Catalan (language)

Catalan (in Catalan: Català) is a Romance language spoken in several varieties and dialects in the Spanish Autonomous Community of Catalonia, in the country of Andorra , in the southern French Roussillon (or Pyrénées-Orientales ), in the east of Aragon ( Franja de Ponent ), in the autonomous community of Valencia , in a small area of Murcia ( El Carxe ), the Balearic Islands and in the city of Alghero on the Italian island of Sardinia . Consequently, speaking about ten million people Catalan.

The language shows strong similarities to the Occitan, in southern France is spoken. In addition, it looks a lot like the Castilian (Spanish). It is the official language ofAndorra . Under Article 2 of the Spanish Constitution (six languages) is Castilian (Spanish) the official language but the other Spanish languages ​​like Catalan, Galicianand Basque officially, "in which autonomous community in which they are spoken."



Content
[ hide ]  *1 History  ==History [  edit ] == As with all Romance languages ​​is to find the origin of Catalan in the Latin, as spoken by the common people and the Roman soldiers. Compared to other languages ​​in the Iberian Peninsula, the Catalan has less influence of the Arabic undergone since the Moorish occupation lasted much shorter. This is the language remained closer to Latin than Castilian. The language had a literary peak between the 13th and 15th centuries. The philosopher and philologist Ramon Llull (1235-1316) was the first European author of a Romance language, namely Catalan, above the Latin chose for his publications.
 * 2 Catalan today
 * 3 Comparison with other Romance languages
 * 4 varieties and dialects
 * 4.1 Examples of some of the differences
 * 5 pronunciation and spelling
 * 5.1 Consonants
 * 5.2 Vowels
 * 5.3 Emphasis
 * 5.4 Spelling
 * 6 Grammar
 * 6.1 Nouns
 * 6.1.1 article
 * 6.1.2 Plural
 * 6.1.3 Adjective
 * 6.2 Verbs
 * 6.2.1 Times and point
 * 6.2.2 Conjugation
 * 7 See also
 * 8 External links

After the discovery of America in 1492, the political power of the House of Castile increased dramatically, thus increasing Hispanicization of cultural life. In Spain, the Catalan in 1714, with the rise of the dynasty of the House of Bourbon prohibited. In 1659, the Catalan-speaking province of Roussillon France annexed. After theFrench Revolution had everyone there, from the thought of égalité (equality), speak French and other languages ​​were banned from state education and public life.

In the 19th century Catalan witnessed its first revival. Spain lost its colonies one by one, the Industrial Revolution brought wealth and power to Catalonia and the emerging bourgeoisie chose Catalan. The linguist Pompeu Fabra wrote at the end of the 19th century the first modern grammar, which became a standard work.However, it took until 1931 for the language given official status, based on the lexicographical speech and political work of Fabra. For short duration, however. TheSpanish Civil War, the dictator Franco , in 1939, to power and he not only forbade the Catalan, but also left destroy all Catalan language books from after 1850.

