History of the Republic of India

The history of the Republic of India began on August 15, 1947 when India became an independent dominion within the British Commonwealth. At the same time it became by Muslims -dominated Northwest and East of British India separated to form the dominion of Pakistan . Louis Mountbatten and later Chakravarti Rajagopalachari were Governor General, of the head of State. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became the first Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Home Affairs.

India's head of State remained formally the British King George VI already lost this the title "Emperor of India". On the Medal of independence of India is the weapon of India crowned. To the wheel are the titles of the British Kings, but for the first time without the addition "IND. IMP." for "Indiæ Imperator". The King and the British Government were not more involved in the governance of India Nehru. The Dominion India was no more than a transitional phase to the Republic.



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[hide] *1 1947 – 1950  ==1947 – 1950[ Edit] == The first years of the independent India were marked by turbulent events; a massive population exchange with Pakistan, the First Kashmir war with Pakistan in 1947 and 1948, and the integration of over 500 Princely States to form a United Nation. ===Aftermath of the communication[ Edit] === An estimated 3.5 million Hindus and sikhs from West Punjab, the North-West Frontier Province, Baluchistan, East Bengal and Sindh migrated to India for fear of domination and repression in the Islamic Pakistan.Communal violence led to an estimated one million Hindus, Muslims and sikhs, and gravely destabilized along the Punjab and Bengal boundaries, and in the cities of Calcutta, Delhi and Lahore, seriously the both dominions. The violence was around early september of that year has come to an end, due to the efforts of Indian and Pakistani leaders and specially by the efforts of Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of the Indian freedom struggle, which a hunger strike in Calcutta and later in Delhi to calm people and underwent to emphasize peace, despite risking their lives. The two Governments built large refugee camps for incoming and departing refugees, and the Indian army was mobilized to provide humanitarian assistance on a large scale. The assassination of Mahatma Gandhi on January 30, 1948 was a major setback for the fledgling nation. Gandhi was assassinated in New Delhi by a Hindu radical Nathuram Godse, who probably had ties to major movements, which Gandhi held responsible for the partition of India and reconciliation with the Muslims. More than a million people took to the streets in Delhi to the Crematories to follow and their last respects to join Gandhi to prove.
 * aftermath of the Division 1.1
 * 1.2 The integration of the Union
 * 1.3 Constitution
 * 2 1950s and 1960s
 * 2.1 Government Nehru (1952-1964)
 * 2.2 reorganization of the States
 * 2.3 Foreign political and military conflicts
 * 2.4 After Nehru
 * 3 1970s
 * 3.1 the green revolution and operation flood
 * 3.2 State of emergency
 * 3.3 Janata-break
 * 4 the 1980s
 * 4.1 Government Rajiv Gandhi
 * 4.2 Janata Dal
 * 1990s 5
 * 5.1 era of coalitions
 * 6 twenty-first century

In 1949, India recorded close to a million Hindu refugees arriving from the East Bengal in Pakistan related to West Bengal and other Indian States fled. This is as a result of communal violence, intimidation and repression by the Pakistani authorities. The condition of the refugees made the Indian Hindus and nationalists furious, and the number of refugees exhausted the resources of the Indian States, for whom it was not possible to take the refugees. Without a war to rule out, invited Prime Minister Nehru and Sardar Patel Minister, the Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan for talks in Delhi. Although many Indians saw this as a reconciliation, Nehru signed a treaty with Liaquat Ali Khan, in which both countries committed themselves to protect their minorities and to establish commissions for minorities. Although he was against this agreement, Patel decided to stand behind the Treaty towards peace and he played an important role in garnering support in West Bengal and the rest of India, and in the implementation of the Convention. Khan and Nehru also signed a trade agreement and they promised each other to the disputes between the two countries to resolve by peaceful means. Gradually returned hundreds of thousands of Hindus back to East Bengal, but the thawed relations lasted not long, mainly was due to the Jammu and Kashmir dispute. ===The integration of the Union[ Edit] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">British India consisted of seventeen provinces and several hundred Princely States. The provinces were given to India or Pakistan, in some cases, in particular the Punjab and Bengal, after they first were divided. The Princes of the Princely States were given the right to remain independent or to join one of the two Nations. Thus, the Indian leaders the view on a legacy of a nation, divided between dating from the middle agesprincipalities and provinces by colonial powers. Led by the Minister of Home Affairs Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel began political negotiations with the Indian Government with these Princely States, supported with the ability to intervene militarily, where in some cases also use was made.

