Biathlon

Biathlon (often written as biathlon) is a skiing, namely a cross-country race in which participants must at certain points gun shooting at a target. Missed that goal, it means loss of time in most variants, because an additional penalty turn must be run before they can proceed to the actual trail.

Biathlon should not be confused with duathlon (a combination of cycling and running).



Contents
[verbergen]  *1 History  ==History [  edit ] == Lying shooting at the 2010 OlympicsBiathlon originated in exercises for Norwegian soldiers; the first known competition took place in 1767 between companies of border police. Slowly spread the sport acrossScandinavia and was included as a demonstration sport in the Winter Olympics 1924, 1928, 1936 and 1948, but was not an official Olympic sport since she had no generally accepted rules. In 1948 joined biathlon joined the UIPM, the International Union of Modern Pentathlon, which then became the UIPMB, the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne and Biathlon.
 * 2 Match Formulas
 * 2.1 Individual test
 * 2.2 Sprint
 * 2.3 Pursuit
 * 2.4 Mass Start
 * 2.5 Repayment
 * 2.6 Team Test
 * 3 International matches
 * 3.1 World
 * 3.2 European Cup
 * 3.3 World Championships
 * 3.4 Winter Olympics
 * 3.5 World Team Challenge
 * 4   Competition Winners

The first official world championship biathlon took place in 1958.

The first time biathlon on the official program of the Olympic Winter Games was, was in 1960 in Squaw Valley (for the men) and 1992 in Albertville (for women).

Besides the annual world championships, there is since 1977 a World Cup competition biathlon. Where the world championship in one race is decided, the World Cup is won by the person who has the most points collected in a number of competitions throughout the season.

In 1993, a separate sports federation, the IBU ( International Biathlon Union ) was established, which formally split off in 1998 from the UIPMB. Biathlon therewith, together withSki Mountaineering, the only two ski sports that are not under the control of the International Ski Federation FIS state.

The IBU has made many efforts to increase the popularity of the sport, including by introducing new competition formulas that are appealing to the (television) viewers. ==<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);"><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;">[Contest  Formulas <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;">edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">]  == The targets<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">For skiing itself, the choice of the skiing style is free; In practice this means that anyone using the free style of skating. The arms, which carry the athletes on their backs to the ski, are light-weight (3.5 kg) guns with a caliber of 5.6 mm (.22), which must be loaded manually. The objects to which shot is located at a distance of 50 meters, and have a diameter of 45 mm at the shooting lying down, and 115 mm in the portrait orientation shoot. This consists of five black discs white as they are taken. In individual trials it has five bullets to take the five discs; in redemption, as per shooting session three spare bullets. Depending on the type of test will be charged a penalty for each disk is not affected if the athlete for each disk is not affected need to take a penalty lap of 150 meters.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">The various tests that occur currently in the biathlon competition are: ===Individual test <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Magdalena Neuner running<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">The individual test, about 20 km for men and 15 km for women, is the oldest pilot in the biathlon. The athletes start individually at intervals. During the test should be shot four times consecutively lying, standing, lying and standing. For each disk is not affected one minute penalty charged. ===Sprint <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">The sprint distance is half that of the individual test: 10 km for men and 7.5 km for women. It must be shot twice, respectively, lying and standing. Also, the athletes start here separately one after the other (typically with an interval of thirty seconds). Each missed disk athlete must make a penalty turn of 150 meters. ===Pursuit <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">In the chase the athletes will start in the order of the results and taking into account the time differences from a previous trial, usually a sprint. The winner of that previous test start so first, followed by the second after a time equal to his disadvantage after the sprint, and so on. This means that the person who first crosses the finish line too straight wins. The distance to be covered is 12.5 km for men and 10 km for women; There are four shooting sessions, respectively, lying, lying down, standing and standing, and there should be punishment laps are run for every missed disk. This test is also called "yacht race". ===<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);"><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[Mass  Start <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">]  === Raphael Poiree and Ole Einar Bjørndalen in the standing shooting<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">In the mass start all competitors leave at once. Because of the risk of falls while skiing in a group, and the limited number of firing positions on the shooting range, there may be only a small number of athletes participating in this test (in the World Cup allowed 30 athletes to participate). The distance is 15 km for men and 12.5 km for women; there must be shot four times, lying in order, landscape, portrait, standing, and for every missed a penalty turn drive should be run there. ===<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[Redemption  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">The redemption is run by teams of four biathletes, each 7.5 km (men) or 6 km (women) cover, with two shooting sessions (lying resp. Standing). The first runners start at the same time. The repayment is done by tapping on the body of the athlete within the specified zone. In this trial there is a session of shooting three replacement cartridges available; only when after eight shots still drives remain that have not been hit, there should be a penalty turn of 150 m are run for each miss.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">From 2005, is a mixed relay event in the program. These teams consist of two women and two men, and the distance is four times 6 km. The order of the athletes are women / woman / man / man; further the course is the same as the other installments. ===Team Trial <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">The test per shift or per team is a competition formula that is no longer used in modern biathlon, but which used to be under even more on the program of the Olympic Games was. Here a team of four athletes had to pass the test together. When shooting first had two athletes lying shooting, and in the next shooting session the other two standing. When a miss two non-shooting athletes had to run a penalty lap. The four also had to arrive together (max. 15 seconds between the first and fourth), otherwise there was a penalty in. ==International competitions <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===World Cup <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">The biathlon World Cup is a competition since the season 1977/1978 for men and since 1982/1983 for women organized by the IBU. It is a regularity classification which are taken throughout the season in various competitions, the athlete or athlete who has the most points at the end of the season will win the overall World Cup. ===European Cup <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">The European Cup biathlon is a competition similar to the World Cup, the participants are athletes who do not belong to the A-team of their country, athletes from countries that do not belong to the world in the biathlon. The term "European Cup" or "European Cup" is misleading in the sense that biathletes from non-European countries may participate. ===World Championships <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">The Biathlon World Championships are organized since 1958 by the IBU . The World Championships are held annually, except that in a year in which the Olympics are held, only the non-Olympic disciplines are on the program. The world championships for women were organized only held in 1984, in 1989 the world championships for men and women together. From 2014 all the Olympic disciplines and be beaten Olympic years. ===Winter Olympics <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Biathlon is an Olympic discipline since 1960, men, women became biathlon olympic until 1992. ===World Team Challenge <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">The World Team Challenge (also Biathlon auf Schalke) is a popular biathlon event in Germany. It was first organized in 2002 and takes place in the Veltins-Arena in Gelsenkirchen . The WTC does not count for the World Cup but every year brings big names at the start. It is a mixed competition where one man and one woman from essentially the same country form a team. ==<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);"><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;">[Competition  Winners <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;">edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">]  ==
 * List of Olympic medalists biathlon
 * List of world champions biathlon
 * List of winners biathlon World Cup