William I of the Netherlands

William I Frederick, born Willem Frederik Prins van Oranje-Nassau (the Hague, 24 August 1772 - Berlin, 12 december 1843) was the first King of the Netherlands from the House of Orange-Nassau.

After the defeat of Napoleon in the battle of Leipzig in 1813, he was inaugurated as ' Prince ' of the United Provinces. On 16 March 1815 he called himself King of the United Netherlands and Duke of Luxembourg. In the same year, at the Congress of Vienna by the European powers decided to the Duchy to Grand Duchy ofLuxembourg is available for promotion to a, William I was the first to recognize it as Grand Duke and King title confirmed. This was the newly crowned Dutch monarchy in Europe formally recognized. This acted as a buffer for both France and the United Kingdom. After the abdication in 1840 William I is called King William Frederick, count of Nassau.

William I was In Germany from 1803 to 1806 "Fürst" (Prince) of the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda. In 1806 and in the period 1813-1815 he was also Prince of thePrincipality of Nassau-Orange.



Content
[hide] *1 early life and marriage  ==Youth and marriage[ Edit] == Willem Frederik was born in 1772 in the Hague as the third son of stadtholder William V and Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia, niece of King Frederick II of Prussia. After the death of stadtholder William V, he was known as William VI until 1815.
 * 1.1 Maria Hoffmann
 * 2 Prince of Nassau
 * 2.1 from England to Napoleon
 * 2.2 By Napoleon to Prussia
 * 2.3 with Prussia to victory
 * 3 King of the Netherlands
 * 3.1 coat of arms
 * 4 Belgian secretion
 * 5 Abdication
 * 6 Titles
 * 7 For parents
 * 8 Literature
 * 9 external links
 * 10 Trivia

Willem Frederik married in 1791 his first cousin Wilhelmina of Prussia, a sister of Frederick William III, King of Prussia. They had five children: ===Maria Hoffmann[ Edit] === Between 1807 and 1812, William I, father of four children (two daughters and two sons) were conceived in a woman who is called Maria Dorothea Hoffmann in the baptismal register. This would be possible Lady-in-waiting Julie von der Goltz (1780-1841) have been, either: Juliane Karoline Philippine von der Goltz, daughter of Karl Franz von der Goltz (1740-1804), the Prussian Minister of war. The children were given the surname Von Dietz, to one of the titles of William I (County of Diez). These children were also financially supported with the set up, and in 1856 by William I liquidated, Von Jasmund-Fund that earned a steady income of 10,000 guilders per year. [1] . ==Prince of Nassau<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Willem with his brother Frederick at the age of 18===From England to Napoleon<span class="mw-editsection" len="357" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1793 he fought as Captain-General against the French in the southern Netherlands and Northern France. The French revolutionaries seemed initially to be reduced, but they came back. In 1795 he was hereditary Prince, 23-year-old, at the head of the Dutch States Army against the French invaders. When the French advanced, he fled with his father to England. On 6 January 1799 Prince Frederik died his brother that if General in Austrian service fought against Napoleon.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In August 1799 tried Willem with England and Russia to restore authority stadhouderlijk from North Holland, but this military action failed. On 10 October 1799 was a file signed inAlkmaar and a week later the English and Russian troops were gone. There was, however, quite a few Batavian deserters, prisoners of war and transported to England mutineers, from which William the Dutch Brigade formed. His father devoted himself down at the fact that the political role of the House of Orange was played out. So not yet son Willem, that end up in 1803 as compensation for the loss of his possessions in the low countries by the former Prince Napoleon dioceses Fulda and Corvey, Weingarten Abbey and theImperial City Dortmund got. That merged the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda forms.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1801 the hereditary Prince tried through his envoy Maximilian d'Hangest a kind of first consul of the Dutch Republic to be. Because the support was appreciated by Napoleon, where he invited William to come to Paris on 25 February 1802 spoke with Napoleon. For the position of first consul, he was rejected. In addition, he requested and received German area to compensate for the lost Dutch domains. These were other German areas than the tribe countries of Nassau which had been in the possession of the House of Orange. On May 23, 1802, a treaty which France and Prussia Fulda locks and a number of other areas (Corvey, Weingarten and Dortmund) to the Prince of Orange were promised. Prince William V, be this in his eyes robbed possessions outraged for himself off and had them over to the hereditary Prince. On 22 October the Prince-Prussian troops occupy Diocese to safeguard the interests of Orange and on 6 december as Prince William kept his entry in Fulda. ===By Napoleon to Prussia<span class="mw-editsection" len="356" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the death of his father on 8 april 1806 in Brunswick, Willem was also Prince of Nassau. William would not take possession of the countries. On 12 July 1806, the Rhine-Alliance and part of the countries