Édouard Manet

Édouard Manet (Paris, 23 January 1832 ; died april 30, 1883) was a 19th-century French painter and a key figure in the transition from realism to Impressionism. His earlymasterpieces, such as Le déjeuner sur l'herbe and Olympia, generated a large controversy and served as the inspiration for young impressionist painters.



Content
[hide] *1 early life  ==Life Course[ Edit] == ===Youth[ Edit] === Manet came from a Paris bourgeois environment. His father, Auguste, was a judge and his mother, Eugénie-Desirée Fournier, was the goddaughter of a Swedish Prince.Manet, which made his parents very on was, seems to have had a happy childhood, but he disliked school and remained sitting once. In school he learned his faithful friendAntonin Proust, which on some paintings is pictured and in 1897 the book Souvenirs the Manet (memories of Manet) published. He was, moreover, the uncle of the famous writer Marcel Proust.
 * 1.1 Youth
 * 1.2 study time
 * 1.3 Manet's career
 * 1.4 the Impressionists
 * 1.5 Manet's last years
 * 2 Paintings
 * 2.1 still lifes
 * 2.2 subsequent operations of paintings
 * 3 painting style
 * 4 Pupils
 * 5 public collections
 * 6 exhibitions (selection)
 * 7 external links

His father wanted him to study, but also rights itself wanted the young Manet artist. He was encouraged by his uncle Charles Fournier. Manet's father believed that he could go to sea and also sent him at the age of 16 on a journey of half a year to Rio de Janeiro. Manet found it very boring and was on board for hours to draw. When they return home began his career as a painter: he enrolled in January 1850 along with Proust in as pupil of Thomas Couture and as copyist in the Louvre. In the Louvre and during travel to Italy Netherlands and spent much time with Manet copying old masters, who also later served him often to inspiration (see below). ===Study Time[ Edit] === Couture, who in 1847 had made with the name giant cloth Les Romains de la décadence, held itself aloof from the official, competition-oriented art academies, the Écoles. He found that this focused too much on details of pointed and tried his students to teach the importance of spontaneity and freshness. He also believed that artists were lone geniuses, a romantic idea that appealed to many young people. Nevertheless, Manet, who had six years his apprentice remained, often collisions with him. Although Manet was also often disagree with the content, yet many lessons Coutures has Couture had influence on him. This would especially apply to Manet's Spanish oriented work (see later). In addition to the lessons of Couture visited Manet the Académie Suisse .

Manet In 1849 with the Dutch Suzanne Leenhoff, his of his brothers. In 1853 was her, by her younger brother. Because Manet by his syphilis (see below) probably was barren, he was presumably not the biological father; possible was Manet's father were married on 28 October 1863, Manet that. and Suzanne in Zaltbommel. The couple had no children. Manet painted Léon Suzanne and has several times. ===Manet's career<span class="mw-editsection" len="344" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === A bar at the Folies-Bergère, 1882<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After his time at Couture offered Manet his painting The Absinthedrinker from 1859 to to the Salon, the important annual art exhibition. At that time, there were hardly any other occasions for painters to show their work to the public. The jury of the Salon refused the canvas, first because it showed a drunken man and secondly because parts of it were unfinished and a vague impression. Couture also thought it was bad.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The canvas shows all that Manet's main topic would be: the modern Parisian life. Manet was a twin, who often frequented the trendy cafes, always neatly dressed (there are indications that under that jovial appearance a very neurotic man hidden, something some also believe to see back in his work). This has to do with the concept of "the heroism of modern life" of the poet Baudelaire, a close friend of Manet. Manet In 1862 made the canvas music in the Tuileries garden, shows that a large group of rich people in this Paris park, among whom Manet himself and friends and family members. As with the Absinthe drinker are certain pieces sharp and other, also in the foreground, blurry, and critics were also furious.