<p lang="en" len="108" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">There were three States which turned out to be more difficult to integrate them in the Union, then other States:

===Constitution<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The constituent Assembly took on 26 november 1949 to the Constitution of India . This Constitution was drafted by a Committee headed by B.R. Ambedkar. India became a federal, Democratic Republic, after the Constitution on 26 January 1950 came into effect. Rajendra Prasad became the first president of India. ==1950s and 1960s<span class="mw-editsection" len="365" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1952 the first national elections were held. The turnout was more than 60 percent, and the Congress Party got a overwhelming majority and Jawaharlal Nehru could thereby to begin his second term as Prime Minister.President Prasad was by the electoral college of the first elected Parliament of India also elected for a second term. ===Nehru Government (1952-1964)<span class="mw-editsection" len="368" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Prime Minister Nehru led the Congress party to big electoral victories in 1957 and 1962. Parliament also adopted extensive reforms, which the equality of women in Hindu society had to improve and that for tougher laws against caste discrimination made.
 * 1) Junagadh: although in this small princely state virtually only Hindus attended, became the State still added to Pakistan. A plebiscite in december 1947, however, resulted in a 99% victory for India to join, making the controversial accession to Pakistan was cancelled.
 * 2) Hyderabad: after the failed negotiations with the Nizam, Patel gave the Indian army were ordered to dismiss the Government of the Nizam. This happened between 13 and 17 september 1948 in "operation polo".The State was United with the rest of India that year.
 * 3) The area of Jammu and Kashmir in the far north of the subcontinent quickly became a source of controversy, which resulted in the outbreak of the First Kashmir war with Pakistan in 1948 and 1949. Eventually under the supervision of the United Nations a truce after which controlled India got over a little less than 50% of the area.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Nehru called for Indian children got a full lagereschoolopleiding and thousands of schools and other educational institutions were founded. Nehru also pleaded for a Socialist economy, with no tax for Indian farmers,minimum wage and benefits for blue-collar workers, and the nationalization of heavy industries. An extensive campaign for public works and industrialization resulted in the construction of large dams, irrigation canals, roads and hydroelectric plants. ===Reorganization of the States<span class="mw-editsection" len="369" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The hunger strike of Potti Sreeramulu and potentially caused death, for the creation of the State of Andhra in 1953, caused a large change in the classification of the States. Nehru suggested the States Reorganization Commission (Dutch: Commission for the reorganization of States) in, on whose recommendation the States Reorganization Act "(Dutch: law for the reorganisation of States) was adopted in 1956 .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Old States were raised and new States were established along linguistic and ethnic lines. The secretion of Kerala and the Telugu speaking areas of MadrasState, took care of the exclusively Tamil speaking state of Tamil Nadu. On 1 may 1960 were from the State of Bombay, the Maharashtra and Gujarat States created. The creation of the Punjab Punjabi speaking State only took place after a long battle on 1 november 1966. ===Foreign policy and military conflicts<span class="mw-editsection" len="387" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Nehru's foreign policy was the inspiration for the non-aligned movement, of which India was the co-founder. Nehru maintained friendly relations with the United States and the Soviet Union. During the Suez crisis in1956, was India, along with Indonesia, Sri Lanka and the Soviet Union, against military action against Egypt. India was against the partition of Palestine and the invasion of the Sinai by Israel, the United Kingdom andFrance, but did not oppose the Chinese occupation of Tibet and the Soviet invasion of Hungary to be.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although Nehru denied that India had nuclear ambitions, India Canada and France helped with the development of nuclear power stations. India closed in 1960 an agreement with Pakistan on its fair share of water from the seven rivers which both countries share with each other. Nehru had visited Pakistan in 1953, but due to the political turmoil in Pakistan at that time, there was no progress made on the Jammu and Kashmir dispute.