After the death of Franco, the language as part of the democratization process in 1975, readmitted. The next school year the language was reintroduced in education. In the democratic constitution of 1978 is Catalan, according to Article 3, an "official status in the autonomous regions where it is spoken, in accordance with the regional constitution". [1] The regional government of Catalonia ( Generalitat de Catalunya ) propagates since actively promote the use of Catalan in all parts of society. In cooperation with publisher Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana be regulated booklets with vocabulary and language advice for the most diverse fields and topics. Centre de Terminologia, better known as Termcat was founded in 1985 to give citizens language advice and any translations or neologisms for new concepts to present. [2] There is intensive collaboration with governments and cultural institutions of the Valencian Country and the Balearic islands with the aim to preserve both local variants as the unity of the Catalan language. ==Catalan today [  edit ] == Bilingual street in Perpignan<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Catalan has once again become a visible language. Newspapers ( Avui, El Punt merged in 2012 to El Punt Avui ) chansonniers, the most famous Lluís Llach , a thriving music scene, "Rock Català" Els Pets (The Farting), Sopa de Cabra (goat soup), Alder Gossos (Dogs ) Lax'n'busto, Sau so on.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">To employ to join the Catalan government, including public education, it is necessary to control the Catalan language in speech and writing. Primary and secondary education are fully in Catalan and Castilian is taught as a second language. At the universities in Catalonia in Catalan, and, less and less, in Castilian and, sometimes, taught in English. The law is still in Castilian, but as the new Estatut (or local constitution) is approved, the judges should be bilingual.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">According to data from 2001, the statistics department of the municipality of Barcelona understands 95% of the population in Barcelona Catalan, 74.6% can speak it, 75% can read it and 47.1% can write it. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[3]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Catalan is spoken by about 11.5 million people in Catalonia , the Valencia, the Balearic Islands ( Mallorca , Menorca and Ibiza ), Andorra , and in the vicinity ofPerpignan in France. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[4]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Perpignan (Perpinyà) in France, the resurgence is more cautious, but now the street name signs bilingual. In officially bilingual Comunidad Valenciana (Valencia, Castellónand Alicante), is the language more pressure from Unitarian parties. In February 2006, Catalonia has its own domain name received: .cat .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The second language is Spanish . Catalan is a Romance language and appears, written in both Spanish and French and Italian . However, the ruling is more staccato and sounds much less sharp than the Spanish.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Almost all Catalans are bilingual and speak both Catalan and Spanish speakers. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5] An exception is the population in some mountain villages of the Pyrenees (where one does not always speak Spanish) and vice versa, the population from other parts of Spain who never Catalan has learned, including the then ban in times of the Franco regime . ==<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);"><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;">[Comparison  with other Romance languages <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;">​​edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">]  == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Catalan is strongly related to Occitan, and to a lesser extent in Spanish and French, though especially at the lexical level, the influence of the Spanish great. The Oudcatalaans was almost equal to the Oudoccitaans. Most of these concepts are secondary, derived from the Spanish. Someone who speaks Spanish, Catalan is therefore perceived as a foreign language, even though there are many matching words (though sometimes false friends are). This is about as Dutch German experience and vice versa. On the other hand there are in Catalan, spoken in a region that only a short time was occupied by the Arabs, much less words of Arabic origin than the rest of the Iberian Peninsula.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">What vocabulary is concerned by the Catalan modern borrowing close to the Spanish, but words that are inherited directly from Vulgar Latin vocabulary is more similar to that of Occitan, French or lesser extent Italian. So is the word for 'small' in Catalan petit like in French and Occitan, while the Spanish word pequeño. In contrast, dona normal word for "woman", akin to the Italiandonna, where it has Spanish and French femme mujer (but also respectively doña and lady).
 * Like the Occitan and French, the Catalan lost all final vowels from Latin, except -a (which has become a silent -e in French). Thereby ending almost no words in -o,and where this is so, it is a loan. This is readily seen in the past participles: amat ("loved, loved" amado Spanish, Italian amato).
 * As in the Occitan, the voiced consonants b, d and g in both languages ​​at the end of a word unvoiced p, t, c, and -v at the end turns into -u. This is seen in many adjectives and past participles, which in the male have no output (because the -o was dropped) but the female does: blue - blava "blue", cantat - Cantada "sung".
 * With Occitan and French, the Catalan also common that the word ending -n and -r disappear after a stressed syllable (although a French nasal left over). The -r is still written as pronounced in some Catalan words still. Because of this loss to end many words on stressed vowels, which follows a -n in other languages:
 * Cat. Català opposite Fr. catalan, Sp. Catalán, It. Catalano "Catalan"
 * Cat. Martí opposite Fr. Martin, Sp. Martín, It. Martino "Martijn" (proper name)
 * Cat. Mà opposite Fr. main, Sp. and It. mano "hand"
 * Cat. Pa versus Fr. pain, Sp. Pan, Italian pane "bread"
 * Catalan reserves like other Romance languages ​​the Latin 'f' which has become stupid in Spanish and with an 'h', as in fer - hacer "do", ferro - hierro "iron" fong - hongo " mold "and farina - harina" flour ".
 * The Latin stressed 'e' and 'o' are preserved, and is not gediftongeerd as in French, Spanish or Italian:
 * Cat. Porta, Fr. porte, It. Porta opposite Sp. Puerta "door"
 * Cat. Foc feu opposite Fr., Sp. Fuego, It. Fuoco "fire"
 * Cat. Bona, Fr. bonne opposite Sp. Buena, It. Buona
 * Cat. Cell opposite Fr. ciel, Sp. and It. cielo "heaven"
 * Cat. Bé, It. Bene opposite Fr. and Sp. bien.
 * Cat. and It. terra, Fr. terre opposite Sp. tierra
 * With the Italian and Portuguese has in common that the possessive pronoun is always preceded by a definite article: el meu ("my", Portuguese o meu, Italian il mio),with the exception of direct family ties, which forms mon pare, sa mare were saved, next meu pare el and la seva mare.
 * Unique to the Catalan is that l- at the beginning gepalataliseerd to LL <span style="font-family:'DejaVuSans','SegoeUI','ArialUnicodeMS','LucidaSansUnicode','LucidaGrande','TITUSCyberbitBasic',Code2000,'MVBoli','MSMincho',Arial,Helvetica,sans_serif;white-space:nowrap;">[ʎ] <sup style="line-height:1;">?  : llengua Catalan, Occitan lenga, Spanish lengua.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Some examples: ==<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);"><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;">[Varieties  and dialects <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;">edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">]  == Map of the Catalan varieties and dialects<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A distinction is made ​​between several varieties or main dialects, grouped again in Eastern and Western Catalan:

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Valencian and, to a lesser extent, the Balearic be seen by the relevant communities as a separate language. There are two standards; one of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans, based in the Central Catalan, and one of the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua which the Valencian as a starting point. Standard Catalan of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans is used most. ====Examples of some differences <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the province of Lleida, for example, expressed the slot t, the Balearic Islands and the Baix Empordà one uses the articles "es" "sa" and "ses". In Barcelona, ​​the dull "a" and the dull 'e' equal pronounced and sounds more or less like a short 'a' in Dutch, Barcelona sounds more or less there as Barrssalona which hold the second and third a middle between 'a' and a dull 'e'. There are also very local differences; eg the "o" in the word Camio (truck) is pronounced differently in Barcelona than in Girona . ==Pronunciation and spelling <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[Consonants  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ===<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[Vowels  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In unstressed syllables are less distinct vowels, and are some of the above so together. Which vowels coincide and what is the result varies by dialect area. In the eastern Catalan fall unstressed / e /, / ɛ / and / a / together to / ə / and / ɔ /, / o / and / u / together to / u /. In the western Catalan are only unstressed / e / and / ɛ / together to / e / and / ɔ /, / o / to / o /.
 * Eastern Catalan (Català oriental):
 * Central Catalan (Català central) in the densely populated east of Catalonia. The most widely spoken form of Catalan.
 * North Catalan (Català septentrional) in the southern French Pyrenees-Orientales or Roussillon and in the adjacent northeastern Catalonia region.
 * Balearic (Balear) on the Balearic Islands .
 * Algherese dialect (Alguerès) in Alghero in Sardinia .
 * Western Catalan (Català occidental):
 * Northwest Catalan (Català nord-occidental) in the west of Catalonia, in the adjacent Franja de Ponent in Aragon and Andorra .
 * Ebrenc-Catalan (Català meridional or Valencià septentrional) in the south of the region of Catalonia and the north of the Valencia region. This is a transitional zone between the Northwest Catalan and Valencian.
 * Valencian (Valencià) roughly in the east and south of the Valencia region, and in the neighboring region El Carxe in the autonomous region of Murcia .
 * Voiced plof- and fricatives undergo final sound sharpening : [b] → [p], [t] → [t], [g] → [k], [ʒ] → [ʃ], [dʒ] → [tʃ], [z ] → [s], [dz] → [ts].
 * Voiced sounds are softened to fricatives at the beginning of a syllable in the middle of a word: [b] → [β], [d] → [ð], [g] → [ɣ].
 * The sound / v / is distinguished only in some dialects, namely the Balearic, Algherese dialect , Valencian and in some areas in southern Catalonia. In all other areas, including in particular the tone giving Central Catalan, the sound has coincided with / b /.
 * The phoneme / l / is pronounced in many dialects [ɫ]. In some dialects, this only happens after a vowel, in others is that the decision in all cases.
 * In Algherese dialect, North Catalan and adjacent to the Spanish-speaking area may coincide the half-closed and semi-open vowels.
 * In the area around Barcelona is the unstressed schwa (ə) pronounced or almost semi-open <span style="font-family:'DejaVuSans','SegoeUI','ArialUnicodeMS','LucidaSansUnicode','LucidaGrande','TITUSCyberbitBasic',Code2000,'MVBoli','MSMincho',Arial,Helvetica,sans_serif;white-space:nowrap;">[ɐ] <sup style="line-height:1;">?  .
 * / Ə / is alone in the Balearic as a separate phoneme distinguished in the other dialects falls with / e / and / ɛ /.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Catalan right still has a number of diphthongs. These are no underlying diphthongs, but a series of a single vowel followed by / w / or / j /. In unstressed syllables some also coincide with each other just as normal eenklanken. The ruling is similar to that of two sounds in other languages. ===<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[Emphasis  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The emphasis is in Catalan variable, but usually falls on one of the last three syllables of the word. ===<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[Spelling  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The spelling of Catalan is largely phonemic and the ruling is usually inferred from the spelling, but not always. If it knows the private letters 'ç' or ce Trencada as Barça B (football) or la caça "hunting", the LL or ele geminada as parcel·la "plot". The letter Y is not used except in combination ny for the sound / ɲ /, as in Catalonia "Catalonia", bany "bad".

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">For the pronunciation of a written word usually applies: the last syllable is stressed, except that ends in a vowel, a vowel followed by -s or -en, -in; the emphasis is placed on the penultimate syllable. When the place of the stress differs from the aforementioned rule, this is indicated in the spelling with an emphasis on the particular vowel. The emphasis is on closed and semi-closed vowels marked with an acute accent ('), a semi-open vowels with a grave accent (`). A remarkable result is that the distinction between half-closed / e /, / o / and semi / ɛ /, / ɔ / not made in spelling is unless the placement of the emphasis differs from the standard line and thus an accent on the vowel is written. In that case, the distinction is in fact clear: half closed é, ó and semi-è, ò.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In some dialects, including the Central Catalan / r / dropped to the end of the word, and the letter r there so not pronounced. ==Grammar <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Like the vocabulary also shows the grammar similarities with Occitan, and to a lesser extent with the Spanish and French. ===Pronouns <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  Edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Catalan is like most Romance languages ​​two sexes: male and female. The old neuter gender from Latin is passed into the male. Feminine words are often identified by the suffix -a, while masculine nouns ending in other sounds. ====<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[Article  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Catalan has a definite and indefinite article, but it has not, as the French, a partitive article. However, the indefinite article has a plural form, which can be translated as 'what' or 'only'. Catalan knows no names are only distinguish the singular and the plural.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Catalan uses the definite article also proper nouns. Before addition to the normal articles are also used a specially particular article, that is formed by 'l' is replaced by 'n'. In addition, some dialects have the article salat, a variant of the standard definite article in which the 'l' is replaced with 's'. ====<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[Plural  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The plural is formed by adding -s at the end of the word. While in Spanish with words ending in a consonant an additional -e- is inserted in the Catalan output placed directly behind the tribe: la nit - les nits "night". Of words that end in -a, the output for the plural -es, not -as: la casa - les cases "house."

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the rules of the Catalan spelling is sometimes necessary to change the preceding consonant of the stem as -a replaced by -es:

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The disappearance of the lock-n is much more complicated words in the plural form. In forming the plural because this one is put back: el pa - alder pan "bread", la cançó, lesson cançons "song". This occurs when most of the words that end in a stressed vowel, but there are exceptions. Prior knowledge of the origin of the word, or the word in other Romance languages ​​(and possibly the Dutch word derived therefrom) can usually provide security.
 * -ca> -ces
 * -ca> -ques
 * -from the point> -qües
 * - (T) yes> - (t) ges
 * -go> -gues
 * -gua> -gües

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In male words that have a hiss end (s, ç, x) is the plural-s can not be pronounced properly. This is then amplified to -os: el gos - alder Gossos "dog", el Brac - alder Braços "poor." At words on -sc, -st or -xt end this is what happens, but it is not required and both -s and -os occur: el text - alder texts either alder textos "text". In male words ending in ig (pronounced <span style="font-family:'DejaVuSans','SegoeUI','ArialUnicodeMS','LucidaSansUnicode','LucidaGrande','TITUSCyberbitBasic',Code2000,'MVBoli','MSMincho',Arial,Helvetica,sans_serif;white-space:nowrap;">[itʃ] <sup style="line-height:1;">?  ) are two possible types, namely ending -igs or -jos: el Faig -alder faigs either alder fajos "beech". ====Adjective <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Adjectives follow the corresponding noun or (possibly omitted) pronoun gender and number. If sex is not known or when referring to a group of mixed sex, the male form is used.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The female form is usually formed by adding -a behind the masculine form. This may occur some changes:

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Adjectives with certain outputs such -nt, -al have no separate female form. In a number of adjectives which end in which is replaced by -e -a in the female mold, in others, the female mold is the same as the male.Finally, there are also words that are the same in the singular in both sexes, but different in the plural: Felic "happy" both male and female, but in the plural masculine and feminine feliços felices.
 * -u> -va: intensiu - intensiva "intensive"
 * -t> -da: CanSat - cansada "tired" (mainly past participles)
 * -c> -go antic - antiga "old antique"
 * Replacing lost -n: bo - bona "good", català - Catalana "Catalan"

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Unlike Dutch also change the gender in the nominal part of the predicate. Adjectives follow than the subject of the sentence to gender and number, even if the subject no visible sex education:

===Verbs <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Where the declension of adjectives and nouns is fairly simple, the conjugation of verbs is quite complicated and there is a wide variety of forms, as in the other Romance languages. Catalan verb forms however, it has less than the Spanish. ====Tenses and moods <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Catalan is in the past tense distinction in aspect between imperfective and perfective . That is to say that it makes a difference whether a transaction in the past, is indefinite or definite. This is in Dutch not distinguish, and can, depending on the context and past tense or past tense are translated, making it difficult to give a precise translation which all shades look good.
 * Estic CanSat -. I'm tired. (Said by a man)
 * Estic cansada -. ​​I'm tired. (Said by a woman)

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Perfective aspect is otherwise well distinguished from the perfect aspect, or the past tense. In all moods and tenses except the imperative namely also distinguishes between imperfect (incomplete) and perfect (complete). The completed form is through the past participle with the auxiliary verb oats "have". The perfect aspect indicates an event that has been completed to but that is still relevant to the time of which we speak. This is so both in form and meaning have corresponded to the Dutch combination / and a past participle.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The verb distinguishes the following forms in the indicative mood (indicatiu), exemplified by the menjar.The verb "eat":

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In addition, the Catalan knows the subjunctive (subjuntiu). This is used to express that something is not certain whether the speaker doubts the truth of a given. It lacks the future, which is of course uncertain of himself. There is also the conditional tense (Condicional), which is expressed that a transaction would occur under a certain condition, and the imperative (imperatiu), which ordered that happens.
 * Present tense (present): it happens
 * Menjo "I eat"
 * Unfinished imperfectieve past (imperfet): it took place in the past (and perhaps still continues)
 * menjava "I ate"
 * Unfinished perfective past tense (Passat): it has happened in the past and completed
 * Vaig menjar.The, or outdated / dialectical Mengi "I ate" (and then I did maybe something else)
 * Imperfect future tense (futur): it will happen in the future
 * menjaré "I will eat"
 * Perfect tense (perfet): it is now completed
 * hey menjat "I have eaten" (now I'm ready)
 * Completed imperfectieve past (plusquamperfet): it was just completed by something, or interrupted by anything else in the past
 * havia menjat "I had (just) ate" or "I was eating" (when something happened)
 * Completed perfective past tense (Passat anterior): it was completed at the time of another event in the past (literary, rarely used)
 * (Quan) va menjat oats, or outdated / dialectical (quan) haguí menjat "(then) I had eaten" (something happened)
 * Completed future (futur perfet): it will be completed in the future
 * hauré menjat "I will have eaten"

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Finally, there is the progressive or continuous aspect, which is formed with estar "his" and the present participle. This is similar to the Dutch "to":

====<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[Conjugation  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the conjugation of verbs is the personal pronoun usually not used because the conjugation of the verb makes clear who the speaker is. Personal pronouns are used only to clarify the conjugation (if there is a complicated sentence may be doubts about the correct interpretation), or to emphasize.
 * Progressive tense: it is now underway
 * Estic menjant "I am eating"
 * Progressive past: it was then underway
 * estava menjant "I was eating"

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The pluperfect (Passat) is composed by special forms the verb anar "go" with the infinitive : Vaig, vas, va, vam, vau, of. This seems like Vaig menjar.The means "I'm going to eat" when in fact "I ate" means. In reality, this comes as a bent old Passat from anar, used nowadays hardly: Vaig, fixed / vares, va, vam / VAREM, vas / vàreu, boating. Originally meant Vaig menjar.The so "I went to eat." If one really in Catalan "I'm going to eat" is, one uses a Vaig menjar.The.