Elizabeth I of England

Elizabeth I (Greenwich, 7 september 1533 – Richmond upon Thames, 24 March 1603) was Queen of England from 17 november 1558 until her death. He was nicknamed the Virgin Queen ElizabethsMaiden Queen (or Virgin Queen).

They reigned in a time that England was divided between Catholics and the emerging Protestantism. Elizabeth contributed significantly to the cause of Protestantism.Catholics, however, they fought more for reasons of State security than from religious considerations. Other than continental Europe remained saved England war on their own territory, but it was from 1585, partly for religious reasons, at sea and in conflict with the mighty Spain in Europe, where the deadly threat of the Armada and the resist it formed a high point. Elizabeth also had a lot to with the Kingdom Ireland, that when in a personal Union with England was connected. Her father Henry VIII had already had little success with the imposition of the Anglicanism and Irish rebellions were supported by Spain. England appeared during her reign on the world stage as a seafarer and colonial power, where Francis Drake and John Hawkins developed to the first national naval heroes.

The literature and especially the scene flourished as never before. The Elizabethan era is also that of William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe. During Elizabeths reign was the English national consciousness strengthened thanks to the external threat of the Pope and of King Philip II of Spain, in which the English Catholics were second-class position in a squat as potential traitors. This works to this day in the requirement that English head of State may be not Catholic and cannot marry a Catholic.

Elizabeths throne was disputed by Scotland, with support from both the Pope, who was excommunicated by her, as Spain's and France 's, because of her favoring Protestantism and the damage that its claim to the throne had incurred by the machinations of her father to father a male heir. A woman on the throne in her time than also not preferred. Her reign was in spite of this particularly long. For reigning monarchs was the creation of a throne successor usually an expensive duty; Elizabeth, however, its position strengthened by right not to marry and build a virginity cult around her person. Elizabeth was vain (though they tried in 1563 at Royal Proclamation to determine what may be her spread for portraits of[1] ), but intellectual qualities, politics ingenuity and sense of publicity could not be denied her. She seems to have had a vision of the national interest, which is not as disguised personal advocacy. She is considered one of the greatest Presidents of all time; She was at her life also known as "Good Queen Bess" called.



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[hide] *1 early life, intrigues and succession  ==Early life, intrigues and succession[ Edit] == Henry VIII was married with his second wife Anne Boleyn in 1532, the year in which the break with Rome was a fact. This Division had in principle not a religious-doctrinal sense, but was the result of a serious personal conflict of the King with the Roman Catholic Church. It worked the already on-going dissemination of the Protestant doctrine, however, in the hand. The Division was necessary according to Henry VIII because he only as his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon could let dissolve. Catherine had given him no male heir but only a daughter, Mary Tudor, the Bloody Mary, which later during her short reign, many Protestants would sue. This she did because of her religious beliefs, which she shared with her mother. Anne Boleyn gave birth to a child of Henry in 1533, but also this was another daughter, Elizabeth.
 * 2 religious tensions and marriage issues
 * 3 Spanish-English War
 * 3.1 Throne claims by Maria Stuart
 * 3.2 Armada
 * 3.3 Aftermath
 * 4 death and succession
 * 5 beginning of colonization
 * 6 Cultural flowering period
 * 7 For parents
 * 8 Nuts

The Catholic Church recognised Haider divorce and regarded Elizabeth as an illegitimate child. However, immediately after her birth she was appointed as heiress to the throne, for lack of a son. She passed her older half sister Mary, who according to Henry a bastard was because of the dissolution of his first marriage, but nevertheless would mount the throne rather than Maria Elizabeth.

When Elizabeth was two years old, her mother was beheaded on charges of adultery and treason. The many miscarriages and the absence of a male heir will have played a role. Her father remarried to Jane Seymourin 1537, with whom he finally had a son, the future Edward VI. Because of Haider's preference for a male heir was Elizabeth in turn passed as heir to the throne in favor of Eduard.

