1960-1969

The years 1960-1969 (the Christian era ), also referred to as the sixties or the sixties, a decade in the 20th century . ==Events and developments [  edit ] == Colonization in 1945*Rapidly to most of the remaining colonies, especially in Africa , independent. With independence, however, come new problems: Many countries are politically unstable and soon local leaders, military leaders and self-proclaimed "people's representatives" fight for power. The result is usually that a dictatorship is located in the former colony where the potential wealth of the land disappear into the pockets of the dictator and his supporters. Designer Wernher von Braun for a test model of the Saturn V -raketThe Apollo 11 mission brought the first humans on the moon*In the sixties, the first satellite navigation system being developed, Transit, a system of the American Navy , which ships worldwide, regardless of weather conditions, to determine their location. The Beatles VARA TV in Treslong ,Hillegom on June 5, 1964*In the first years are quieter variants of the rock 'n' roll leading, especially Cliff Richard & The Shadows and Helen Shapiro from England and Connie Francis and Wanda Jackson from the US ==Important people internationally [  edit ] ==  ==Important people in the Netherlands [  edit ] ==
 * Welfare state
 * The reconstruction is completed, all the remains housing shortage still poignant. In the Netherlands, an end to the wage policies and wage one wave follows another. Gradually do refrigerator , washing machine ,telephone , television and car their way into households and the streetscape.
 * The free Saturday is entered. The increased free time creating a do it yourself culture.
 * The introduction of the television causes a complete change in the interior of the residential houses. The (dining) table with the lamp above it disappears as the central point of the living room. New center is thesofa, all of whose components are oriented at the center: the television.
 * Asia
 * In the south of Vietnam is a leftist guerrilla movement active in the West known as the Vietcong . The pro-Western dictatorship of Ngo Dinh Diem fails to control the guerrillas. The Americans are sending "military advisers" to South Vietnam, and gradually become increasingly involved in the war. Eventually the American presence staged widely in 1964, with both ground troops and heavy bombing of North Vietnam.Despite increasingly harsh military actions succeed Americans and South Vietnamese are not to drive the opponent really back.
 * The PRC supports politically and militarily North Vietnam, but is itself seized from 1966 through the Cultural Revolution, a campaign by students and workers against the party establishment. The control rests with the Great Helmsman Mao, who created a personality cult around. Leaders who disappear are out of favor with him in prison, as President Liu Shaoqi .
 * Development
 * The Green Revolution is a successful program to increase rice production through breeding, fertilizer (fertilizer) and irrigation. The West supports projects to take the red (communist) revolution the wind out of the sails.
 * The US president John F. Kennedy founded the Peace Corps, an organization of young volunteers who are going to build up schools and agricultural projects in developing countries. Head appoint his brother in law Sargent Shriver .
 * Africa
 * Looking for a new identity after the colonial period, experimenting with various models including Marxist communism. The cold war leads to rivalry between western and communist countries of African potentates favor. As the Russians begin with the construction of the Aswan Dam in 1960. The construction required to move thousands of people, and archaeological sites such as Abu Simbel to be moved. In 1970 the dam was completed.
 * In the Congo (Leopoldville) tries province of Katanga to make themselves independent, and comes to a civil war .
 * Perhaps even bloodier the Biafran war between Nigeria and the breakaway province of Biafra (1967-1970).
 * In the Union of South Africa leading the introduction of the pass laws to unrest and opposition to apartheid . The Sharpeville Massacre raises a lot of international protest, and the country should the British Commonwealth abandoned. The African National Congress is banned and the leaders of this group, Oliver Tambo and Nelson Mandela, given long prison sentences.
 * Cold War
 * The Cuban Revolution leads to tension between East and West even almost a third world war conduct. The failed landing at the Bay of Pigs by opponents of Fidel Castro has actual rope put by the CIA, and President John F. Kennedy gave permission for. The Russian government building on the island bases for nuclear missiles. The American fleet takes positions to stop Russian ships with missiles. The world breathes a sigh of relief as the Russians put about and return to their country.
 * While Cardinal Mindszinty still stuck in the US Embassy in Budapest, found under János Kádár place reforms to make Hungary into a liberal country for the Eastern Bloc.
 * America
 * In November 1963, John F. Kennedy assassinated in Dallas. Lyndon B. Johnson becomes the 36th president of the United States .
 * Success of the civil rights movement in the United States . President Johnson signed the 1964 Civil Rights Act . Besides the peaceful civil rights movement has also grown a militant movement of black youth: theBlack Panther Party, which is led by the vision of the murdered activist Malcolm X in the cities There are increasing tensions and clashes between blacks and police.. And in the southern states commit racist Ku Klux Klan attacks on black citizens who wish to exercise their civil rights acquired. Finally in 1968 the leader of the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King , assassinated in Memphis.
