History of Australia

The history of Australia describes the development of the Federation Australia in the southern hemisphere since the first human habitation.



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[hide] *1 For the European discovery of Australia  ==For the European discovery of Australia[ Edit] == The first human inhabitants of the Australian continent and their descendants are called Aboriginals by the English since 1789. In the Dutch are also the denomination Austraalnegers Aborigines and formerly used. The Word stems from the Latin ab origine aborigines which of origin means, so the original inhabitants.
 * 2 European discovery and colonization
 * Independence 3
 * 3.1 the early years (1901-1914)
 * 3.2 first World War (1914-1918)
 * 3.3 interwar period (1918-1939)
 * 3.4 Second World War (1939-1945)
 * 3.5 after the war (1945-1959)
 * 3.6 sixties (1960-1969)
 * 3.7 1970s (1970-1979)
 * 3.8 eighties (1980-1989)
 * 3.9 1990s (1990-1999)
 * 3.10 21st century (2000-present)
 * 4 see also

According to the theories are there about 50,000 years ago the Aborigines arrived from Southeast Asia (just like the Indians in America). At that time the sea level was much lower than now, but still they should be using a vessel have reached the continent. Even with a drop in sea level of 500 ft there would be still some Straits of approximately 100 km width to be overcome. Also in the ice age one could not with dry feet come from Indonesia to Australia.

In the year 150 was there for the first time about a hypothetical southern continent written by the Greeks. They suggested that on the southern edge of the Indian Ocean had to be a continent. Later opined that the Earth, in order to remain ' in balance ', about the same amount of land on the North as the southern hemisphere had to have, and so a large land mass had to be in the southern hemisphere. They called the land Terra Australis or southern country. Many people were fascinated by the unknown land and went looking forward. ==European discovery and colonization[ Edit] == Map with the development of colonial and post-colonial AustraliaIn 1606, the Dutch ship 'Duyfken' in the Gulf of Carpentaria in Northern Australia, across from New Guinea. Captain Willem janszoon was not very fond of the swampy land with its hostile inhabitants, and returned to Bantam on Java. Another Dutch ship reached Shark Bay In 1616 (now Denham) in the far west of Australia. On the basis of data, collected during traveling, was one of the first maps of Australia made, namely the Caert van't Landt van d'Eendracht (1627). The following century and a half visits several Dutchmen, Frenchmen and Englishmen this country that now is called "New Holland", but one feels little need to explore or colonize the rather barren land. In 1770 James Cook was the first European to sail Englishman along the East coast of Australia, goes ashore in Botany Bay (now Sydney), claims to be the East Coast for England, and mentions that "New South Wales". [1]

On return from Cook in England sees the English Government in Australia to a solution to the overcrowded English prisons, more like England by the final loss of the colonies in North America, who are independent if the United Statesin 1783, there no prisoners can deport more. England founds so punishment colonies in Australia, the first in the current Sydney in 1788. Also start smoking before 1800 Englishmen to settle; they can for virtually nothing pieces of land purchases by the British Government.

The British colonizers usurped right the land and water resources of the indigenous people, the Aborigines, toe, and justify this with the reasoning that these natives don't know the concept of land ownership ' and ' so ' though can be driven out. Destruction of Aboriginal land and food sources leads to their starvation; Aboriginals react until the 19th century, with armed resistance and guerrilla war; white settlers respond there back on with great violence and random massacres, as in Pinjarra (1834), Myall Creek(1838), Battle Mountain (1884) and Coniston (1928). Estimates are that about 700,000 people in 1770 the Aboriginal population counted by the year 1900, and that 90% of it was wiped out by the effects of land theft (against Europeans have all fertile areas 1870 appropriated), direct violence and European infectious diseases. At direct violence are in total between 10,000 and 20,000 Aboriginals and 3,000 whites killed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In all corners of the huge Island: 1824 at Brisbane arise British colonies (East), 1829 at Perth (southwest), 1835, 1836 at Melbourne (South-East) Adelaide (South), 1869 Darwin (North). The widely separated areas shall be individually controlled by its own Governor. After 1855 they gradually get a greater degree of self-government within the British Empire. Speaks In 1889 Sir Henry Parkes, the then Prime Minister of new South Wales, Australia, located within the Grovedale Oration out for forming a Federation. For various reasons the colonies see benefits in collaboration, and this leads to the creation in 1901, with the agreement of the British Parliament, of the "Commonwealth (Republic) of Australia" as partly autonomous region within the British Empire. ==Independence<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===The first years (1901-1914)<span class="mw-editsection" len="369" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Australia adopted a Federal Constitution In 1901 well and was a zelfregerend part (dominion) of the British Empire. The Protectionist Party won the first election in March 1901. Under the direction of Edmund Bartonformed a coalition with the protectionists the Australian Labour Party. This party had a firm base in the trade unions. One of the first laws that adopted the newly formed Australian Parliament was the Immigration Restriction Act. The aim of the Act was the to the immigration of Asians against non-white – – to go. Therefore proposed that immigrants had to be a European language. The test would over time be taken in English . It was only in the 1950s, would the law be repealed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The six Australian colonies had supplied for all men for 1901 the British armed forces to fight in the Boer War in South Africa. The British Government early in 1902 to more troops. The Australian Government reacted by sending a national quota.