<p lang="en" len="612" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1961, after persistent requests for a peaceful transfer, Portuguese India fell the Goa within the colony and annexed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1962 China and India conducted the brief Sino-Indian war, which went on the border between the two countries in the Himalayas. The war was a heavy defeat for India and led to India is arming and went the more ties with the United States started to tighten. While China withdrew from the occupied territories in the North-Eastern Arunachal Pradesh, remained the Aksai Chin area in the occupied Jammu and Kashmir. China disputed India's governance over Arunachal Pradesh and until recently about Sikkim.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">India had a total of four wars and military conflicts with rival Pakistan, including one in 1965. During this Second Kashmir war India attacked Pakistan on multiple fronts, after attempts by Pakistani troops to infiltrate India controlled part of Jammu and Kashmir. The war ended with a stalemate and some minor tactical victories of India. ===After Nehru<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Jawaharlal Nehru died on 27 May 1964. Lal Bahadur Shastri succeeded him as Prime Minister. After the second Kashmir war with Pakistan in 1965 there was no final agreement on or change of the borders in the Kashmir area. The Tashkent Declaration was signed on 10 January 1966 after mediation by the Soviet Union, however Shastri died the evening after the signing of the agreement in Tashkent.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">An election for the leadership within the Congress Party resulted in a victory for Indira Gandhi, Nehru's daughter, who had been Minister of information and Media, whereby they became the third Prime Minister of India.They defeated Morarji Desai, the leader of the right wing within the party. The Congress Party lost during the national elections of 1967, but retained its majority in Parliament. Reasons for the loss were the dissatisfaction with the rising prices of goods, unemployment, economic stagnation and a food crisis. Indira Gandhi began her reign with some unpopular measures. They agreed with the devaluation of the Indian rupee, which created difficulties for Indian businesses and consumers, and the import of grain from the United States failed due to political disagreements. Morarji Desai came as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of finance in the Government of Indira Gandhi, and tried along with older members of the Congress party to limit the power of her. However, after the advice of her political advisor Haksar, she went more a clear Socialist policy. They successfully made an end to the privileges for the former Indian nobility and defied the top of the Congress Party, on the nationalization of India's banks. Although this opposition from Desai and the business world came to be, the policy was popular among the people. When members of the Congress Party tried to get away by her to suspend her party membership was assured with a large exodus of Indira Gandhi's power to its own members of Congress Party (Congress (R)). The stronghold of the Indian freedom struggle, the "Congress Party" broke down in 1969 in a left wing and a right wing, respectively the Congress (R) or New Congress and the Congress (O) or Old Congress. Indira remained with her new Congress Party with a very small majority rule. ==1970s<span class="mw-editsection" len="357" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Nixon Indira Gandhi (left) and (right) in 1971<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By a victory of her Congress (R) were in 1971 Indira Gandhi remained in power with a greatly enlarged majority. The banks were nationalized and many other socialist-economic and industrial policy was determined.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">India in the mixed In 1971 war of liberation of Bangladesh, after millions of Bengal had fled East Pakistan, for fear of persecution by the Pakistani army. During the last thirteen days of the war, there were also acts of war rather than on the western border of India. That part of the war, the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 called. The war ended on 16 december that year, after the massive surrender of the Pakistan army. The war resulted in the independence of East Pakistan, under the name ofBangladesh, and the rise in popularity of Indira Gandhi to high altitude.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Relations with the United States came more under tension and India signed a friendship treaty for twenty years with the Soviet Union, with which India explicitly for the first time the non-alignment left. In 1974 India tested a nuclear weapon for the first time in the desert of Rajasthan. Meanwhile, in Sikkim, an Indian protectorate, held a referendum for the official affiliation with India. The referendum resulted in the desire to join India and depose the Chogyal . On 26 april 1975, Sikkim formally became India's 21st State. ===The green revolution and operation flood<span class="mw-editsection" len="380" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The population of India passed the half a billion at the beginning of the 1970s, but the long-standing food crisis was solved by a strongly increased agricultural productivity as a result of the green revolution. The Indian Government supported modern farming techniques, new varieties of common crops and increased financial support to the farmers, this increased the yield of food crops, such as corn, rice and corn, as well as commercial crops, such as cotton, tea, tobacco andcoffee. The increasing agricultural productivity expanded across the Indo-Gangetic plain and the Punjab.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Under operation flood encouraged the Government to milk production, which was greatly enlarged and improved the conditions for dairy cattle in the whole of India.This caused all there for that India was self-sufficient on feeding its own people, leaving an end came to two decades of food imports. ===State Of Emergency<span class="mw-editsection" len="355" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Economic and social problems, as well as allegations of corruption caused increasing political unrest across India, which reached its peak in the Bihar movement. In1974 Indira Gandhi Allahabad High Court found it guilty of abuse of public funds for election purposes. The opposition parties organized nationwide strikes and demonstrations that demanded the immediate resignation of Indira Gandhi. Various political parties United under Jaya Prakash Narayan Narayan to against, which "Mrs. Gandhi's dictatorship" mentioned. Strikes led by paralyzed the Indian economy and governance, and Narayan called the army to turn off on to Indira Gandhi.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1975 called president Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, the State of emergency on the advice of Gandhi, by which the Central Government could restore its power to maintain order in India. Gandhi suspended many civil liberties on elections at national and State level and suggested, with the reason the order problems and the threat to national security. Governments of States where the Congress Party was in it were not dismissed, and opposition leaders and activists were imprisoned. Strikes and demonstrations were declared unlawful.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">India's economy benefited from the end of the strikes and the political turmoil. Indira Gandhi announced a twenty-point programme to those agricultural and industrial production, and economic growth, improved productivity and number of jobs left to rise. Many government bodies and many politicians of the Congress Party were accused of corruption and authoritarian behavior. Police officers were accused of arresting and torturing innocent people. Indira's son and political advisor Sanjay Gandhi was accused of committing large errors. He was accused because the Minister of health under duress vasectomy in men and sterilization in women conducted in the framework of a plan to get population growth under control. In addition, he was accused of the command to a slum in Delhi to the ground, making an unknown number of people became homeless and found a large number of death. ===Janata-break<span class="mw-editsection" len="362" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 23 January 1977 Indira Gandhi wrote fresh elections for March and left them all political prisoners. A State of emergency was officially ended on March 23, 1977. Gandhi lost these elections, however, dramaticJanatapartijmode, a broad alliance of opposition parties. Morarji Desai was the first Prime Minister who was not of the Congress Party. The Government-established tribunals on Desai to commit to study abuse of power at the time of the State of emergency and Indira and Sanjay Gandhi were arrested after a reporting of the Shah-Commission, a Commission of inquiry. In 1979, however, the Coalition fell apart and the new JanatapartijCharan Singh formed an interim Government. The Janatapartij was very unpopular become related to the charges against Indira Gandhi, who still could count on sympathy of the population, and that it looked like had no solutions for the Janata large rural problems, such as poverty, illiteracy and economic stagnation. ==The eighties<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Indira Gandhi and her Congress Party (Congress (I)) again came to power after a major election victory in 1980, which the Congress Party won a large majority in this House. The widening of a riot in the Punjab, however, will endanger the security of India. In Assam there were many cases of communal violence between the original inhabitants and refugees from Bangladesh, and migrants from other parts of India. After Indian troops during operation Blue Star, had stormed the Golden Temple where Khalistanmilitants had entrenched, brought the civilian casualties and the damage to the temple very much unrest and tensions among thesikhcommunity across India. The Government took advantage of major police actions to actions of militants under control, but it resulted in many cases of breaches of civil liberties. The North-East of India in the meantime was crippled by the conflict between the ULFA and the Government forces. On 31 October 1984 was Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in New Delhi killed by two of her own sikhbodyguards-, on which there is inDelhi and parts of the Punjab on large scale communal violence erupted, causing thousands of deaths, and also large looting, arsons and rapes took place. Research of the Government, the cause of all the violence still can't figure out and the perpetrators are not punished, but go stories among the people that leaders of the Congress Party have starting the attacks on sikhs in Delhi. ===Government Rajiv Gandhi<span class="mw-editsection" len="364" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Congress Party chose Rajiv Gandhi, son of Indira Gandhi, as the next Prime Minister. Rajiv Gandhi was still but since 1982 in Parliament and was with his age of forty years, the youngest national political leader and Prime Minister ever. His young age and his inexperience, however, was an advantage in the eyes of citizens who had enough of the inefficiency and corruption of career politicians, and who were looking for a new policy and a fresh start to the long-existing problems to solve India 's. The Parliament was dissolved and in the subsequent election, Rajiv Gandhi, with 450 seats obtained by total 545 seats, the largest majority in the history of the Congress Party.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rajiv Gandhi conducted a number of reforms; the legislation for setting up new companies was eased (Licence Ray) and Government restrictions on foreign currency, travel, foreign investment and imports, were significantly reduced. This made it private enterprises allowed to use resources to produce and commercial products without government interference and the influx of foreign investment increased India's national reserves. As Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi broke with his mother improve the relations with the United States, which increased economic aid and scientific cooperation. The encouragement of Rajiv Gandhi in science and technology led to growth of the telecommunications sector, expansion of the Indian space programme and the development of the softwareand IT industry.