Stephen Hawking

Stephen William Hawking ( Oxford , January 8 1942 ) is an English physicist , cosmologist and mathematician .



Content
*1 Life  ==[Life  edit ] == Hawking was born on January 8, 1942. His parents, Frank and Isobel Hawking, lived in London, but the bombing of London during World War II, they had to move to Oxford as it was safer there. Isobel Hawking went back to London when Stephen was two weeks old. In 1950 Hawking's father got a new job at the Institute for Medical Research in Mill Hill and moved the family to the closer St Albans .
 * 1.1 Illness
 * 2 Work
 * 3 Trivia
 * 4   Books

In 1952 Hawking went to a girls' school who also admitted boys. Later he went to a boys' school. His father wanted him to go to the Westminster Public School, because the school was more highly. Since he became ill during his exams, he had to go to the boys' school where he was sitting on, which Hawking did not mind.

At school Hawking was not very popular, he cided, was thin, classical music was more fun than pop and therefore had only a few friends. He cycled preferably with friends across the country and figured complex board games . Hawking became an early interest in mathematics and physics . His father wanted him medicine went to college, for that he himself had done. This Hawking did not compromise and as chemistry elected with mathematics and physics.

When Stephen Hawking was 17 years old he did the entrance exam to the University of Oxford and went to study physics. He had talent and did not work hard. In the second grade Hawking won the university's physics prize. Yet he was just going through the exam. The 1,000 study hours he had to make in the third year he took only just. During the exam was necessary factual knowledge and he was not prepared. He could only make theoretical questions. So it came to a discussion and it was decided that he could still continue. From that moment they looked at him as someone who had to work very hard to get good grades, but always passed his exams.

In 1962 he joined the department of applied mathematics at Cambridge to do research work that was under Dennis Sciama.

He married Jane Wilde in 1965. In 1967 they had a son Robert, in 1970 a daughter Lucy, and in 1979 a son Timothy. He now has a grandson. After earning his doctorate in 1966 (thesis on the Singularities and the geometry of space-time) was at Gonville and Caius him in Cambridge offered a research grant, first as a researcher and later as a board member. In 1973 he left the institute and he joined the department of applied mathematics and theoretical physics.