When Henry VIII died in 1547 and became Edward VI succeeded him, 14-year-old Elizabeth further raised by her fourth stepmother, Hendriks, the Protestant Catherine Parr,sixth wife and her new husband Thomas Seymour. Elizabeths half-brother Edward VI died in 1553, less than 16 years old. He was succeeded by Jane Grey, a second cousin of Henry VIII, who resigned after just 9 days.Haider then became oldest daughter Mary Tudor Queen of England.

Elizabeth was due to her stubborn Protestantism as a potential threat seen for Maria and she was suspected of conspiracy against her sister. There were discovered from letters addressed to Thomas Wyatt, who had unleashed a rebellion against Maria because of Mary's plan to marry Philip II of Spain. In the light of these letters was Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London. The Princess denied vehemently and insistent that they knew something of that rebellion; There are also never found her answers on those letters. Wyatt and his followers were all beheaded, but Elizabeth got any benefit of the doubt; in 1554 she was in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, placed under house arrest.

Mary Tudor married in 1554 with the then Crown Prince Philip II of Spain. For both spouses were the creation of a Catholic heir and bringing back England at the Catholic mother church important goals. Philip was also to do to an alliance with England against France, trailing the Italian wars for decades to resolve. There started fierce persecutions of Protestants, which many, even the Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer, came at the stake. It earned the nickname ' Mary Bloody Mary ' on it, but it had no lasting effect. When Mary was pregnant seemed to have become in 1555, Elizabeth from Woodstock to the Court called for the case that Mary and her child would die in childbirth. The pregnancy turned out to be imagined and Philip were looking for even (unsuccessfully) to Elizabeth, because he saw in that they most likely successor was Mary. Philip could due to commitments elsewhere (he became King of Spain in 1556) only 14 months remain in England. He had a very unpopular Declaration of war on France done, but he had a own heir and Maria not. When Mary died in1558, was Elizabeth so the only legitimate heir to the throne. They ascended the throne if Protestant woman when the religious proportions were at rock bottom. ==Religious tensions and marriage issues<span class="mw-editsection" len="374" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In January 1559, Elizabeth was crowned Queen of England. Her 45-year reign would be marked by religious tensions, both in foreign policy and in domestic relations, though it remained in England compared to the European continent fairly quiet. Already during the beginning of her reign the Church of England got solid form through a recovery of the Act of Supremacy (1559) which measures of her predecessor Mary Tudor terugdraaiden and herself made the Church's Supreme run for Governor . The Act of Uniformity in the same year, determined that its nationals had to go to church and in doing so had to use the Book of Common Prayers . Roman Catholics and ' non-conformist ', i.e. non-Anglican Protestants were second-class citizens, which created in the 19th century so would continue. They also, however, revoked laws which were used to prosecute heretics, leaving England got a relatively tolerant religious regime. She had the majority of the population behind them, but it was totally unacceptable to the Vatican.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">She was In 1570 by Pope Pius V excommunicated under the bull Regnans in Excelsis. Such a measure against reigning monarchs had not only religious significance, but also political: Catholics were called upon to recognize her as a Queen. This initially stigmatised in principle all Catholics as State dangerous, although only a small minority really such activities. Another political effect of this excommunication was supporting the claim to the English throne of her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, the Catholic Queen of Scotland in 1567, which, however, had to seek refuge in England. The discovery of all kinds of Catholic conspiracies such as the Ridolfi conspiracy in 1570 and the Throckmorton conspiracy in 1580, with or without her knowledge, made the position of the Catholics ever more difficult. The Jesuits in England from 1570 were severely dealt with.