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1987 India at a mediated agreement between the Government of Sri Lanka and the Tamil Tigers. Rajiv Gandhi sent troops to enforce compliance with this agreement and to the Tamil rebels to disarm, but the Indian peacekeeping force (IPKF), as it became known, caught up in the violence, making them ultimately against the Tamil Tigers themselves were fighting and were a target of attacks by Sri Lankan nationalists. Rajiv's successor V.P. Singh, the Indian peace-keeping force in 1990 retreat, but thousands of Indian soldiers were already killed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rajiv Gandhi's farewell to Socialist policy did not fall on fertile ground among ordinary people, who have not benefited from the innovations. Unemployment was a serious problem and India's fast-growing population caused a rising need for diminishing resources. Rajiv Gandhi's image as an honest politician, he had in the press nicknamed Mr. Clean, was ruined by the Bofors scandal, when came to light that some senior government officials kickbacks had assumed a Swedish weapon producer. ===Janata Dal<span class="mw-editsection" len="353" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the elections of 1989, the Congress Party of Rajiv Gandhi may be the largest party, but it was a very big loss compared to the absolute majority that helped him in 1984 in the saddle. The power went to the former Minister of finance and defence V.P. Singh. Singh was under Rajiv Gandhi was transferred from the Ministry of finance to the Ministry of Defence after he some tax scandals among wealthy rationalisations had brought to light, making the Congress Party was brought in embarrassment. Singh then brought the Bofors scandal to light and was put out of the Government and the party. He became a popular advocate of reforms and a corruption-free Government and Janata Dal-led coalition for a majority. He was supported by the BJP and the Left Front, an Alliance of left-wing, usually Communist parties. After he had become Prime Minister he brought an important visit to the Golden Temple in Amritsar in order to heal the wounds of the past. He began carrying out the recommendations of the Mandal Commission, to the social and economic backwardness of Hindus from the lower cabinets to reduce. The BJP was against these measures and stepped out of the Coalition, after which Singh resigned as Prime Minister. Chandra Shekhar formed a faction within the Janata Dal and formed a new Government, supported by Rajiv Gandhi's Congress Party. However, this new Government fell within a year, after the Congress Party had withdrawn its support. ==1990s<span class="mw-editsection" len="357" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p lang="en" len="1185" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Was on 21 may 1991, during an election campaign for the Congress Party in Tamil Nadu, Rajiv Gandhi and many others by a female suicide bomber of the Tamil Tigers killed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Congress Party won again In subsequent elections and then formed a coalition under the leadership of P.V. Narasimha Rao. This coalition, which the full five year term, began a gradual process of economic reform, resulting in more accessible was the Indian economy to foreign investment and trade. India's domestic politics also changed because traditional differences between caste, ethnicity and religion ensured for the emergence of many small regional political parties. However, India was rocked by communal violence between Hindus and Muslims, after the destruction of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya by Hindu activists during theSite-conflict in 1992, and that took the lives of more than ten thousand people. The last months of the Rao Government in the spring of 1996 members under the effects of some major political corruption scandals, the Congress Party were of that year its worst election result ever took out. ===Era of coalitions<span class="mw-editsection" len="368" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came during the 1996 elections emerged as the largest party, but not big enough to get together a parliamentary majority. Under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee held the Coalitionled by the BJP only thirteen days vol. Because no new elections all political parties wanted, was led by the Janata Dal, a coalition of fourteen parties formed the United Front called. The former Chief Minister ofKarnataka H.D. Deve Gowda 's Janata Dal, became the new Prime Minister, but his Government less than a year remained in the saddle, when the Congress Party had withdrawn its support in March 1997 . Meanwhile, following consensus amongst the sixteen-Member Coalition, Inder Kumar Gujral replaced Deve Gowda's Janata Dal as Prime Minister.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In november 1997 the Congress Party again withdrew its support for the United Front. New national elections in February 1998 gave the BJP the largest number of parliamentary seats ever, 182 of the 545. The president inaugurated on 20 March 1998 Vajpayee as Prime Minister of a coalition led by the BJP. On 11 and 13 may made this Government for a series of underground nuclear tests. Shortly after, did Pakistan also some nuclear tests. Against both countries, the United States and Japan announced economic sanctions.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In april 1999 by the BJP-led coalition fell apart, which resulted in new parliamentary elections. In May and June of that year that India discovered Pakistani soldiers and Kashmirimilitants had taken positions on the Indianside of the Line of Control, the de facto border between the two countries in the disputed Jammu and Kashmir. This resulted in the Kargil war, making the peace process was sabotaged, that several months before that it was started with the visit of Prime Minister Vajpayee to Pakistan and the reopening of the bus line from Delhi to Lahore. Indian troops killed the intruders, including Pakistani soldiers and retook major border crossings during this war that was fought at a very high altitude, such as on the Siachengletsjer. During the war, there was international fear that this war would end in nuclear war.