Le déjeuner sur l'herbe (1863)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 1860s made Manet a lot of work with Spanish themes. Already in the 1840s were Spanish paintings in the fashion in Paris; Manet must have seen this in the Louvre.His work the Spanish singer from 1860 was his first success in the Salon. In 1864 he exhibited there Episode d'un Course de Taureaux (Incident during a bullfight). After his visit to Madrid in 1865 he was influenced by Diego Velázquez. Following the example of the Spanish master made a series of paintings of Manet "beggar-philosophers", which he exhibited at the universal exhibitionin 1867. Because his work there was rejected, he did this in a private Pavilion, like Courbet. Manet was also influenced byJapanese art, which at that time became popular in France for the first time. Olympia, 1863, oil on canvas, 130.5 x 190 cm

Musée d'Orsay, ParisThe execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, one of the two historical scenes which Manet painted<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1863 there was so much protest about the judgement of the jury of the Salon that Emperor Napoleon III a special exhibition of the rejected work, simultaneous decreed, the famous Salon des Refusés. Manet showed there three works, of which the best known is Déjeuner sur l'Herbe (Lunch on the grass). It shows a picnic of two contemporary dressed men (a brother of Manet and his brother-in-law Ferdinand Leenhoff) and a naked and a half-naked woman. The State of the three figures in the foreground is an obvious reference to the judgement of Paris by Rafael, which Manet knew in a copy of the copper engraver Marcantonio Raimondi, but it is also inspired byTitian's Pastoral Concert . Critics there were furious about; they found that Manet's "picnic" desecrated this Renaissance-work by "quote" in a modern context, giving ordinary, modern people took the place of gods and nymphs. In contrast to those older cloths was the case, it was unclear why the women were naked for spectators.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1865 dared the jury of the Salon is not too much to refuse work, so that was also Manet's Olympia accepted, a nude inspired by Titian's Venus of Urbino. The criticism seemed on that on Déjeuner: in Manet's version was too clear that the naked woman in question suggested a prostitute . Another point was that the model, the same as inDéjeuner, was known in Paris. Victorine Meurent, which itself was also painted, Manet's favorite model. The writer Zola defended Manet's work and was portrayed by him around 1867 as a thank you. In 1873 made Manet the painting Le Bon Bock ("the good glass of beer"), that a seated, pipe smoking, Cuban beer-drinking man shows and is clearly inspired by the work of Frans Hals. This was very much appreciated, even at the most conservative critics.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Manet had little on with historical topics, but he made paintings about political events in his own time, for example those in Mexico in the years 1861-1867. During the war of 1870, between France and Prussia, Manet was a member of the French National Guard, with the command to defend Paris directly, but he's never been involved in a fight.Accordingly, in 1871, he was involved in the Paris Commune. He was a member of a Committee of artists in the Commune, of which Courbet President was. After the massacre by the French army of at least 20,000 communards has Manet thereof drawings made. ===The Impressionists<span class="mw-editsection" len="347" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The railway -Manet suggested this painting during the regular Salon exhibited in 1874.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Manet is sometimes considered impressionist, but there is a lot to haggle, though he later certainly was influenced by them. Manet's ideas were very different and so did for his approach. For example, especially as he worked in his Studio, little en plein air (in the open air). Also was his color palette, especially in the beginning of his career, less bright and he used a lot of black. Although Manet, often in vain, not wanted to be seen as the leader of the Impressionists, watched the young avant-garde yet against him. they saw in him a leader in the fight against the ingrained Écoles, and therefore, for example, that he found with Le Bon Bock had made too many concessions. The first Impressionist Exhibition In 1874, but Manet took the invitation that he had not gotten to. However, in spite of everything, he was good friends with many Impressionists.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">About the unknown Monet would have said Manet in 1865: "who is that Monet, whose name is so similar to mine and so benefits from my notoriety?" In the summer of 1874 made Manet a painting by Monet while this is at work on his "atelier boat" on the Seine at Argenteuil. It's in the same summer made painting by Monet's wife Camille and their son Jean at the Seine is Manet's most Impressionist work. The technique of displaying water has learned clearly from Monet for Manet.