In 1977 he became professor of gravitational physics and in 1980 he became Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. With this he had the same chair thatNewton had first. On September 30, 2009 Hawking stepped down from this position, but gave it to keep working at Cambridge University.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">In 1974 he became a board member, fellow of the Royal Society elected, he received his Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1982 and Companion of Honour in 1998.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Among the dozens of foreign awards is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States . In 2006 he was awarded the Copley Medal and in August 2009 Hawking was byPresident Obama awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest US honor for civilians. ===Disease <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Stephen Hawking in 2006<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">In 1962, during his last days in Oxford, Hawking realized he was becoming clumsy, unclear and that he just toppled over and went against things. During Christmas of 1962, his parents noticed something strange about him and Hawking was early in 1963 two weeks in the hospital. The diagnosis wasamyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) . This is an incurable disease that attacks the nerve cells until the body is completely paralyzed. The mind is not affected by the disease.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">It was thought that by the disease would not get his doctorate, but against all odds, he got it anyway. He and his wife had to move into an apartment because his wheelchair, where he soon came into contact, no stairs longer could.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Until 1979, Jane Hawking could care for him alone, but then it became necessary to hire a nurse.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">When he was in 1985 at a conference in Geneva a pneumonia suffered there changed a lot. He had to be held with machines and become the necessary surgery to his vocal cords were severed in life he lost his voice. The doctors advised his wife to turn off the life support because they gave him no chance of longer survival, but that Jane did not. After surgery it was very difficult for both of them. The only way Hawking could communicate was that Jane pointed letters and when she was at the right letter, which Hawking moved his eyebrows. A normal conversation or writing books was not there anymore.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">When Walt Woltosz heard what had happened to Hawking, he sent him a computer program that he could select words by moving his eyes. He also sent had a computer voice giving Hawking a voice again, albeit one with an American accent. The book A Brief History of Time, Dutch : ' The Universe 'is written using these resources. Later were computer and intercom system built into his wheelchair, so he had to carry no more laptop. This system had a number of advantages. So he could make a lot of text in advance and later, during a conference stream or to print.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Jane Hawking divorced in 1991. He remarried in 1995, with Elaine Mason, his nurse, and ex-wife of David Mason, who designed the first version of Hawking's voice synthesizer. In late 2006, he divorced after eleven years of marriage her too.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Since 2004, Hawking require 24-hour care and is professionally cared for. Yet he still remained active in physics. At year-end 2008, he was reported to be more definitively withdrawn from his professional activities. In April 2009 Hawking was hospitalized with an infection in his chest.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Stephen Hawking thinks his illness possibly it is because he nutrients not record properly . Therefore, he added vitamin and mineral tablets , zinc , cod liver oil , folic acid , vitamin B , vitamin B12 ,vitamin C and vitamin E to his diet to. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PMID_12077030_1-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[1] He avoids gluten , vegetable oil and ready-to-eat -Food. Moreover, he undergoes passive physiotherapy on the chest and passive and active physiotherapy on all limbs and muscle groups. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PMID_12077030_1-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[1] ==Work <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Hawking is best known for his work in the field of black holes and singularities in cosmology . An important discovery, made ​​along with Roger Penrose, was a singularity at the moment of the Big Bangin the general theory of relativity was inevitable. Another important discovery was the hawking radiation, which is emitted by black holes and can do "evaporate", one of the things one actually hopes to prove through experiments at the Large Hadron Collider . Hawking also developed the concept of imaginary time in cosmology. With this imaginary time he hopes singularities like to resolve with the Big Bang and black holes.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Although he was known before he was generally widely known after the publication of his book A Brief History of Time, in Dutch "The Universe." It became a bestseller, in which he described the state of cosmology.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">From August 2006 Hawking is working with his daughter Lucy, with three children's books. In it, he wants to "thoughts and ideas about relativity and cosmology in the form of stories describing". The first book is titled "George's Secret Key to the Universe" and was published in September 2007 in the United States, Britain, Spain, Italy and Germany. This book was published in 2008 in the Netherlands under the title 'The Secret Key to the Universe ". ==<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[Trivia  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==
 * Stephen Hawking has cooperated in several television series. He was featured in the series Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking. He also starred in Star Trek : The Next Generation, a brief role as a hologram of himself. In season 5 episode 21, season 6 episode 6 and season 8 episode 14 of The Big Bang Theory, he was like to see themselves. In South Park , The Simpsons , Family Guy, Futurama , Dexter's Laboratory and The Fairly OddParents he appears as a cartoon character.
 * The numbers and Keep Talking Talkin 'Hawkin' by Pink Floyd and in the intro of the album Party Animals of Turbonegro can hear his voice. " In an episode of Naked Science: Time Travel The Truth, he was told.
 * In his book The Grand Design in 2010 in interviews with the Telegraph and the Channel 4 documentary 'Genius of Britain' he does not believe in a personal God. He writes:
 * The question is: is the way the universe Began chosen by God for Reasons we can not understand, or was it Determined by a law of science? I believe the second.
 * He adds,
 * Because there is a law zoals gravity, the Universe can and will create itself from nothing.
 * He also proposes to give priority to science, based on observation and reason over religion, based on dogma and faith. His ex-wife Jane confirmed during divorce case that he is an atheist.

==<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[Book  Edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Together with his daughter:
 * In 2014 he and colleague Brian Cox can be seen in a pre-recorded sketch in Monty Python Live show Live (mostly) in London. He sang herein The Galaxy Song by Eric Idle .
 * The movie The Theory of Everything is based on the memoirs Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen written by his ex-wife Jane.
 * The Grand Design: New Answers to the Ultimate Questions of Life, with Leonard Mlodinow Bantam Press, 2010, ISBN 0,553,805,371
 * A Briefer History of Time, with Leonard Mlodinow, Bantam Books, 2005. Dutch as "A Brief History of Time ', published by Prometheus / Bert Bakker, 2005
 * "On the Shoulders of Giants" 2002
 * The Universe in a Nutshell. In Dutch as' The Universe '2001
 * A Brief History of Time. In Dutch as' The Universe ', published by Bert Bakker, 1988
 * Stephen Hawking's Universe: The Cosmos Explained
 * Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays 1993, "Einstein's dream, publishing Stork, 1997
 * The Cambridge Lectures: LifeWorks
 * Computer Resources for People With Disabilities
 * A Guide to Exploring Today's Assistive Technology
 * The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time
 * The Nature of Space and Time
 * My Brief History, Autobiography
 * God Created the Integers. Running press
 * Isaac Newton Institute Series of Lectures
 * Euclidean Quantum Gravity
 * The Formation and Evolution of Cosmic Strings
 * Hawking on the Big Bang and Black Holes
 * Advanced Series in Astrophysics and Cosmology, Vol 8
 * Historia Del Tiempo


 * George's Secret Key to the Universe, 'The Secret Key to the Universe "
 * George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt, "The treasure in the universe '
 * George and the big bang on the universe, "The bang in the universe '