies founded in Drenthe . Here were thousands of impoverished people under harsh conditions put to work.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although the financial indebtedness reasonable stable South North had to carry large, but also benefited from the proceeds and outlets of the Dutch colonies. However, the South also had to deal with large differences between rich and poor. The big profits from the trade and industry were stabbed in new projects, or disappeared into the pockets of the directors. One-seventh of the population lived in extreme poverty.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The King did his best to bring some more unit and carried out in, for example, the metric system . This was a not so obvious act because that system a product of the turbulent years of the French Revolution was abolished again by the peace that Napoleon was. The King suggested new import and export rates, the struggling to breathe new life into outdated Amsterdam trade and deepen and widen channels graves or left in both the North and the South (the North Holland Canal, the Canal from Ghent to Terneuzen, theChannel from Brussels to Charleroi, and the Ourthekanaal). Had a positive effect the construction of paved roads, the development of the steel industry in Wallonia, the opening up of the port of Antwerp and the promotion of the southern textile industry. All this made a large export sales in cloth, weapons, iron products and flax as possible, and import of wool and cotton. The merchant marine of Antwerp grew to 117 ships. Many of these economic projects financed by him, the King from the Amortization syndicate, a fund that he to the annoyance of the notables held outside the control of the States General. Education was also extended; especially in the South was necessary because of the large illiteracy.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1825, the King, with capital from the South, North and his own wallet, the Dutch trade-society on, to promote trade from the colonies. Plane later on Java a large rebellion from that bloody was crushed. Afterwards, in the Dutch East Indies culture system introduced, where a fifth of the proceeds for the Dutch State would be.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The North took advantage of the synergistic effect of the unification and the lighting of the national debt. By all efforts took the prosperity, but there were also other initiatives needed. Where England have long been theindustrial revolution had embraced, held still for a long time the Dutch stuck to traditional means. So introduced the old officer Paul of Vlissingen in the Netherlands steamer, which he committed to ferry services. With English help, he founded the first machine factory on. There came later the first marine and mechanical engineering projects, such as the first steam ship in the Netherlands ( fijenoord yard).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">It was not until 1835, after the separation, the South got his first for the European continent: the first line for steam trains between Brussels and Mechelen. The North followed in 1839 with the line Haarlem-Amsterdam. ==Reasons for the separation<span class="mw-editsection" len="373" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The unification took place in socially less well. The southern and the Northern mentality, the Burgundian and Calvinistic, bleaching are not well tolerated. William I ruled as an enlightened despot, which excited in the traditional South often resentment. Already had the South in numerical terms slightly more representatives than the North, many Southerners feel for what autonomywent, including the relative underrepresentation of the South on high government posts and in the military. ===The language issue<span class="mw-editsection" len="357" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the southern Netherlands was the administrative language and that of the elite French. The Dutch there was only the language of the servants and workers.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Measures to throughout the Dutch speaking part of the Kingdom to enter the Dutch as a public language, led to great resentment at the Walloon people's part and at the gallicized elite of the Flemish regions. The introduction of the Language decision of 15 september 1819 certain that all inhabitants of Antwerp, Limburg, East-and West-Flanders in the Dutch should be able to turn to the municipality, the judge and the notary.Starting from 1 January 1823 would the authorities in these provinces are also forbidden to use the French finally. This measure could at the elite in the southern Netherlands on little welcome.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The French-speaking elite tried differences in faith, communication, mentality and lifestyle to use for their own political gain. Both national parts had a different historical baggage. Mutual fears of domination by one or other language and religion also proved to work conflicts. The French played a decisive role in the background. For example, in France the Légion belge parisienne, which was financed with private support (including the brothers Félix and Frédéric de mérode) and two battalions of 400 volunteers delivered each time. This happened with the consent of the French Government, which as a possible attachment of France wanted to work in Belgium at hand.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As a result of the enduring resentment abolished William I on 4 June 1830 forced the language in the southern Netherlands af. From then on it was again allowed to defend itself in Flanders to let by a French-speaking lawyer, a testament to create or to use on French as a language of administration. ===Religious problems<span class="mw-editsection" len="366" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The aversion of the homogeneous Catholic South against the 'Protestant' North (in fact it was 40% in the North also Catholic but since the eighty years ' war in a disadvantaged position), and the southern desire establishing Roman Catholicism as the State religion (in violation of the Constitution) strengthened the call for autonomy. Very much against the sore leg of the Catholic clergy was the loss of ecclesiastical grip on education. So the King made relying on the freedom of education the Episcopal seminaries close in Exchange for the creation of a less of the Church depending on Collegium Philosophicum.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Led by the Bishop of Ghent (French), Maurice de Broglie, the southerners increasingly in rebellion. The King tried this resistance in the bud, including by curtailing the freedom of the press somewhat and the military police here and there, but all this was oil on the fire of the resistance.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">King William had thought that he was the Liberals and Catholics in the South of his country could play off against each other. For many years I managed this, but in the end it came to a monstrous Covenant of Catholics and Liberals against the King. Because the liberal opposition came not from the ground in the North-dominated antipapistische more a vote there-this led only to a general rebellion in the South, the Belgian revolution of 1830, which brought a relatively fast process which Belgium was a separate Kingdom. ==Developments after 1830<span class="mw-editsection" len="365" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Limburg in 1839 1, 2 and 3 United Kingdom of the Netherlands (until 1830) 1 and 2 Kingdom of the Netherlands (since 1830) 2 Duchy of Limburg (in 1839 at the German Confederation as compensation for Waals-Luxembourg) 3 and 4 Kingdom of Belgium (since 1830) 4 and 5:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (borders until 1830) 4 province of Luxembourg (Belgium-Luxembourg, Belgium in 1839) 5 Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (German-Luxembourg; borders since 1839)

The blue border of the German Confederation.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">It was only in 1848 came in the North the resistance to the great power of the King of the land, which under King William II led to a new Constitution, a draft of the liberalJohan Thorbecke.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Belgium came In 1860 on suitors feet back at the threat of annexation by Netherlands because of Napoleon III. Belgium's Premier Charles Rogier even stated that the old Kingdom of the Netherlands had to be restored under two Governments (so if a Confederation) and adjust so that the Brabançonne let the bonds of friendship between the Dutch and the Belgians (lett: Batavians and Belgians) would emphasize.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the death of King William III died the Ottonian branch of the Parliament in the male line from. The Dutch Crown was about on the female heir, Wilhelmina, in Luxembourg due to the Salic law applied there, however, Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg, which makes the personal Union was broken.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 1920s in Belgium and Netherlands, there was a commitment to reunification: the Large Dutch movement. The pioneer of this movement was the historian Pieter Geyl [1], Professor of history at the University of Utrecht.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although there were ties between Netherlands and Belgium only a renewed strong cooperation between the two in the founding of the Benelux countries after the Second World War.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">There is a movement that the political unit of the United Kingdom, including Wallonia and Luxembourg, want to recover, the Very neerlandisme. There is also a movement that only Flanders would like to reunite with the northern neighbours, this is referred to as Large neerlandisme.