of Willem were placed under the sovereignty of the other monarchs. William was if Napoleon's vassal in the Principality of Fulda not published and so was in article 24 the glory attached to the Kingdom of Württemberg Weingarten, the counties of Siegen, Dillenburg and Hadamar in the Grand Duchy of Berg and the County of Diez and the share in the village of Münzfelden to the Duchy of Nassau. At this time remained so still Fulda, Corvey and Dortmund about. Then on August 6, the end of the Holy Roman Empire was Willem theoretically even Sovereign Prince of this countries. In August 1806, Prussia decided that in the two previous wars against France had remained neutral, to join the coalition and to declare war on France, because of the French interference in German Affairs.Prussia proposed a ultimatum to Napoleon that expired on 1 October 1806. Willem chose his family ties with Prussia and ran over to the coalition against Napoleon. The fourth coalition war against Napoleon, however, was dramatic for Prussia. After the battle of Auerstedt was on 16 October to Erfurt in its function of the Prussian general taken prisoner by the French. He was released the same day and departed immediately afterwards towards Berlin. In Prussia, he had to appear for the court martial on charges of cowardice. He was neither cleared nor condemned. On October 31, took away the Prince Napoleon because of his betrayal at army order are principalities. Napoleon gave birth to compensate later a pension for this loss, which initially was intended to compensate for the loss of his Dutch domains. After the Prussian defeat tried Willem in vain to regain German possessions of Napoleon. Until the end of 1813 he lived with his family in the Niederländisches Palais in Berlin. In his Berlin years he got a relationship with the governess of his deceased daughter in 1806 Paulina of Orange-Nassau. This Julie Countess von der Goltz (1780-1841) he would have fathered four children between 1807 and 1812. ===With Prussia to victory<span class="mw-editsection" len="362" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After Napoleon was defeated in 1813 in the battle of Leipzig the political system collapsed in Central Germany all in one. The old situation was not restored. Most areas came under military administration of Russia, Austria or Prussia. William was restored to Prussia by his links with the areas of directly before 1803. The (Napoleonic) no longer existed in the Grand Duchy of Berg and Nassau counties Siegen, Dillenburg and Hadamar could be executed immediately the restoration. For the County of Diez, the situation something else because the Duke of Nassau in time the allies had connected. Also this area was transferred to Orange.Eventually the Government of William I in Nassau short lived. In 1815 a treaty with Prussia was closed, with the ancient tribe countries of Nassau were ceded in Exchange for the new Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. ==King of the Netherlands<span class="mw-editsection" len="353" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Arrival of King William I in Amsterdam on 2 december 1813The inauguration of King William I as Prince in the new Church in Amsterdam<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 30 november 1813 William again after eighteen years put foot on Dutch soil. In London, he was invited by letter as "Sovereign Prince" to take on the Government. The letter was submitted by the triumvirate of 1813, the Hague notables Gijsbert Karel van hogendorp, Frans Adam van der Duyn van Maasdam and Leopold of Limburg Stirum. William accepted their invitation and the English frigate The Warrior brought him to the coast of Scheveningen. With a farmer's car, he was then driven to the beach. One of the first things he did was issue a proclamation, in Netherlands, in which he announced: "our homeland is saved: The mean old tyden will soon be herleeven." Van hogendorp was first elevated to count along with Van der Duyn, but also over time by the King fired because of his constant criticism of the way things are going. On 1 december was proclaimed Sovereign Prince William, which was accepted by him on 2 december.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" len="176" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [2]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1815 Napoleon briefly returned to William and back were on the Congress of Vienna the former Austrian Netherlands pledged (which he had occupied already tacitly). The Netherlands would, so England and Prussia, hoped a strong buffer State to France's northern border forms. On 16 March 1815 the Sovereign Prince William I took the title King of the Netherlands to itself. He got as compensation for the Nassau inheritance taken from him as private property also was Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Luxembourgthereby.After the Belgian secession was he for the loss of Walloon Luxembourg as Duke again compensated with the remainder (the current Dutch province) of Limburg. For theinauguration in the new Church is a still existing brass model of a gilt Crown which was assumed that the Crown was the Vice-Regal funeral. At the inauguration in Brussels scoffed one about a "wooden Crown" and also about the large amount of strewn copper coins ("the copper King"). Thus was born a United Kingdom of the Netherlands. A newConstitution was drawn up: the South was partly under pressure from Great Britain required to go together with the North (union intime et complète). William was satisfied with its power expansion; England, however, retained Dunkirk as a focal point on the continent.