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Soon after the Boer War the defence of Australia felt the need to take their own territory. By the formation of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1912 the British Royal Navy pulled her biggest battle ships back from thePacific Ocean. As a result, Australia has felt vulnerable. An impressive visit of the American Great White Fleet in 1908 for the Australian Government stressed the value of a strong army and a strong Australian Navy and began the building of it. On the eve of the first world war Australia had nearly two hundred thousand men under arms.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On the southern part of the North of Australia located New Guinea was formed in 1884 a British protectorate . British New Guinea was placed under Australian authority and governance in 1902. ===First World War (1914-1918)<span class="mw-editsection" len="373" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The outbreak of the first world war in August 1914 as a British dominion in Australia automatically meant that the war became involved. More than four hundred thousand Australian men out of a population of nearly five million people served between 1914 and 1918 as a volunteer in the British army. More than eight thousand Australians lost their lives during the fighting around Gallipoli on the Turkish coast. Many Australians served inFrance, while a part behind remained in the Middle East. At the battle of the Somme in July 1916 the Australian Imperial Forces lost more than five thousand men. The AIF was led by General William Birdwood and later General sir John Monash. The latter took custody of in the last months of the war and made a name for himself because of a number of remarkable victories. Throughout the war the Australians more than sixty thousand lives lost and more than one hundred and sixty thousand were injured. ===Interwar period (1918-1939)<span class="mw-editsection" len="365" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 represented Prime Minister Billy Hughes and former Prime Minister Joseph Cook Australia. It was the first time Australia single-handedly ended an international treaty.Hughes and Cook at the Conference demanded high reparations from Germany. Hughes wanted Australia private representation would get in the newly formed League of Nations. All German possessions in the Pacific were shortly after the outbreak of the first world war already occupied by Germany, Australia and New Zealand. In the Treaty of Versailles gave Australia control of German New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago andNauru.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the war led Billy Hughes a new Conservative coalition. This was formed by the nationalist party, derived from the old Liberal Party, and elements of the Labour party who were split off because of the introduction of conscription. Hughes ' Government immediately got to do with a major disaster. Twelve thousand Australians lost their lives by the outbreak of the Spanish flu.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the success of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia grew the fear in Australia for communism, although the movement was small in the country. In 1920, the Communist Party of Australia was founded. The party was banned during the Second World War because of her support for the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact. An attempt to make the party to ban during the Korea war ran piece.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Country-party – today known as the national party – found her origin in 1920 and was mainly the interests of the large sheep production and farmers. Most of the time, this party in a coalition with the Liberal Party led the country.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Stanley Bruce in 1923 followed Hughes on as Prime Minister. He gave to the priorities of Australia. According to him, were that "men, money and markets" ("people, money and markets"). Emigreeren during the 1920s more than three hundred thousand Brits to Australia. The Australian Government borrowed a lot of money and used that to build a private industry. The Government also invested a lot of money invested in new technologies for transport and communication. For instance, there were only fifty thousand cars in 1918, ten years later that there are already more than five hundred thousand. Another feature of the 1920s was the ongoing conflict between employers and the trade unions. There were several major strikes for higher wages and better working conditions to enforce.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Australia obtained the status of an independent sovereign nation after the first world war in the Statute of Westminster. The status was formalized under the Balfour Declaration of 1926. However, the Statute in 1942 formalized Australia. The Australian Capital Territory (FCT) was formed from a part of New South Wales as a location for the construction of the new capital city Canberra. From 1901 to 1927 Melbourne was the seat of Government.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">One of the biggest victims of the great depression in the 1930s was Australia. That came as the country was very dependent on exports, particularly wool and wheat. Continued the country already weighed down by large loans by the Government in the 1920s. As a result, the economy was already fragile. The ruling Labour Party by the crisis lost the elections of 1929. The former Prime Minister Stanley Bruce lost his own parliamentary seat. The new Prime Minister James Scullin led a largely inexperienced Government and stood in front of a series of challenges. There was a lot of divisions within his own party about the solutions.