Zambia

Zambia (sometimes called interpreted as Zambia, formerly Northern Rhodesia), officially the Republic of Zambia is a country in Africa which borders the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia and Angola. Zambia is an independent Republic with the mining industry as the most important economic factor (copper).



Content
[hide] *1 History  ==History[ Edit] == There is evidence found that Zambia already 300,000 years ago was inhabited by Humanoids. The first inhabitants probably were Pygmies peoples of Zambia.
 * 2 population and language
 * 2.1 Languages
 * 2.2 language politics
 * 2.3 Religion
 * 2.4 Poverty
 * 3 administrative divisions
 * 4 Geography
 * 4.1 tourism
 * 5 health care
 * 6 Bibliography
 * 7 see also

In the 18th and 19th century there flourished a slave trade in Zambia. This slave trade gave the population great suffering. In 1895, Zambia ' property ' of the British South Africa Company (BSA). Zambia was a British Crown Colony In 1924 under the name Northern Rhodesia. The British introduced the system of indirect rule (indirect rule), which meant that the British through the traditional chiefs exercised its authority. Especially the whites got the shots anyway.

Black nationals founded the African National Congress (ANC) on, to strengthen the national consciousness. Kenneth David Kaunda In 1953, Secretary General of the African National Congress (ANC). In the same year, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Nyasaland (now Malawi) merged into one Federation. This Central African Federation (which was under British protection) was hotly contested by Kenneth Kaunda. He found, however, that his ANC took a wait-and-see attitude to. Kaunda stepped In 1957 from the ANC and formed United National Independence Party (UNIP; United National Independence Party) on which Kaunda was President. Harry Nkumbula followed Kaunda as Secretary General of the African National Congress (ANC) on.

The Central African Federation was dissolved on 31 december 1963 and a day later (on 1 January 1964 so) Kaunda was Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia. On 24 October 1964 under the name Northern Rhodesia Zambia declared independent with Kaunda as president and also Defence Minister (until 1970). The Government opposed vehemently against the unilateral declaration of independence of the neighbouring country Rhodesia by the white minority led by Ian Smith.

In October 1970 Kaunda Vice President Simon Kapepwe put off and left him some time in prison. When a private party Kapepwe founded in 1972, the president in a one-party system . The African National Congress (ANC) by Harry Nkumbula and numerous smaller parties merged with the UNIP. The UNIP was then the only legal party.

Since then carried out a policy of President Kaunda Zambian humanism. The Zambian humanism hold back on the Zambian traditions, but also a form of socialism was introduced. In addition, it expressed Christianity his mark on the Zambian humanism.

State-owned enterprises were founded between 1968 and 1991, in addition also the private sector, however, continued to exist.

Kaunda was a celebrated and seen in the Western world statesman. Its politics of non-racial, non-violent reconciliation and democracy, enjoyed great popularity. The president also supported the African majority movements in Southern Africa (South Africa, Mozambique and Zimbabwe). In the 1980s the economy deteriorated and there was serious opposition to the regime of president Kaunda.

In 1987, the agreement with the IMF temporarily disconnected. The negotiations with the IMF were resumed In 1990.

In 1990, the multiparty system introduced under domestic and foreign pressure. Trade union leader Frederick Chiluba founded in 1990 the opposition movement Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) on. In 1991, Parliament adopted a new Constitution and president Kaunda announced for 1992 elections to. In these elections was Frederick Chiluba elected president. Kaunda resigned. President Chiluba by a major privatisation carried out directly. As a result, Zambia obtained more credit. In July 1992 the Paris Club scolded half of Zambia's debt.