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">King William I could use the administrative infrastructure that the French Empire and the Kingdom of Holland had left. The Republican residents of the North were accustomed to a central Government with a court culture. William I reinforced that culture by hoffunctionarissen to nominate. A new nobility created in the northern provinces where old nobilityvirtually failed or was extinct. King William I did not want any political settlement with the administrative elite which Louis Napoleon and Napoleon I had supported; He appointed even former Patriots such as Jan Willem Janssens on high posts. The King saw his ministers as his "servants" and considered himself responsible, despite the fact that his royal decrees were countersigned by Minister: countersign. It appears clearly that the basis for his kingship by Napoleon already had been laid. The initiatives set out by Napoleon, the improvement of the infrastructure around the waterways and the transfer of the churches to the main religious group on site were prompted by King William I continue. William I Later developed become more like an authoritarian monarch because he is thwarted by the States General saw in his innovative ideas.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Government would reside in the Hague and in Brussels every two years. For the King was built a new Royal Palace in Brussels. William I could so have a city residence at Brussels, in Amsterdam about the Palace on Dam square and the Royal Palace Paleis Noordeindein the Hague about. Beside Castle of Laeken, the Huis ten Bosch Palace Het Loo and at his disposal. A number of Orange had not survived the French time residences. The Prince of Orange got the decision on city palaces in Brussels and the Hague and obtained the property in Tervuren and soestdijk Palace in property. The working language of the Court was most French.The laws were promulgated in French and in Dutch. The Executive operational language followed the language border, which in the South at the French-speaking bourgeoisie called quite a bit of resistance.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Willem maintained as absolute monarch and the reforms from the enlightened despot French time. William was an entrepreneur who strongly invested in the industry in the South of his country. He was founder and shareholder of the Société Généralelater Belgian. In 1824 he founded the Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij. William was very meritorious for the water management. New channels and street roads were laid out in his command. Investment in such large national projects he did political opposition outside the budget using the amortization syndicate, in which the Crown estates were lodged as security. Gains were in this way to his advantage, loss charged this State properties. William supported William Cockerill in Seraing in 1817 during the construction of the largest steam engine factory in Europe. In 1820 her first steamer built that company and its first steam locomotivein 1835. The aid would Cockerill at the Belgian revolution are not readily accepted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" len="176" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [3]  William was the first ruler of capitalist Europe, which greatly increased his earnings with somewhat modern methods while the impoverished working class. The power of the King in 1815 was estimated at 10 million and 25 years later was estimated to be 200 million guilders, the 20 x. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" len="176" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[4]  a third of the population of Amsterdam lived from the French period of the ecclesiastical and civil arms care, which incidentally by foreigners compared to other European countries was seen as fairly generous. He made work by the introduction of the metric system and wanted by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands to create a modern and enlightened unitary State. On religious and linguistic area these reforms encountered resistance. ===Weapon<span class="mw-editsection" len="336" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The coat of arms of William I of the Netherlands as a sovereign Prince of the Netherlands was established on 14 January 1814. The coat of arms was a reminder that by Maurits andFrederick Henry. The coat of arms was gekartileerd of the Republic and the coats of arms of the House of Orange.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From the legacy of the House of Orange is hunting Horn of Chalon, Orange and Geneva, to see back. A combination that also in the coat of arms of the father of the fatherland had already taken a prominent place. The lion of Nassau, a golden lion on a blue field dotted with Golden beams, is as heart shield posted.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Erfstadhouderlijke from the legacy of his father William V took the Sovereign Prince the Crown and the schildhoudende lions and the motto "Je Maintiendrai" about it. Around the shield was a derivative of the Prussian high order of the Black Eagle, the Sovereign Prince possessed not yet own knighthood. The young Prince had also for a garter can choose.