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A new political party the United Australia Party saw in May 1931 the life. This stemmed from separate members of the Labour Party and the nationalist party. The party led by Joseph Lyons easily won the elections in december 1931 and came to power. That remained so until september 1940. Many people wrote the recovery of the economy largely to the Government of Lyons. She stood for a strict fiscal policy and put in on recovery of confidence. The economic recovery began in 1932. At that time, unemployment amounted to around thirty percent. ===Second World War (1939-1945)<span class="mw-editsection" len="373" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Until the second half of the 1930s was never an important issue for defence the Australians. It's not until the elections in 1937 was an important issue because of the increasing aggression of Japan toward China and the growing power of Germany in Europe. The Australian army in september 1939 had a magnitude of only three thousand men.At that time World War II broke out by the Declaration of war by Britain and France to Germany because of the invasion of Poland. Australia hit as part of the Commonwealth also involved in the war.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Prime Minister Robert Menzies was careful to send troops to Europe en masse because of poor defense of Singapore. This was an important stronghold of the allies in the region and the fall thereof would also affect the defence of Australia. However, Australia sent several newly formed divisions that initially served mainly at fighting in North Africa, the Middle East and Greece. So was a garrison of 14,000 Australians in Tobruk, Libyafrom april to August 1941 besieged by a German army led by General Erwin Rommel.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the same period, Menzies had only a small majority in Parliament. When two independent parliamentarians their support opzegden in the autumn of 1941 he lost his majority in Parliament. Menzies wanted a war cabinet with the Labour Party, but this just sat there not waiting. Therefore replaced Menzies as Prime Minister John Curtin . Eight weeks later Japan attacked Pearl Hearbor to. While the best troops fought Japan fell far outside the borders the u.s. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor and released two major British battle ships, the HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse, which sank in charge of the defence of Singapore. The fall of Singapore in February 1942 shocked the population of Australia. Fifteen thousand Australians were thereby in captivity. On 19 February 1942, a Japanese air attack on Darwin. There would be during the war still follow nearly a hundred attacks on the Australian mainland.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Meanwhile, two from the Middle East there were hardened Australian divisions along the way. The British Prime Minister Winston Churchill wanted they would be used in Myanmar, but Prime Minister Curtin refused. the American president Franklin d. Roosevelt gave the command to General Douglas MacArthur along with the Australians to design a common strategy for the Pacific. From March 1942 American troops into the country to flow. In May 1942, a Japanese submarines a bold attack on the port of Sydney. A month later there was a short-lived bombing places on the eastern outskirts of the city.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Australia wanted to further isolate Japan in May 1942 and planned an invasion of Port Moresby in the territory of New Guinea. The u.s. Navy intercepted the attackers and hit in combat. The invasion did not go through.Between July and november 1942 there were new Japanese raids from the North. At the battle of Milne Bay in August 1942 the Australians defeated Japan. The battle of Buna-Gona between november 1942 and January 1943 continued the bitter tone for the rest of the New Guinea campaign that would go through to 1945. An attack on the Australian hospital ship Centaur which nearly three hundred people died put even more bad blood.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Meanwhile, the Australian prisoners of war were suffering. Nearly three thousand soldiers lost their lives during the construction of the Burma-Thailand railway. The Sandakan-death March is 1944 survived only six of the two thousand Australian and British prisoners of war.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Out of a population of seven million people, there were almost a million men and women in service. More than seven hundred thousand of them served in the army and two hundred thousand at the ground forces.Almost forty thousand man lost life in the war. By the constant fear of a Japanese invasion, many fortifications built on the Australian mainland. Further, the food ration. ===After the war (1945-1959)<span class="mw-editsection" len="366" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The newly formed Liberal Party of Australia by Robert Menzies in the years after the war largely dominated the national politics, among other things by the Labour Government of Ben Chifley to defeat in the elections of 1948. Menzies was the longest serving Prime Minister because his party won every federal election until 1972 and formed a coalition with the Country party.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In those first years after the war grew to care about the rising communism. Immigrants from Eastern Europe were further screened. In 1950 the Communist North Korea invaded South Korea in. Australia sent troops at the request of the United States to fight in the Korea war. Seventeen thousand Australians left for the Asian country after which more than three hundred lost their lives.