 * In the United States there is resistance to the Vietnam War. Some, especially young leftists, consider the war a false interference in a domestic dispute. In contrast to the established order, the domino theory : if Vietnam would be communist, would then one by one, followed by the other countries in the region. In addition, there are problems because of the many dead who demands the war, the apparent lack of progress, and reports of serious human rights violations (such as the My Lai Massacre ) by the Americans and South Vietnamese.
 * President Johnson makes in March 1968 announced that he is not a candidate for the presidential elections that year. After a turbulent campaign in which Robert F. Kennedy is assassinated and students to ask a pig candidate at the Democratic convention, the Republican is Richard Nixon elected. Instead of the promised peace for the time being, however, he brings an intensification of the war.
 * Belgium
 * Closure of the coal mines in the Borinage brings high unemployment in Hainault .
 * The language border is drawn.
 * Netherlands
 * The persecution of the Jews in the Second World War negotiable created by Jacques Presser in the two-part standard Doom . For a wider audience sings Rika Jansen also in 1965 the song "Amsterdam cries". In 1960, the Anne Frank House opened as a museum.
 * Suriname
 * Surinamese politics is dominated by Jopie Pengel, who from 1963 to 1969 premier.
 * With the implementation of the Brokopondo Plan Suriname gets electricity from hydroelectric power to the aluminum feed.
 * Maritime, aviation and aerospace
 * The space race between the United States and the Soviet Union, culminating with the first moon landing .
 * In civil aviation take jet aircraft on the intercontinental: US DC-8 and Boeing 707, and the French Caravelle . Fokker developed the F28 Fellowship , but by far the best selling aircraft in the world in those years the Fokker Friendship .
 * Family
 * The American Betty Friedan published in 1963 the book The Feminine Mystique and Jane Smith in 1967 in the Netherlands Article Woman unease. That they initiate thesecond wave of feminism .
 * Introduction of the contraceptive pill in 1962. Especially in Roman Catholic circles birth control is a controversial concept, but in March 1963 Mgr. Bekkers, bishop of Den Bosch, in the KRO program Focal speaks of "the freedom of conscience of Catholic married couples," is "the pill" nationally accepted.
 * Youth rebel against the rigid relations in society. In university towns find student revolts place, with occupation of university buildings.
 * Science and technology
 * From 1960 to 1963 finds the Milgram Experiment place. Tested the willingness of subjects to perform tasks at the expense of others. They appear in majority prepared to administer electric shocks to persons who are not performing a task.
 * IC 's developed what the calculator brings within reach of (as yet wealthy) individuals.
 * Nature and environment
 * The World Wildlife Fund is established.
 * In 1962 the book appears Silent spring. The American biologist Rachel Carson writes about the grebes in Clearlake, California, in the fifties died after almost all there was quite sprayed against mosquitoes with an on DDT related substance. She brings to this book, a movement that will lead to the banning of DDT.
 * Radio and television
 * The first color TV and hifi -radio.
 * The Jerry Lewis Show, and later Hollywood Palace broadcast.
 * The commercial offshore stations, Radio Veronica first, be very popular. Dutch broadcasters try Hilversum 3 to enter the competition, but for the time being in vain. TheREM island off the coast of Noordwijk is not manipulated by the government. The proponents of "free television" But getting a private legal broadcaster, the TROS, a foot in the door in Hilversum and Bussum. And instead of commercial broadcasting Netherlands gets the STAR .
 * The television series "The occupation," presented by Lou de Jong, finally makes the events in the occupied Netherlands negotiable in the living room. "The Downfall" byJacques Presser gives many the first insight into how an entire population group was taken away and killed. The filmmaker Louis van Gasteren brings "Now do you understand why I cry?" (1969) an LSD session in view, given by Prof. J.Bastiaans to a concentration camp victim.
 * In the second half of the decade there will be a second one in the Netherlands. As a result the family has to choose: Netherlands 1 Netherlands 2: Rudi Carrell Show or a nature documentary?
 * The satirical TV program of the VARA , So it happens to be a time compares the visual culture with a religion. This leads to violent reactions. Especially Mies Bouwman, known Open Village , the prize must.
 * With Peyton Place (1964-1969) doing the soap opera its entry into the Dutch living room.
 * Art
 * Characteristics of postmodernism in the visual arts: eclecticism, criticized institutes, deconstruction relativism and mass media. Examples of postmodern artists: Andy Warhol , Jasper Johns and Roy Lichtensteinpop art , Joseph Beuys , Wolf Vostell , Yoko Ono , happening - Fluxus , Nam June Paik , Bill Viola , video art .
 * Op-Art, for example, Victor Vasarely
 * Currents in the film are the Nouvelle Vague in France and the 'spaghetti western' by Sergio Leone .
 * Entertainment
 * A series of action films as hero James Bond caused a craze. Some titles include On Her Majesty's Secret Service , You Only Live Twice , From Russia with Love and Goldfinger . This craze is also parodied in the same decade, including in the Matt Helm series of Dean Martin and Casino Royale of David Niven and Peter Sellers .