<p lang="en" len="150" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The weapon did only 20 months service, for on 24 August 1815 took Willem Frederik now King William I of the Netherlands was a new weapon to. ==Belgian secretion<span class="mw-editsection" len="352" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Dutch was the official language In Flanders, to the displeasure of the largely French-speaking bourgeoisie. Also the State control on the curriculum of the Catholic seminaries came to stand him to object. The strongly Roman Catholic Church targeted on France elite wanted to, despite the Holy See with the Concordat negotiated not submit to this modernist Protestant monarch.Then on August 25, 1830 a nationalistic opera was staged in Brussels (la Muette De Portici), broke the Belgian revolution in Brussels under strong military support from France, which culminated in an independent Kingdom of Belgium.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">William sent in 1831 to recapture an army to Belgium to Brussels, it allowed under Supreme command of Crown Prince Willem and among other things under the command of the second son of the King, Frederick andGeneral Saxe-Weimar. This ten-day campaign was a fiasco, despite initial successes because the French King sent the troops in the meantime to help King Leopold was sworn in. The Belgian King had diplomatic a Grand Alliance. He had in his youth served at the Russian court, was the widower of a heiress to the English throne and would marry a French King's daughter. William was under considerable diplomatic pressure obliged to accept the independence of the Kingdom of Belgium. Although William lost the support of the major powers, he remained stubbornly resist against peace. The merchant-King made the State practically bankrupt with his political perseverance and his reputation as a reliable financial genius got a dent. In 1839 he finally recognized the young Belgian State. The separation required a constitutional amendment, which was introduced the criminal responsibility for the ministers (1840). This was a restriction on the King's power and Willem found that go too far. ==Abdication<span class="mw-editsection" len="341" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == William I portrayed some days before his death<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The restriction of his power and the Belgian secession were the main reasons for William to on 7 October 1840 abdication (abdication) to do in favor of his son, King William II. In november left Willem to Berlin. He retained his Royal rank and his title was: His Majesty the count of Nassau. He lived first at his daughter Marianne and still later moved into thePalais Niederländischesbelonging to him. He married in February 1841 In Berlin with the Catholic Henriëtte d'Oultremont de WégimontH.R. Imperial Countess, which by father's side descended from a Roman Catholic Walloon noble family. They went live in the Dutch Palace on the Unter den Linden in Berlin.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Walker abdication did not mean the end of his involvement with the National finances. He lent the State ten million guilders against 3% interest rate in order to avoid bankruptcy.Willem died on 12 december 1843 in Berlin at the age of 71. On 2 January 1844 his remains were buried in the Royal crypt in the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft. ==Titles<span class="mw-editsection" len="338" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In addition to King of the Netherlands William I bore the titles Prince of Orange-Nassau, Frost of Fulda (1803 – 1806), count of Corvey, Weingarten and Dortmund (1802-1806) and later as William I, Sovereign Prince of the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands (1813-1815), Duke of Luxembourg (1815), Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1815 – 1840) and Duke of Limburg (1839 – 1840). After his abdication, he took the title and name to King Willem Frederik count of Nassau . ==For Parents<span class="mw-editsection" len="342" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==