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the second world war the Labour Government put in on a massive immigration program from Europe. Arthur Caldwell, Minister of immigration, wrote "that the experience of the war in the Pacific has shown that seven million Australians not an area of three million square kilometers of the Earth's surface can check". Caldwell had above all a preference for British migrants, but that number fell against. Forty percent of the 4.2 million people who migrated to Australia between 1945 and 1985 were of British or Irish descent. Among the migrants were also many people from southern and Central Europe. From Netherlands emigrated in the period between 1945 and 1961 one hundred twenty-five thousand people to Australia. By the massive growth of industry and several large irrigation projects there was plenty of work.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Tried In his own country the Government of Robert Menzies Australia's twice to ban the Communist Party, once at law and once by a referendum, but did not. A schism within the Labour Party took place because of a discussion on the influence of the Communist Party on the Trade Union. The newly formed Democratic Labour Party (DLP) often had a casting vote in the Senate and usually supported the Government parties.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 1950s, Australia made a strong economic growth. The Government of Robert Menzies was a strong pillar of the monarchy and the membership of the Commonwealth. Starting from the 1950s put the Australian Government especially in on an alliance with the United States and Great Britain. Australia sent troops to Korea and gave room for British nuclear tests on its territory. Australia was during the Suez crisis the only Commonwealth country that Britain supported. Prime Minister Robert Menzies was called Queen Elizabeth II in 1954 as the first reigning monarch who visited Australia in person. Australia made a cautious start during this period further the trade with Japan.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Menzies government introduced in 1954 a TV system. In addition to a public broadcaster is there room for two commercial stations. The 1956 Summer Olympics to be held in Melbourne to the introduction of the television. The colour television was introduced in 1975.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 1950s and 1960s the economy grew hard and picked the fruits of Australian population. So in 1948 had 130 on the 1000 Australians a car, in 1961 was that there were 271 on the 1000. The price of wool and wheat, the main export products of the country, were high and the economy also profited them. Furthermore, the cities grew at the expense of the countryside. In 1933, there were still 31 percent of Australians on a farm, in 1961 was that only 8 percent. There was a rapid growth of the suburbs of the largest Australian cities. By the high employment were the differences in income between the different population groups the lowest worldwide. ===Sixties (1960-1969)<span class="mw-editsection" len="366" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the waning power of Great Britain in Southeast Asia took the importance of a good relationship with the United States far. America built a naval base In 1962 at North West Cape. In the following years several more would follow. More important still was sending Australian consultants who advised the South Vietnamese army in their struggle against the Communist North Viet Nam. It remains there initially at, in 1962 the Government of Menzies announces to a battalion sends to Viet Nam because "our alliances that our demands". At the peak, there are three battalions active in the Asian country. Between 1962 and 1972 serve nearly sixty thousand Australians in Viet Nam. The Labour Party, the largest opposition party in this period, was against sending troops.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Under the Australian population grew over time the resistance to the participation in the Viet Nam war, despite the resounding election victory of the governing parties in 1966. The resistance movement gained strength after the Tetoffensief. The criticism on the conscription continued to increase. When US president Richard Nixon slowly to American troops began to withdraw from the area the Australian Government followed his example. In 1972 the last Australian soldier left Viet Nam. A total of more than 500 Australians lost their lives in the war.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From the mid-1960s there was a growing Australian self-awareness. The National Trust of Australia was going to deal with the preservation of the Australian naturale, cultural and historical heritage. Various television series, such as Skippy the Bush Kangaroo, carried to that self awareness. In 1973 opened the monumental Opera House in Sydney while the same year the first Australian Patrick White was who won a Nobel Prize in literature . Schools introduced the box Australian history and the film industry began to make more and more films in which Australian issues were.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The 1960s were also an important Decade for the aborigines, the original inhabitants of Australia. Parliament adopted in 1962 to the Commonwealth Electoral Act . It was recorded that all Aboriginal people have the right to vote in future. Until then they were in Queensland, Western Australia and parts of the Northern Territory excluded, unless someone had served in the army. In 1967 a referendum whereby the Government of Holt wrote the Constitution at this point was revised. Ninety percent of Australians voted for. In 1971 Neville Bonner was the first Aboriginal who was elected in Parliament. In 2008 premier Kevin Rudd offered his apologies on behalf of the State to the stolen generations. Whole generations of Aboriginal children were taken away from their biological parents to be brought up somewhere else.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Menzies resigned in 1965 af. The Liberal leader Harold Holt succeeded him, but this lost in 1967 life by drowning in the sea. His successors were John Gorton (1968-1971) and William McMahon (1971-1972). ===1970s (1970-1979)<span class="mw-editsection" len="369" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Australia controlled much of the 20th century, Papua New Guinea and Nauru. After the second world war and the Japanese occupation Papua New Guinea got the status of UN territory under Australian authority. There started a process that focused on independent and in 1975 it was so far. Nauru was on the conquered Germany in 1914 after the outbreak of the first world war. In 1969 the island obtained its independence.