Elizabeth in full uniform, 1583<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Elizabeth I remained unmarried all her life and was nicknamed Virgin Queen, although it was actually a duty for a monarch to marry and to provide for a successor. Philip II, widower of her older sister, was the first that her, even when Mary was still alive, had made an offer, but was the first that was rejected. Then there would be many suitors (including the Habsburg Charles II of Austria) follow, and as many rejections. There were rumors that she was dating Robert Dudley, the Earl of Leicester and they probably has seriously considered marrying him, especially after his wife died in 1560. The circumstances of the death of women, however, were suspicious and Dudleys for that reason alone would have harmed her reputation by Elizabeth to marry with Dudley. She has a good death in 1588 to Dudleys, but never wholly maintain clarified relationship with him.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A late, but for political reasons serious candidate was around 1579 the 23 years younger French Crown Prince, François, Duke of Anjou, the younger brother of the FrenchKing. Both France and England had a bad relationship with Spain. They should this French Prince though (they called him ever her ' little frog '), but he encountered because of his Catholicism on too much resistance in the population. He died unexpectedly after his failed adventures in England and then in the Dutch Republic, after which it was known for the 51-year-old Elizabeth that they would remain unmarried for the rest of her life. Were there political advantages. The marriage of Philip II with Mary Tudor had already shown, that not only an ally in house was extracted, and Catholic in addition, but also risk being involved in wars that were not in the national interest. From the Parliament was strong pressure brought to bear on her to marry anyway and the follow-up, but that she resisted. In the course of the years with this attitude they showed indeed to have strengthened its own position. There was a virginity cult around her person; They presented itself as a Queen who was married with her people.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1579 the second Desmond Rebellion broke out in Catholic Ireland, backed by a small army of Pope Gregory XIII; that was fairly easily destroyed, but this rebellion was also a religion politics aspect. Around 1583 was the rebellion after a ruthless campaign broken. About a third of the population of the County of Desmond was killed. Queen Elizabeth around 1588==Anglo–spanish War<span class="mw-editsection" len="352" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1580 Philip II could annex Portugal thanks to a succession crisis in that country, with which he his huge colonial empire extended and therefore his earnings increased sharply again. After the Dutch stadtholder William the silent was assassinated in 1584, England began to support the Netherlands openly in their rebellion against Spanish rule. The Dutch States General offered her after the assassination of William of Orange in the neighbouring Protestant monarch sovereignty to arren if weary and they sent her confidant Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, to the Republic as its representative, but that was not a success. In addition, ditch England a against Morocco Spain focused with the Islamic Covenant. All this, combined with the English kaperij against the Spanish colonies resulted in 1585 in the Anglo–Spanish war (1585-1604). In 1586 was the Spanish representative expelled from England because of his involvement in a plot against England. This war led to English intervention in the French Protestant Huguenots wars to side, while Spain supported the French Catholics. For fear of more Catholic conspiracies Parliament already adopted the law on Conspiracies in 1584 . That law stipulated that anyone who was associated with a plot against the Queen of succession was excluded. There was still a plot discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth's Minister the so-called Babingtoncomplot. ===Throne claims by Maria Stuart<span class="mw-editsection" len="362" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Scottish Catholic Queen Mary, Queen of Scots, a distant cousin of Elizabeth, had bothered her for years with its own claim to the English throne, under the will of Mary Tudor, supported by France. However, In her own country, she had made impossible, particularly by two consecutive disastrous choices of marriage partners, so they had to flee to England in 1567. Initially, she was treated with respect, but because they maintained her claim, she was placed under arrest in 1568. There were found indications of involvement by Maria at the Babingtoncomplot. She had to stand trial before a Court of forty noblemen, including Catholics. The Minister of Justice, John Popham, was designated as President. Maria Stuart denied the charges, but to no avail. She was found guilty and was beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire on 8 February 1587.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In her will Maria Stuart turned out to have transferred its claim to the English throne to the Spanish King Philip II. Who found support at the Pope for this claim and put his plans to invade England. In 1587 Francis Drake destroyed a part of the Spanish fleet at Cádiz, making Philip's plans were delayed. ===Armada<span class="mw-editsection" len="337" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Only in July 1588, the Spanish Armadasailed a huge war fleet of 130 ships with more than 30 000 men in the direction of the channel. The plan was to take from the southern Netherlands to transfer an invading army led by the redoubtable general Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma. The country was in mortal danger. If such a large Spanish army set foot could get there, would have no significant defence against England.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Near Grevelingenbetween Dunkirk and Calais, were on 8 August (Gregorian calendar) the Spanish galleons dispersed by burners and then heavily damaged by the guns of the smaller but nimbler English ships under the command of Francis Drakeand Charles Howard . After the wind turned was unfavorable for an invasion in England, enter the fleet around the British Isles to Scotland back to Spain, to haunted by English ships. By violent wind and currents also struck many ships on the Irish cliffs to smithereens.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Elizabeth reached its peak as a national and historical figure when it had its troops walkers in Tilbury, in the mouth of the Thames, although they warned was for the insecurity. This happened also on 19 August when the Armada all at the height of the Shetlands and enter any real danger fled.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" len="176" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [2]  Elizabeth wore a small silver harness on purple velvet and had no bodyguard; She was surrounded only by a pair of knaves. The speech would go down in history as the "Speech to the Troops at Tilbury", but was only published in 1654, most likely in a version that is not verbatim matched the original speech. She said according to the surviving text among other things: <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">"I have come amongst you as you see, at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved in the midst and heat of the battle to live or die amongst you all, to lay down for my God and for my kingdom, and for my people, my honour and my blood, even in the dust. I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a King, and of a King of England too, and I think it foul scorn that Parma or Spain or any prince of Europe should dare invade the borders of my realm. " <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">("As you can see, I am now not among you come to me to relax and I what to trodden down. I am committed to in the heat of battle between all of you to live or die, for my God and for my Kingdom my honour and my blood, even though I in bite the dust. I know I have the body of a weak and powerless only woman; but I have the heart and courage of a King, Yes, of a King of England! And I think it's a Bigot thought that Parma or Spain, which European Frost whatsoever, would dare violate the limits of my empire. ")