 * Wim Sonneveld late by Seth Gaaikema the American musical My Fair Lady translate and has great success with it. Annie MG Schmidt refuses a translation job and writes with composer Harry Bannink the musical Wonderful lasts the longest, starring Conny Stuart .
 * A new generation of comedians brings a fresh wind in the genre. Lurelei , Leidseplein Cabaret , PePijn and Jaap Fischer in the first half of the decade and Holland's Hope and Don Quishocking in the second.
 * Pop music
 * Folk music is popular again and especially the duo Simon & Garfunkel and the group Fairport Convention . The tradition of Pete Seeger will continue the protest singers:Bob Dylan , Donovan , Joan Baez , Melanie and the Netherlands Boudewijn de Groot .
 * The American duo Burt Bacharach and Hal David creates a large flow melodious hits, which are played by, among other Dusty Springfield and Dionne Warwick .
 * The rise of the beat music from England, with the lead Beatles , The Yardbirds, the Rolling Stones , The Who and The Hollies .
 * The flowering of the underground music of The Jimi Hendrix Experience , The Doors , Pink Floyd , The Grateful Dead , The Velvet Underground and The Mothers of Invention .
 * Singles:
 * Socio-economic
 * Especially Twente and Noord-Brabant affected by the textile crisis as the industry emigrated to low-wage countries such as Tunisia and Turkey.
 * The poor relief will be reformed to social assistance by the municipalities. In Belgium emerge end, the Public Social Welfare, in the Netherlands Social Services .
 * Strikes in France, May 1968
 * Rapid economic growth in the West; emergence of Japan as an economic superpower
 * Sport
 * The playing style catenaccio in Italian football for the first time by the Internazionale coach Helenio Herrera, circa 1963. It is a combination of a defense of four basket quarry workers in line supported by a libero.
 * Breakthrough of the long track speed skating in the Netherlands. Henk van der Grift and Rudie Liebrechts be followed by a duo that dominated the international tournaments for years: Ard and Keesie . The DutchViking Skating be leading.
 * The art skating is immensely popular by the television and the Dutch star Sjoukje Dijkstra and Joan Haan Apple . Internationally, other top skaters Carrol Heiss , Regine Heitzer and Petra Burka
 * Youth Culture
 * Healthcare
 * In 1968 broke the Hong Kong flu of that until 1970, about 1 million people costs lives.
 * The first heart transplants are performed in Cape Town .
 * Religion
 * Pope John XXIII calling the Second Vatican Council convened, in the years 1962 - 1965 implements many innovations. The Holy Mass will henceforth be celebrated in the vernacular rather than in Latin, and thepriest will be aiming stand facing the congregation. Conservative Catholics talk of a second iconoclasm .
 * The Roman Catholic Church draws the "doctrine of collective guilt of the Jews" in. Pope Paul VI visited the synagogue in Rome and the State of Israel. The in 1960 established Secretariat of the Unit will be headed by Cardinal Willebrands to better relations with the World Council of Churches and the Orthodox Church .
 * Fashion
 * A leader in haute couture and beyond is Yves Saint Laurent . His trapeze dress with free waist 1958 conquering the clothing market after 1960. In 1966 he introduced the Mondrian dress and the "tuxedo for women," in 1967 followed by the pantsuit .
 * Novelties are the pantyhose and tights .
 * Women stabbing her high, use hairspray and even go wigs wear.
 * The skirts are narrower and shorter. London The Swinging City, Carnaby Street is a fashion center, and Twiggy in a miniskirt of André Courrèges and Mary Quant a style icon.
 * Boys grow their hair and wear jeans or corduroy suits clothes.
 * Innovation
 * The new material Formica is mainly used for tabletops to be cleaned often and quickly, such as kitchen and tables in cafeteria "s .
 * The ballpoint find general entry and ensures writing comfort. The felt-tip pen is fast becoming popular with adults and children.
 * John F. Kennedy
 * Lyndon B. Johnson
 * Robert McNamara
 * The Beatles
 * Ludwig Erhard
 * Nikita Khrushchev
 * Pope John XXIII
 * The Rolling Stones
 * Neil Armstrong
 * Fidel Castro
 * Martin Luther King
 * Mao Zedong
 * HO CHI MINH
 * Konrad Adenauer
 * Charles de Gaulle
 * Alexander Dubcek
 * Che Guevara
 * Robert F. Kennedy
 * Patrice Lumumba
 * Gamal Abdel Nasser
 * Kim Il-sung
 * Queen Juliana
 * Jan van Aartsen
 * Koos Andriessen
 * Joop Bakker
 * Barend Biesheuvel
 * Louis Beel
 * Jo Cals
 * Piet de Jong
 * Victor Marijnen
 * Hans van Mierlo
 * Joseph Luns
 * Jan de Quay
 * Marga Klompé
 * Norbert Schmelzer
 * Anne Vondeling
 * Johan Witteveen
 * Edzo Toxopeus
 * Jelle Zijlstra