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After a period of 23 years in the opposition Labour Party won under the leadership of Gough Roscoe the parliamentary elections of december 1972. This led to a significant expansion of the federal budget. Within a few weeks the last military advisors from Viet Nam were recalled and the conscription abolished. Further recognized the Government of the People's Republic of China William and closed the Embassy in Taiwan. In the years that followed, the Government abolished tuition fees and conducted a national care system. Most of the measures were much support among the population, but on a lot of opposition in the Senate where the Government had no majority.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1974 the Government wanted a loan of 4 billion U.s. dollars. Minister Rex negotiated about that with a lender from Pakistan. Jim Cairns, the Minister of finance, misled Parliament. The main opposition parties held in the Senate against new legislation in this area.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Opposition leader Malcolm Fraser demanded new elections, Whitlam refused. This stalemate lasted until 11 november 1975. The Government was dissolved by the Governor General John Kerr and Fraser was appointed as temporary Prime Minister. The Liberal Party and the Country Party won subsequent elections. They formed a new Government with Fraser to the head. ===Eighties (1980-1989)<span class="mw-editsection" len="368" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Government of Fraser won two elections in a row. His Government pursued a tighter fiscal policy after Vietnamese boat people received with open arms, put pressure on Rhodesia and South Africa due to theapartheid policypursued. There was much to do around the building of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania. Fraser refused to stop the construction thereof, although it formed a big load to the environment. Don Chipp, a Minister from his Cabinet, left the Liberal Party and formed the Australian Democrats. The riot around the dam contributed to the formation of an Australian environmental movement, which later also originated theAustralian Greens .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Bob Hawke, the new leader of the Labour Party, won the parliamentary elections in 1983 and followed Whitlam as Prime Minister. The new Government stopped the construction of the Franklin Dam. They also stopped with the conduct of an economic policy to Keyniaanse basis. Instead, the Government sought in a promoting a more effective industry that more on competition was focused. As an ally of the United States Army names different parts participated in the Gulf war, after Iraq had invaded Kuwait . ===1990s (1990-1999)<span class="mw-editsection" len="369" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1991 Paul Keating followed him as premier. That had mainly to do with the growing dissatisfaction because of rising unemployment and the stranded Australian economy. In his reign Keating his attention largely on improving the Australian position in the Asian Pacific region. In addition, he worked closely with the Indonesian president Suharto on the APEC to take a more important role as an economic forum for cooperation.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Under Keating rose to 11.4 percent unemployment further in 1992, the highest level since the great depression. Hawke and Keating weeks off of the traditional Labourbeleid to opt for high tariffs to protect its own industry, but decided instead to devalue the Australian dollar.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">High unemployment was the main reason for the election defeat of Keating. John Howard of the Liberal-national party succeeded him in 1996. Howard remained in power until 2006, the longest-serving premier since Robert Menzies. At the beginning of his term conducted his Government in a more stringent arms control after the shooting at Port Arthur in which 35 people died. In Howard's reign reached the discussion or had to remain a Republic or monarchy Australia was to be a highlight. In a referendum held in 1999 had talked to a small majority of the population prefer to remain a monarchy. ===21st century (2000-present)<span class="mw-editsection" len="364" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1999, Australia led the UN force that was sent to East Timor after an outbreak of political violence. The country was also involved in several other peacekeeping missions, including on Bougainville and in the Solomon Islands. After the attacks of 11 september and the subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq also Australia sent troops.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The 2000 Summer Olympics were held in Sydney and organisationally, were a great success. At athletic park there was especially much attention for the Australian runner Cathy Freeman, with an Aboriginal background. She won gold in the 400 m.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Howard Government wielded a stricter regulation to discourage boat people to come to Australia. These measures were often controversial. Howard was originally in favour of a close bond with the Commonwealth and the United States, but in his period, trade, particularly with China, rose strongly.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Kevin Rudd's Labour party defeated Howard in 2007. During his term Rudd ratified Kyoto protocol and offered apologies on behalf of the House the historic to the Stolen Generation, the children of Aborigines who were taken away from their parents in the 1960s. The effects of the credit crisis were overcome by a large stimulus package that was afterwards very controversial, but ended up not making Australia into recession. Party colleague Julia Gillard replaced Rudd in 2010 and was the first female Prime Minister of the country.