<p lang="en" len="62" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The same year, India's population reached 1 billion.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Due to the popularity of the Government, after the Kargil India for successful termination of the war, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), a new coalition led by the BJP, to achieve a majority. The new Government, again led by Vajpayee, resigned in October 1999. ==Twenty-first century<span class="mw-editsection" len="363" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The confidence of the NDA Government was affected by reports that the security service had failed on the timely discovery of the invaders around Kargil, which led to the Kargil war, and also by accusations against the Minister of Defense George Fernandes, about the fact that he would have accepted bribes for the purchase of coffins for killed soldiers. The weekly magazine Tehelka revealed a corruption scandal provoked by the weekly magazine itself, where some politicians from the Government, top officials of the Ministry of Defense and members of the military were concerned<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" len="187" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[1], and the CBI complained some prominent BJP politicians to, in connection with the incitement to the destruction of the Babri Mosque. In 2002 increased the tensions around the Site- Vishva Hindu Parishad conflict when the (World Hindu Council) the Government threatened with the desire to hold a religious ceremony on the disputed spot. A month later, 59 Hindu activists who returned from Site, when in Godhra set fire to a train carriage in Gujarat was stabbed. This led to large scale violence in Gujarat, where thousands of Hindus and Muslims were killed. The BJP -led Government of Gujarat and its Chief Minister Narendra Modi were accused that they had not done enough to prevent Hindu gangs attacked Muslims.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">However, In 2003 caused India's rapid economic growth, political stability and a renewed peace process with Pakistan that the Government became more popular. In January 2004 Vajpayee recommended early parliamentary elections. The Congress Party won the elections in May 2004, however, surprisingly. Manmohan Singh of the Congress party became the new Prime Minister, after Sonia Gandhi, the widow of Rajiv Gandhi, rejected the post of Prime Minister, to the controversy around whether her Italian ancestry would cause, a problem in the bud. The Congress party formed a coalition with the Socialist and regional parties, and got support of the Communist parties. Manmohan Singh is the first sikh to date those who are of the Office of Prime Minister of India fulfills. Singh has continued the process of economic liberalisation even though the essential support of Socialists and Communists for his Government prevented him from further privatization to take effect. Also are there any internal political problems, such as the revival of the militant Naxalites.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The United States and India signed an agreement in 2006 the US nuclear technology to India. The deal came the the Government a great deal of criticism from home and abroad to stand. India went for the economic wind. The average education level poverty took off and rose. India specialized especially in technology and in computer science.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 2007, Pratibha Patil was chosen as the first female president in the history of India. During the same period found terrible place large attacks. So place a bomb attack took place in 2007 on the train that runs between the city of Lahore in Pakistan and the Indian New Delhi. Lost 68 people life. A year later there was in Mumbai at the same time, a large number of attacks and hostage-taking by a group of Pakistani terrorists. The attacks led to a delay in the peace process.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The United Progressive Alliance, where the Congress Party is a part of, won the parliamentary elections in 2009. Thereby could Sing remain for a second term as president. In the following years there was much criticism of his Government, because several members were found involved in corruption Affairs and by rising food prices. India was at the Commonwealth Games in 2010 as organising country very embarrassed.Different Nations found that the athletes village was far too dirty and unhygienic, and thereby not good habitable. This decided the delegations of Canada, New Zealand and Scotland not to travel to India for the time being. Further collapsed there on 21 september in a pedestrian bridge, allowing different people were injured. Also there were already 45 deaths in the construction of stadiums and buildings.