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When the invasion came, the relief was not General and there was celebrated. There were commemorative coins struck with the Flavit Jehovah et Dissipati Sunt text: (Jehovahs breath she has scattered). ===Aftermath<span class="mw-editsection" len="338" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After this highlight for England would restore Spain still reasonable and inflict considerable losses on sea England. Spain would still intervene even in 1601 in the nine years ' war in Ireland, which by the English with a scorched-earth tactics was won. As well as Philip II Spanish-English Elizabeth has the end of the war no longer experienced. Their successors took a quick end to in 1604; for neither party become the war was a great victory. ==Death and succession<span class="mw-editsection" len="348" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Elizabeth died on 24 March 1603, at the age of 69 at 2 o'clock in the morning. She was buried in Westminster Abbey. Her death marked the end of the Tudordynastie. Elizabeth was succeeded by the Protestant behaved son of Maria Stuart, Jacobus. That was already King James VI of Scotland; He got the title so at James I of England . There was thus a temporary personal Union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland. ==Beginning of colonization<span class="mw-editsection" len="352" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The English had to compete with aim in their colonial Spaniards and Portuguese, who there had experience with it for nearly a century. During Elizabeth's reign there are no lasting results. Francis Drake sailed around the world between 1577 and 1580, as a second after the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan. He explained to somewhere in California, and founded Nova Albion (New England), although this piece of land was not colonized. Humphrey Gilbert reached Newfoundland in 1583, followed and claimed the island for England but founded a colony. Walter Raleigh in 1585 founded the first colony on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina (US). Partly because of fierce conflicts with the indigenous people blew up the English the following year all the retreat. Walter Raleigh In 1587 attempted to found a colony. With a future visit by Raleigh there, four years later, bleaching all settlers have disappeared without a trace. ==Cultural flowering period<span class="mw-editsection" len="353" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During Elizabeth's reign got off to the cultural life in England a flowering time. The composer and lutenist John Dowland made furore both at home and abroad on the continent. The literature, and in particular the poetry, came to great development. Playwrights as Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare created their most important work in this period, when the English language was virtually unknown elsewhere in Europe.Englishmen were at that time on the European continent but in French or Italian to make yourself heard. With the voyages of discovery and the still arduous colonization was not only laid the Foundation for the British Empire, which would reach its peak in the 19th century, but also for English as a global language and for the English literature as world literature. ==For Parents<span class="mw-editsection" len="342" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==