<p lang="en" len="77" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1993 committed supporters of ex-president Kaunda a failed coup.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Chiluba's Government was plagued by scandals and was quite autocratic. In 1995, former president Kenneth Kaunda is candidate for the upcoming presidential elections. To ensure that Kaunda could not be president again, Parliament adopted a law that a president could be re-elected only once. This excluded participation of Kaunda, who was re-elected many times already. In 1996, Chiluba re-elected. Then the UNIP started a campaign of non-violent civil disobedience. Nevertheless, Chiluba could remain president until 2002.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 2 January 2002, Levy Patrick Mwanawasa, a lawyer by profession, president. By the economic reforms initiated under his rule were created he received sympathy and support of Western donors and his own people. In 2006, he was elected for a second term. Mwanawasa died on August 19, 2008 at a hospital in Paris, where he was flown after he go at the beginning of July during a Summit of the African Union in Egypt had had a stroke. On 2 november 2008, Rupiah Banda sworn in as new president, after he had defeated opposition leader Michael Sata.This rash is disputed by Sata, he points to (possible) ballot box fraud. Banda would continue the economic policies of President Levy Mwanawasa.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On september 23, 2011 Michael Sata was the fifth president of Zambia. After having lost the election campaign in 2001, 2006 and 2008 Sata of the Zambian Patriotic Front in 2011 more than 43% of the vote, with which he sitting president Rupiah Banda was far behind. Sata features his tenure by his fierce criticism towards Chinese investors, which treat the Zambians according to Sata as slaves. ==Population and language<span class="mw-editsection" len="330" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Languages<span class="mw-editsection" len="318" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The official language of Zambia is English. In Zambia are more than 70 languages (mainly Bantulanguages) spoken. By Language in Zambia and in Ohannessian Kashoki (1978) (in the sequel OKLIZ) is a division into 15 groups suggested. Seven languages have been given official status by the Government. The choice has fallen on these languages on the basis of the numbers of first and second language speakers. Zambia is very ethnically diverse. No one tribe dominates Zambia in terms of either areal extent or population numbers, wrote George Kay in 1967, and in 1978 was that still true and according to Ohannessian Kashoki (OKLIZ p. 24).That makes it very very difficult to to use one of the indigenous languages as national language, as happened in Tanzania and Kenya with Swahili. However, there are big differences between the dispersion degree of the various languages; This made the choice for coofficial languages: Bembaseven, Kaonde, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, and Tonga, which daily each in turn get half an hour TV air time on ZNBC (Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation). The Zambian language Ila is one of the 55 languages in which the message is included on the Voyager Golden Record .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The role of some of the indigenous languages is become more important over the years. Bemba and Nyanja for example, play in certain urban areas (resp. Copperbelt and Lusaka) the role of lingua franca, and doing that sometimes more widely than English. In General, all indigenous languages an official status by the Government got more gained (second language) speakers. ===Language Politics<span class="mw-editsection" len="325" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Language politics in many African countries is a complex and also a touchy subject. The first language political choice after the independence was usually used for the (relatively objective) language of the ex-colonial power, internal and national unity of the loose sand clinging to promote fledgling States. Zambia is no exception. At independence in 1964 was not only chosen for the English as a national language (an obvious choice in a multilingual former British colony without native lingua franca), but also for the first and only English as medium of instruction (i.e. not as a subject) in the education.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In addition to English as language of instruction offered the language politics of Zambia from the outset the possibility of teaching in seven Zambian languages (as a subject) in officially prescribed regions: Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja and Tonga. Furthermore, the Constitution of Zambia guarantees that "The State shall take measures to promote the practice, enjoyment and development by any person of that person's culture, tradition, custom and language insofar as these are not Inconsistent with this Constitution" (part 9, Article 112, Paragraph g). ===Religion<span class="mw-editsection" len="320" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Zambia is officially a Christian country, but there is a great variety of religious traditions. In many of the syncretic churches in the country mix traditional religious ideas easily with Christian beliefs. Christian denominations include Roman Catholics, Anglicans, the Pentecostal movement, the New Apostolic Church (> 14% of the population), Lutherans, seventh-day Adventist, Jehovah's witnesses and a variety of Evangelical denominations. These grew, developed and flourished from the original missionary settlements (Portuguese and Catholic in the East of Mozambique) and Anglican (English and Scottish influences from the South). Apart from some technical positions (e.g. doctors) are Western missionary roles taken by believers from the original population. After Frederick Chiluba (a Pentecostal believer) became president in 1991, grew up Pentecostal communities in the country significantly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" len="158" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [4]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">About 5% of the population consists of Muslims who mainly living in urban areas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-usstate_5-0" len="166" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [5]  there is also a small Jewish community that primarily ashkenazis. Simon Zukas concern important Jewish Zambians, former Minister, Member of Parliament and a member of the Forum for Democracy and Development and earlier of the MMD and United national independence party. In addition, the Economist Stanley Fischer, current Governor of the Bank of Israel and former head of the IMF, born and partly raised in the Jewish community of Zambia. The Baha'i population of Zambia surpasses the 160,000<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-adherents_6-0" len="168" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[6], or 1.5% of the population. The William Mmutle Masetlha Foundation<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dlp_7-0" len="162" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[7]  which is led by the Baha'i community, is primarily active in the field of education and health care. ===Poverty<span class="mw-editsection" len="320" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">According to the United Nations Development Programme in Zambia, 68% of the population lives under the poverty line.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" len="158" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [8] ==Administrative divisions<span class="mw-editsection" len="334" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p lang="en" len="36" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Zambia consists of nine provinces:

==Geography<span class="mw-editsection" len="322" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Tourism<span class="mw-editsection" len="321" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Tourism is in Zambia mainly concentrated in the South, around the town of Livingstone. This city is located on the banks of the river Zambezi near the famous Victoria Falls. Because there are relatively few tourists from the Zambian side to these waterfalls go, it's much quieter and here one can enjoy nature more. In addition, the waterfalls of this side at least as beautiful as the Zimbabwean side. It is also South Luangwa National Park(near Chipata) in attendance. There is a large population to find elephants. ==Health Care<span class="mw-editsection" len="329" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As in many African countries, aids is a major threat. Fruitful solutions to prevent the spread of aids, there are in Zambia have not found.
 * Central
 * Copperbelt
 * Eastern
 * Luapula
 * Lusaka
 * Northern
 * North-Western
 * Southern
 * Western
 * length land borders: Angola 1110 km several tens of meters, Botswana , the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1930 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia (Caprivi) 233 km, Tanzania 338 km,Zimbabwe 797 km
 * coastline: no
 * highest point: Mafinga Hills 2301 m.
 * lowest point: 329 m Zambezi River.
 * largest rivers: Zambezi, Kafue, Luangwa
 * mineral resources: coal, copper, silver, zinc, lead, uranium, cobalt

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Netherlands In May 2009 pending the results of a corruption research all financial assistance to the Zambian Ministry of Health suspended. To that end by Minister Bert Koenders decided following accusations that were expressed about embezzlement of aid money. A hunchback had tipped the Zambian anti-corruption Commission about possible misuse of aid money in the health care sector. All donors were informed and then there was immediately started an investigation.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Dutch financial contribution to the health sector in Zambia amounted to EUR 13 million per year in 2008/2009. This support is used for primary care in rural areas, the fight against malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/aids and training of medical personnel.