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1868-1869 Manet painted Le Balcon, that to a work by Goya from 1812 refers. One of the figures is Berthe Morisot, a young painter who he had met recently in the Louvre. Supposedly they have no intimate relationship with each other, but they were very much alike asked. Eugène Manet's younger brother In 1874. Morisot belonged to the Impressionists and would have had some influence on Manet's work. ===Manet's last years<span class="mw-editsection" len="349" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Tomb of Manet<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the Salon of 1881 got Manet a medal, the Legion of honorand the recognition that he had always wanted. In 1882 he made the cloth A bar at the Folies-Bergère, which applies as his final masterpiece.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Manet died of locomotor ataxia, the disease that affects the central nervous system and causes paralysis . The cause was syphilis, possibly contracted as early as 1848.The last six months of his life had Manet almost constant pain.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Just before his death in 1883 he got gangrene in his leg that had to be dropped off. Antonin Proust spoke at the funeral and Monet and Zola were carrying the coffin.Further included Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro, Pierre Renoir and Eugene Boudin available. ==Paintings<span class="mw-editsection" len="341" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Still life with carpThe Spanish singerA bundle of asparagusMasquerade ball at the operaThe plum*Absinthe drinker, 1859, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen ===Still Lifes<span class="mw-editsection" len="339" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Manet has painted many still lifes throughout his career. He was not agree with the established order of the Écoles, which still lives in the lowest category set. Despite their great quality, however, these cloths have never gotten as much attention as his more controversial work. Well-known examples are still life with carp from 1864 and a bundle of asparagus from 1880.
 * The Spanish singer, 1860
 * Boy with sword, 1861
 * Music in the Tuileries, 1862
 * Lola de Valence, 1862
 * Portrait de Jeanne Duval, 1862
 * Victorine Meurent in the costume of an espada, 1862
 * The old musician, 1862
 * The street singer, ca. 1862
 * Olympia, 1863
 * Le déjeuner sur l'herbe, 1863
 * Young man in the costume of a majo, 1863
 * The dead Christ with Angels, 1864
 * The battle between the USS Kearsarge and the CSS Alabama, 1864
 * Still life with carp, 1864
 * Episode d'un Course de Taureaux, 1864 (Incident during a bullfight)
 * Reading, circa 1865
 * The flute player, 1866
 * The funeral, ca. 1867
 * professional debtors, the Rupali Mexique, 1868
 * The Jetty of Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1868
 * Jeunne Homme à la Poire (Leon Leenhoff), 1868
 * Mrs Manet at the piano, 1868
 * The balcony, 1868-1869
 * Départ du Vapeur the Folkstone, 1869
 * Berthe Morisot with a bouquet of violets, 1872
 * The railroad, 1872-73
 * On the beach, 1873
 * The croquet game, 1873
 * Masquerade ball at the opera, 1873
 * Argenteuil, 1874
 * Claude Monet painting on his Studio boat, 1874
 * Le Grand Canal à Venise, 1874
 * The plum, ca. 1877
 * Portrait of Faure in the role of Hamlet, 1877
 * At Père Lathuille, 1879
 * La waitress the Group Center, 1879
 * Girl in a Wing Collar, ca. 1879-80
 * Portrait of Mademoiselle Isabelle Lemonnier, ca. 1879-80
 * Chanteuse du Café-Concert, 1878-1879
 * Portrait of Emilie Ambre as Carmen, ca. 1879
 * A bundle of asparagus, 1880
 * Jardin de Bellevue, 1880
 * Portrait of Madame Jules Guillemet, ca. 1880
 * Portrait of Irma Brunner, the Vienna, ca. 1880
 * Printemps (Jeanne de Aubrey), 1881
 * Clématites Oeillets et, 1882
 * A bar at the Folies-Bergère, 1882

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Manet also painted peoniesat least seven times, leading to his favorite flower species heard and that he himself also grew. In other work, for example in stillevenobjectenDéjeuner, Manet used often to emphasize that a scene in his own time was situated. ===Subsequent operations of paintings<span class="mw-editsection" len="364" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Manet edited sometimes paintings he had made years earlier. For example, In 1867 he added 40 cm canvas to the Absinthe drinker from 1859 and in 1873 he added Léon to a painting from 1865. In addition, he borrowed his inspiration sometimes fairly directly to other people's work: his famous Le dejeuner-sur-l'herbe is an almost direct copy of the Group on Marcantonio Raimondi's judgement of Paris. ==Painting Style<span class="mw-editsection" len="343" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Manet did not hear at a given flow or movement. His works are assigned to the realism and the Impressionism. ==Pupils<span class="mw-editsection" len="340" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Manet has only had one pupil, Eva Gonzalès. ==Public collections<span class="mw-editsection" len="349" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==
 * Guggenheim Museum (New York), New York City
 * Hermitage, St. Petersburg
 * J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles
 * Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
 * Musée d'Orsay, Paris
 * Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
 * National Gallery, London
 * National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
 * Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Amsterdam<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" len="174" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[1]
 * Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam