History of the Austrian Netherlands

The history of the Austrian Netherlands (Latin: Belgium Austriacum) describes the period from 1715 to 1795 in the Austrian Netherlands, the province of which the largest remaining part of the Spanish Netherlands in 1581 seven northern, formed after the had secreted in 1588 to the autonomous Republic of the seven United Provinces to call out.

That with the Treaty of Utrechtin 1713, the Spanish Succession war settled, ended the Spanish period and was from then on Belgium Austriacum, as it was called, an autonomous area under the Austrian branch of the Habsburg monarchy. Increasing efforts of enlightened despots to centralization of governance from Vienna, where the interests of the monarchy clashed with the particularism of the regions, led finally to the Brabant Revolution which culminated in the proclamation of the independent Republic of the United States of Belgium temporarily.

After the death of Emperor Joseph II in 1790 succeeded his brother and successor Leopold has the Austrian control for several years yet to restore in name, although he had to admit to all requirements that were formulated much earlier by the Dutch members. After the battle of Fleurus the Austrians were finally expelled from the country and was the territory occupied by the French, who thereupon at once would reach to the northern Netherlands.



Content
[hide] *1 history  ==For History[ Edit] == With the death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 was for the Netherlands the Spanish time terminated. In his will had Charles Spain and the Spanish territories passed to the Bourbon and Louis XIV's grandson, Philip of Anjou (Philip V). But because the other powers were opposed to power that France would win, was the Spanish Succession war had broken out. With the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 was eventually agreed that the Spanish Netherlands now the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles VI experienced.
 * 2 under Prince Prince and Margrave Prié (1716-1725)
 * 2.1 The Governor and his Minister
 * 2.2 attempts at Government formation
 * 2.3 Increasing protest and first martyr
 * 3 under Maria Elisabeth (1725-1741)
 * 3.1 Alliance between Church and State
 * 3.2 A period of peace and relative prosperity
 * 3.3 religious strife Again
 * 4 During the keizerinschap of Maria Theresa (1741-1780)
 * 4.1 Defence
 * 4.2 French occupation as property for negotiations
 * 4.3 treaties between Austria and France
 * 4.4 trade and industry
 * 5 During the reign of Joseph II (1780-1790)
 * 5.1 Only drastic reforms
 * 5.2 Constitutional conflict with the ' Emperor-koster '
 * 5.3 escalation of the conflict
 * 5.4 extension to all provinces
 * 5.5 the remedy of the new Minister Trautmansdorff
 * 5.6 Unhealthy situation and stalemate
 * 5.7 final break and impending civil war after the hot autumn of 1788
 * 5.8 Brabant revolution (1789-1790)
 * 6 Period of the United States of Belgium and French II (1790-1794)
 * 7 see also

This had through the pragmatic sanction (1713) determined that his daughter Maria Theresia would replace him, what then still was recognised by all major European States.

The Spanish Netherlands would inherit that they remained since the Division of the North in 1581 further divided into two great parts, which de facto is currently the southern in Austrian hands passed. Because some people had hoped to land with the new regime to escape to the Dutch tribulation, begat a lot of unrest and resentment, when it became apparent that the new monarch not only State-Flanders left to them, but also permitted with a 'Barrièretractaat' that Northern troops were stationed on the southern territory, and in addition, in spite of the privileges a tax was levied to maintain. Meanwhile, griped the clergy about the dangers that the presence of an army for the religion were known as heretics, and the merchants on the forthcoming destruction of what remained of the trade yet. Some urged the emperor to throw off the Dutch yoke and to seize the weapons. We also knew that this was not very Barrièretractaat on France and to the Hague instead a Declaration of perpetual neutrality of the southern territory had proposed. This aroused te lande again a fiery affection for France in the hand. The Marquis of Rossi wrote from Brussels even, that 'the Flemish people no time would hesitate to revolt, so they saw the opportunity to be helped by France...' ==Under Prince Prince and Margrave Prié (1716-1725)[ Edit] == ===The Governor and his Minister[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === First Governor Prince Eugene of Savoy.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As usual, also a Governor had to be referred to. Emperor Charles VI had for this position to Prince Eugene of Savoy thought, a renowned General of French origin and with Italian ancestors, in the service of the Habsburg monarchy. The Regency prompted the emperor to 25 June 1716 waiting to give him the necessary letters to send to this post, with the same pay and the same jurisdiction as at the time of our glorious predecessors, the Kings of Spain. Prince Eugene of Savoy is never come on the spot. This conqueror of France and of the Turks was there to argue with the man not to malcontents, to negotiate with the States, to welcome everyone friendly for the benefit of the Austrian home. He could not serve as a political tool. It was also to fear, that, as he arrived in Brussels, he would trigger a dangerous collision or worse, that he would appoint himself as the protector of his vassals. The best service he could prove the Emperor, was to let him use his name thus the provinces to spawn. In its place would be for the Executive Board just a Minister Plenipotentiary occur. Savoy was so represented by The Prié Margrave . But in the Southern Netherlands it was at that time difficult reign. There was never a central administration, centralistic absolutism as France knew was passed to the area. Power and listen were the population by the successive domination of Spaniards and Austrians or taken away by French occupation. The country also because of the Barrièretractaat had to the Permanent Finance North Dutch defensive power. There was great discontent and numerous cities gradually came in resistance. Soon the rebellion raged to Brussels .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Joseph Lothar von Königsegg-Rothenfels, Minister Plenipotentiary of the emperor at Brussels, tried the straws. But the States of Flanders and Brabant were determined to make their complaints to the emperor. When they were received by him in February 1716, surprised they are about their show, in which he had to determine for the first time for people who, citing the Treaty of Rastadt, (which guaranteed the liberties of the Netherlands), their privileges vis-à-vis its sovereignty suggested. The emperor was wisdom to recognize, that he had to do with the delegates of a people that prat went on his independence, and for centuries was used to distinguish between his rights and those of the Princes. He would always take into account somewhere else. On 1 april 1717 became a Higher Council for the Netherlands founded in Vienna, following the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, which had previously based in Madrid. For the outward appearances the Spanish tradition the emperor took on. nothing unusual incidentally, since he remained in 1725 to claim the title of King of Spain.Even letters were drawn up in Spanish. The Council consisted of five letters, which had to format, this Royal officiales from four ministers, two of whom are from the low countries were chosen, and a Secretary. ===Attempts at Government formation<span class="mw-editsection" len="380" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Before he arrived in Brussels, would travel to the Hague first Prié. The Emperor had decided to use his diplomatic talent in order to obtain a change in the Barrièretractaat. He knew that nothing else would bring the tempers to calm.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After deftly guided discussions I managed Margrave Prié to obtain the accession of the States General to a Conference that started the end of 1716 in Brussels. The Republic, however, was equally concerned to have to admit the emperor as to Detune, and stretched the discussions two years. But on 22 december 1718 Prié's patience had won it from their prevarication and he could explain the fairly advantageous agreement for Charles VI, which he had stolen. No doubt the burden still remained heavy, but it seemed pretty, that the United provinces was one-fifth of the promised area enforced, and the States of Flanders and for the States of Brabant regained their freedom had the vote on the grants. The Emperor saw itself forced to accept humiliating Barrièretractaat (for him) and there the population to burden with it, which would eventually submit a endless list grievances about the behavior of the soldiers. The only effect of the ' barrier ' was that the hostility that the religious difference since the end of the 16th century the Dutch between North and South had conceived rose yet.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Prié stood in front of a nearly impossible task when it came to form a Government. At the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht under the joint venture lands four powers:

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">1. Austria administered Limburg; 2. the Conference of the naval powers: Brabant and Flanders, Mechelen; 3. Maximilian, Prince: the Luxembourg and Namur; 4. and finally occupy the United provinces by Louis XIV, the Hainautceded countries, Tournai and West Flanders, as well as Spanish-Gelderland.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Already on 2 november 1714 Charles VI had the count of Königsegg in charge, in his name take possession of those different territories, once the Barrièretractaat (15 november 1715) they would put at his disposal.Maximilian Emanuel had no problems created and smooth both provinces of their oath of allegiance fired, and there are troops cleared away. But the troops of the United provinces would until February 1716 Brabant, Flanders, Mechelen and Hainaut and left, the month afterwards, Roermond with the part of Gelderland had in their possession. West-Flanders and they even cleared the Tournai on 22 August 1719. The emperor himself had in the meantime secretly Limburg in loan given to his uncle, the count Palatine Johan William of Neuburg. When after protests from the States General of the States of Brabant and turned out, that this was contrary to article 2 of the Barrièretractaat, which determined that the Netherlands had to stay, and with the very joyous entry, article 12 guaranteed the perpetual Association of Brabant and Limburg, the distance of the elector Charles VI had to buy off with 1 million guilders.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At the old ten provinces (Brabant, Flanders, Hainaut, Namur, Luxembourg, Limburg, Gelderland, Mechelen, Tournai), came as eleventh: West-Flanders, and on 11 January 1717 could receive command in accordance with The provisional Government at last a Prié Council ' (junta del gobierno) Setup. The system of Government that he introduced on 29 March 1718 for the Austrian Netherlands, seemed a kind of compare between the establishments by the allies from 1706 and the 'Anjou-system'. The Council of State was retrieved from the first. In it he proposed next to some big gentlemen to legal scholars. The financial institution was at the second binding. And in it was one among the ministers of the Council of State proposed to Brussels-based driver, assisted by three administrators and by four provincial administrators, all of which directly under the monarch joint venture. The members of the nobility are not regarded as civil servants and were soon to stick with the lawyers. As a result, the governing body of so unruly at the outset, that the Council itself in January 1719 Prié forced to deprive all jurisdiction; This would henceforth only discuss under the Presidency of the Minister and was a purely advisory body. ===Growing protest and first martyr<span class="mw-editsection" len="392" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Walt van Brabant a token to the Emperor is concerned.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">This was not to the liking of the nobility, so that an open conflict broke out between the nobles and Prié. The latter eventually went as far as the count of Mérode and the Prince of Ligne to regard as personal enemies. They were furious about his mistrust of the folk, not one of whom in his Chancellery or in the Secretary of State and of war was working.Also the people came in turmoil. The unrest and violence, which in april 1717 to Brussels, following a question to founders had broken out because of general outrage against the Barrièretractaat and the lack of a vigorous Government continued. The Brussels ' Nations ' had replied with a firm refusal, after which Prié resorted in such case rose to the usual means: renewing the magistrate. But that the situation had only worsened, because the thorny issue of privileges was raked up there again. The book published in 1699 Biene of Brabant<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" len="196" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[1], that the political importance, which their forefathers had enjoyed described and celebrated in the 15th century, was over in circulation and had even encouraged the craftsmen for return to the municipal independence from the middle ages to work.

The Anneessensplein, the formerold market, in Brussels with the statue of Abbas<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1719 was ordered by Brussels French Anneessens Prié condemned as a criminal by a regular court, and on 17 september last in the bloody series of citizens who fell victim to their attachment to the municipal freedoms beheaded. These chairs maker, family man, considered and respected citizen, blanket of his ' nation ', had only taken the lead of the spontaneous popular uprising. The answers he gave evidence that he had imagined, that he could not be condemned to have supported the interests of the bourgeoisie, Prié wrote.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" len="196" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [2]  however, the opposition of the nobles Prié could not overcome and became more and more the talk of the town because of scheming and financial fraud. In 1724 disagreement broke out between him and the count de Bonneval, in's emperors service at Brussels, which pretty much the entire nobility party chose the latter. The intervention of Prince Prince was required to save and redeem his enemy's Prié, was trapped in the Spielberg . As long as he could on the storm, if Prince still count Eugeen Prié cope. But when Gibson, was aware that he himself and lost the full confidence of the Emperor Charles VI in november 1724 offered his resignation as Governor-General, was about the fate of the Margrave decided. Suspect and disgraced on 23 december to Vienna was recalled, all the persecutions of creditors held him to Brussels until may 1725, after which he died suddenly on 12 January 1726. ==Under Maria Elisabeth (1725-1741)<span class="mw-editsection" len="384" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Alliance between Church and State<span class="mw-editsection" len="379" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Legend of a Episcopal card from 1725 with the designation in Latin byBelgy<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Already on 23 december 1724 Emperor Charles VI had his sister Maria Elisabeth as Governor preferred. Until her arrival would be the count of Daun in her place the directors perceive as Lieutenant-Governor and Captain-General. On 15 may 1725, the province delegates listened at a general meeting convened in the Palace in Brussels, implied the reading of the pragmatic sanction by this count of Daun.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The forty-five year old Archduchess itself did on 9 October its entry. Surprised by the College In Leuven on the speech of the rector in Latin to answer, and one attributes to her the domus Mariae Chronologia Austriacae, a chronology of the Austrian Imperial House they would have drawn up already on her eighteenth.

Procession with the consecrated host, Eucharistic Congress inCharlotte, 2005<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Governor's Secret Council was her French confessor, Father Amiot. The people saw how eagerly they pilgrimages, processions and monastery attended anniversaries, on Holy Thursday washed the feet of twelve poor women, and stepped out of her carriage to the blessed sacrament to follow. Her godliness, more from the head than from the heart, was accompanied by a strict respect for the etiquette. Proud about its rank in the Court, but they ate only and was operated by ladies. Neither the elector of Bavaria nor that of Cologne had the honor to her table to sit when they came to Brussels. From her arrival was an annual grant to the provinces of 560.000 guilders for the Court asked. She loved a great mistress, a grand master, a Grand Horseman, a total donor and a waiting head on after, all chosen from the Austrian high nobility and the leading Belgian families. During her 16 year-old reign, the longest since the low countries knew that Albrecht and Isabella, she established the Austrian system, which under the administration of Prié was still so hated.

<p lang="en" len="438" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Apostolic Nunciaturein Brussels, which since the death of Archduchess Isabella was left to internuntiussen, was restored in 1725 and seemed the guarantee for the intimate Alliance between Church and State, that the country under tutelage of Maria Elisabeth came into being. ===A period of peace and relative prosperity<span class="mw-editsection" len="394" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria under the southern Netherlands experienced a period of peace and relative prosperity. At the same time she established the Austrian regime.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The cancellation, which they did for the Brussels granted, riots in 1725 even the memory of it disappear. Only peace and wished the country knew that too, as long as she lived.Its nationals could not, when their luck at the outbreak of the war of Polish succession (1733-1735), showed that the country, instead of to will be overwhelmed as to habit, would remain neutral. To fulfil the obligations which imposed the Barrièretractaat to escape her closed the Republic of the United Provinces soon with France an agreement (24 november 1733), whereby the Netherlands outside the operations would continue.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Also because of the closing of the Scheldt and high import tariffs, however, the market remained stagnant. Only agriculture flourished and developed in 1740 even fairly quickly.There six times between 1725 and 1740 only exports of grain was forbidden, turn out more than half the time to comply with the crop yields.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1737 Leopold of Arenberg, Duke accepted the Supreme command over the troops in the low countries, a post that never before by a South Dutchman was observed. Also the lower nobility gave prove favourable cooperation. In Brussels any more than elsewhere could miss the Government that stand, which by his strength, school of law and traditions was appropriate not only to provide the employees as a right but also a duty to fulfill as saw to public office. Amply equipped with own resources, they were usually not too demanding and had additionally by their descent about an authority that the State benefited. Already in 1736 wrote Maria Elisabeth therefore prefer candidates from the high nobility in the justice to appoint councils. Three years later if they learn, that several peers perceive a position and that others a Ministry questions. ===Again religious strife<span class="mw-editsection" len="376" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Only cause for alarm in the country formed the renewed religious twist between the Jesuits, which adhere to and support the Pope of the Catholic University of Leuven, and on the other hand, the successors of the canonist Jansenism where Willem van Espen had the lead and around who are just about all legal scholars rallied round. A major point of contention was the dogmatic infallibility of the Pope, which was contradicted by Velazquez. But could the Governor in 1727 to Vienna already writing that significantly reduced the number of opposition members was ... as well as those which backing them in the high courts of this country and which is now fairly wary. This benefit came to she claimed, thanks to fundamentals of softness and sobriety, mixed with authority. Since 1725 were the opponents-in fight with the admonitions of the Emperor-an effectual by the authority earlier restraining exposed. The Archduchess had not the habit the instructions received from the emperor to come because his whole after meddling her rather annoyed. So she has never proclaimed the letters, in which the mass of Pope Gregory VII was convicted, nor those in which the right to asylum was abolished. At her death, it was found this in its trays.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Velez and his friends also had to constantly attacks God's scholars of the Leuven collection. The Council of Brabant and dierf him not to defend certain undertake a timid petition to send to the Archduchess, who did not deign to answer it. The indomitable eighties finally found his last refuge in the Church of Utrecht. Jansenismdisappeared with him, to the great satisfaction of the bishops. Maria Elisabeth also tried to stamp out the small reformed communities, which are still in Flanders in the Maria-Horebeke, Dour , Tournai to in Hainaut, Eupen and Hodimont to in Limburg existed. A punished with fine or expulsion edict in 1734 drawn up those who would not use the sacraments in future, poor read books or sell, sing Psalms, enter into secret meetings or mixed marriages. Forfeiture of body and good threatened the ' persistent heretics ' as well as the wederafvalligen the fire . But the Council of Hainaut was so wise that return to the cruel to reject placards of Charles V. Since 1598 one had no funeral pyres blaze more see on the public places, and the peaceful dissenters in several villages in no way justified the verachterd fanaticism of the Governor. The religious zeal with which the onbehendige and powerless pastors of theBarrier garrisons had surrendered themselves certain time served only to the power of the Catholic feeling among the population to prove. The reform was in the southern Netherlands still just something strange, a tradition where one does not have to worry about. The edict remained buried in the archives of the Private Council and the Protestantslived on as they had done since the late 16th century, so without legal authorisation but actually tolerated provided that they are not pushed for their faith.

<p lang="en" len="194" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Meanwhile, the bishops were happy with their victories, especially those on Jansenism, but did not, in fact, that the Government of Vienna by Espen's's fundamentals left lead.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Maria Elisabeth died on 26 August 1741 to Mariemont. ==During the keizerinschap of Maria Theresa (1741-1780)<span class="mw-editsection" len="408" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Empress Maria Theresia<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the death of Charles VI on 20 October 1740 rushed the States of the Provinces, which in 1725 had accepted unanimously the pragmatic sanction of Charles VI, Maria Theresa of Austria to their wedding and wish to notify. Also ruler of the Netherlands was Archduchess of Austria Maria Theresia and wife of the Roman Emperor. Already at the announcement of her throne she had assured them that they will respect their privileges, and in their letters to all now insisted on that promise. They were already pleasantly surprised not immediately in the war of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) to be rushed, when Maria Theresia in the beginning had to use all her time and resources to deal with its enemies. ===Defence<span class="mw-editsection" len="360" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Initially, it was Maria Theresia been peace in Exchange for the low countries planning to buy off of Bavaria and then of France. Because this Exchange was not accepted, the Netherlands now had to be defended better.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Leopold Philippe of Arenberg Commander had to only about eight line regiments and two cavalry regiments, along some 10,000 fighters. With that minor force could not even have the necessary pressure on France to Louis XV are fighting armies from Germany and Bohemia to do recall. It was so ordered to equip itself for the fight without delay. CountHarrach and count of Königsegg, who after the death of Maria Elisabeth ruled successively ad interim, himself of this task perfectly. The provinces donated grants, and loans were made in the Republic. Reinforcement works were performed around Brussels, and in 1742 was about 30,000 men under the weapons ready. That small army United the following year with the English regiments that George II of Great Britain on the Netherlands to Maria Theresia sent in to help. It took with them part in the victory of Dettingen (27 June 1743), where the Duke of Arenberg was wounded, but whose unexpected tidings at the Dutch triggered a favorable vote on the youthful Duchess. ===French occupation as property for negotiations<span class="mw-editsection" len="399" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Battle of Fontenoy (Edouard Detaille)Attack by the Prussian infantry during the battle of Hohenfriedberg in the war of the Austrian succession<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Through the intervention of England would soon also the Republic at the twist get involved. When the French themselves because of their loss to withdraw from Germany inDettingen had, they felt themselves threatened along the Alsace, and tried to shift the war grounds to the North. It was known that the garrisons of the ' barrier ' meant no serious obstacle. Not only they were understrength, but in addition to numerous was the location of the barrier fortresses,-ever by diplomats instead of by military strategists figured out,-diffuse and far from cohesive. He dallied with the Republic a declaration of war. France declared England on 15 March 1744 the war. In June crossed the French troops underMaurice of Saxony on the border of Flanders, and progressed so quickly that the fortresses fell one after the other. Menen surrendered on 7 June after a defense of eight days left, only withstood a day Fort Knokke , Ypres, Veurne three days, twenty-three. The attempt by the English to the RAID by a regulated fight compelling was the following year in blood smothered in the battle of Fontenoy (1745), after which they had to undertake to secure limit Brussels, while in the hands of the French Flanders: Ghent fell on July 10, Bruges, Dendermonde, Oudenaarde and the 18th the 21st on 12 August, Oostende and Nieuwpoort on 23 on 5 september. And in their winter campaign names they Brabant: Vilvoorde surrendered on 4 February 1746, and Brussels was so bad that it's not even shot at having to be defended. Four days after the capitulation was signed on 21 February, pulled French troops for the capital within the first. The Dutch Government was to South Antwerp fled, chased by the Victor to 11 June, and pursued to on the way to Breda, after which they fled to Aachen.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The French then went to the southern fortresses in Hainaut. There was Mountains taken on 11 July the 15th, Saint-Ghislain , Charleroi on 2 August and 30 september Namesafter twenty days siege. Never had that famous fortress known as short siege. The ten Dutch garrison battalions joined their 30,000 compatriots who were made prisoners of war since the beginning of the war. All over the country with the exception of Gelderland and Luxembourg, now occupied by France.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The tidal wave of the Republic, which had rocked the King in vain with negotiations and at the same time had invoked the help of England and Austria, followed in april 1747 and progressed even faster than that of the South. Lock In a few days, however, Sas-Gannet, Axel, poorly armed and inadequately defended, the white flag. The fear and anger of the people were rise to reintroduction of the rule. On July 2, defeated Maurice, elector of Saxony in the battle of Lauffeld near Maastricht the English come too late, that the assistance of their Austrian allies had to come short. Bergen-op-Zoom was conquered by a detachment of 30,000 men under the command of count Ulrich of Löwendal. In 1748 the French Maastricht fell, and after a brief siege the city fell on 7 may in their hands.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The war of the Austrian succession was settled at the negotiating table that same year with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. France, which had no more money and at sea and in America only defeats had met, saw its conquest as a precious property, there it could negotiate with this now on peace building in the fist, and it only would cede against what it had lost.

<p lang="en" len="346" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The occupation of Belgium Austriacum was, in spite of the demands, still free been bearable compared to later French occupations. ===Treaties between Austria and France<span class="mw-editsection" len="392" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As soon as the Netherlands by the peace of Aachen to Maria-Theresia were returned, she sent Charles of Lorraine there. The Governor returned in the capital back on 23 april 1749, after this shortly after his appointment on 26 March in 1744 to have left to the troops to lead the fight in the Alsace region. The Viennese Court had the return of Silesia above the southern Netherlands elected. In the Treaty of Versailles (1756) of 1 May was promised, in Exchange for a good rapport with Vienna and defensive neutrality, away from the low countries to the Duke of Parma, Philip. The second Treaty of Versailles (May 1, 1757) changed it first in France, and an express Alliance promised when Austria his help against Prussia. Itself it acquired sovereignty over Chimay, Beaumont, Mons, Ypres, Veurne, Ostend, Nieuwpoort, which (with the exception of the two latter, who had to be handed down immediately) would be issued as soon as Maria-Theresia was again in possession of Silesia. The rest of the Netherlands would be ceded in Exchange for don Philip to the duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, which would enlarge the yard of the Empress. It was since the end of the 17th century for the second time, that European politics wanted to make Belgium to an independent State. The short-lived reign of Maximilian Emanuel Belgian fifth was been character.

Schloss Hubertusburg<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">But France hit too deeply embroiled in the war with Prussia and in the month of February from 1759 Maria Theresa promised a third Convention the limited cash and soldiers, and there was of the cession of the Netherlands to don Philip no longer. However, the promise to cede to France will Oostende and Nieuwpoort renewed after the reconquest of Silesia by the Empress. But the war ended without that Silesia was recaptured and after the Treaty of hubertusburg and Paris in February 1763 the Austrian Archduke remained in the possession of the Dutch principalities. These treaties opened for the country continuously for half a century, however, an era of peace. For the first time since the beginning of the 17th century, the southern border no longer threatened. The Austrian-French Alliance was for the rest of the eleven provinces a guarantee of safety. Thereby also in the Netherlands increased the popularity of Empress Maria Theresia. ===Commerce and industry<span class="mw-editsection" len="372" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Austria has become a formidable commercial power was under her. A rates war, which in 1768 in the northern United provinces as there was, in addition, was there out of fear of retaliation because the South to the Republic delivered much more raw materials than the self of its received. For the detention of six customs employees in 1775 by order of the magistrate of Sluis demanded the Empress a beautiful satisfaction, to which the Republic of hastily responded.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Commerce and industry also in the southern Netherlands in the meantime pulled back on and granted allowances and especially by the States allowed the loans they soon were an important source of income for theViennese Treasury. Since the reign of Charles V the country had never such a flowering period known as in time for the death of the Empress (november 29, 1780). Gold had a not insignificant share in the restoration of the Habsburg monarchy, that the work of Maria-Teresa's last years. One estimated in 1792 that the eleven provinces since 1753 for a total of 111 million guilders in loans had guaranteed, ' of which 70 million was refunded without the German cash more than a sixth gave '. The naval war of 1778 between France and England, which the Republic from 1780 rushed to the port of Ostend, yielded to the peace of 1783 a sufficiently long-term activity on to Commerce and industry know, a development that had occurred since the 16th century. The number of boomde of about 400 ships entered to 1560 and extracted already in 1781 the record of 2892 bottoms, while numerous Dutch and English houses established themselves in the city, the docks had to be enlarged and in June 1781 to free port was explained. ==During the reign of Joseph II (1780-1790)<span class="mw-editsection" len="400" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">An attempt to the electorate of Bavaria instead to annex after the Bavarian succession, in the Holy Roman Empire had failed. Spurred on by France and Russia, the peace of Teschen (13 may 1779) signed and Bavaria went to Karl Theodor of Bavaria.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">His mother died In 1780 Maria Theresa of Austria, his uncle died, Governor of the southern Netherlands, Charles of Lorraine and began the fourth Anglo-Dutch war.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Unlike his predecessors, Joseph II was interested in his possessions and visited them, too. Between 31 May 1781 and July 27, 1781 he crossed the Southern Netherlands.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" len="196" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [3]. He suggested his sister Maria Christina as Regent.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1783, Emperor Joseph II reached consent of the childless Duke Charles Theodore, whose inheritance to Duke Charles II of Zweibrücken would suffer, to exchange against the southern Netherlands to Bavaria, which then would be elevated to Kingdom. He was sure Russia and France's agreement he promised to relinquish names and Luxembourg. But by his impatience and sudden break with Holland in 1784 he took out the displeasure of Versailles on the neck, and the Prussians were acting such, that the Duke of Zweibrücken broke his word. Also this third attempt since the beginning of the 18th century, to Belgium to create a sovereign State, failed in consequence, but shows how that idea in Europe lived. ===Only drastic reforms<span class="mw-editsection" len="381" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The citadel of Namur<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The presence of the barrier garrisons on its territory for the young emperor was intolerable. Aware of the difficult situation in which the United Provinces stood, he demanded the dismantling the barrier cities on its territory. In november 1781 he decided to demolition of the fortresses of the Dutch, with the exception of those of Antwerp and Luxembourg. He ordered the garrison commanders to inform their masters: so that they could give appropriate commands to the generals and other officers who invoke their troops. This amounted to an order for expulsion. The States General presented their retreat for change ' as a ' garrison and regiment on 18 april 1782 left their last Namesfrom the same day, where it was replaced by a battalion of the regiment of Joseph Murray.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1783, Joseph II declared to recognize no other limit than those stipulated in the Partagetractaat of 1661 and without further notice he ordered to sloping of the forts Sint-Donatus, London and St.-Jobs, located on the territory that he was. He then progressed Maastricht and the County of Vroenhoven on.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After numerous reforms he saw in Austrian Netherlands, that it in its not for the wind went. There were two solutions: either the southern Netherlands home exchange for the Duchy of Bavaria or the unlocking of the Scheldt.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On August 23, 1784 he reported via Governor count of Belgiojoso, to the Commissioners of the Republic, who were in Brussels to regulate the thorny issues, that the Emperor "from now on the Scheldt regarded as completely and totally open and free ', that he had decided to restore navigation on this stream, and that, because of the Republic the flag of his Majesty ' as the least insult encounteredHe as a declaration of war and would consider a hostile act ' or in other words: he demanded the end of the blockade of the Scheldt.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Afterwards it took over navigation on the Scheldt visibly. Meanwhile, the country is totally concentrated on the port of Ostend and lay awake of the imperial decree, no one except the Dutch, that the success of the port of Amsterdam in danger saw, thought otherwise. When the emperor one day ostentatiously, two ships with its flag the Scheldt on parade, shots they left. Apparently also with sharp, because on the deck of the Louis on 8 October was a cooking pot pierced. Hence the name Kettle war.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">They knew that France supported them. The Government of Louis XVI had so its doubts on unlocking the Scheldt, with which Austria could threaten the Kingdom, such as Mirabeau in his led Doutes sur la liberté de l'Escaut . Now it was Louis XVI who inform, that he left the Vienna opening of the Scheldt would not tolerate: he offered his mediation on 20 november, while he on the border of Flanders and on the Rhine troops collected.

<p lang="en" len="440" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Frederick II of Prussia also interfered with the business and founded the Princes bond on.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Treaty of Fontainebleau of 9 november 1785 confirmed the peace of Westphalia. The Scheldt remained closed, but the United provinces had to recognize the Emperor explicitly the right to arrange the Supreme customs tariffs of the Netherlands, for to accept the border of Flanders 1661, and turning to the demolition of the forts that Cross connect, ski and Hannah of Lillo and Liefkenshoek to face off, and 10 million guilders to pay for it. The honor of the emperor was not saved at all. ===Constitutional conflict with the ' Emperor-koster '<span class="mw-editsection" len="399" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Febronius, a former student and pupil of Velazquez.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Joseph II was also known for its paternalistic, but enlightenedreform politics. He got in the low countries the nickname Emperor-koster because of its far-reaching line drift with regard to internal church matters. But at the same time, he brought about the separation between Church and State, while the febronianisme both in its Austrian and Dutch areas in the law left in its register. The religion was verstaatst. In an edict of 17 March 1783, the monasteries were abolished the following year on september 28, the religious wedding to an administrative matter resolved, then on 23 January 1785 without distinction were all subject to the ordinary rules of the censorship sermons, and recorded on the same day on 11 February all fairs. On 8 april, the numerous brotherhoods that were active in the cities housed in a single, on May 10, jubilé's ' all ' pilgrimages in troops and abolished, while the number of processions was reduced to two per parish and the welvoegelijkheidshalve prohibited, there was music playing and statues, multicolored banners of crafts or other such things to carry around. On May 29, were measures for more efficient and more reasonable classification of the parishes, parish priests on June 16, the offices of the country at game gone, and as Crown piece at work took from October 16, the State should allow the training of priests. As a result he ordered the closure of the Episcopal seminaries and all the students were off from november 1786 in theology to two State schools transferred to Leuven and the General seminar: seminar in Luxembourg, where they were taught according to the purest febroniaanse learning systems. A purely anticlerical party was in the making. The Knight of heeswijk and others famous there is to earn the nickname ' anti-monks '. This called a reactionary response on which culminated at the Capuchin Friars. Who distinguished themselves in numerous churches in boldness by the believers with their sermons to stir up resistance.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1787 beknibbelde Bane in the Journal historique et politique the insights and reforms with a ferocity that not passes for slander. Feller was even greater, more unjust, beledigender, and changed the Journal historique et littéraire in a fight that was so formidable, in 1788 sheet that the Government forbade. On 17 november 1786 sent the Council of Flanders the Emperor a long admonition, in which attention was drawn to the oath sworn by him was when the sovereignty of Flanders, where the right in contrast to the other States on succession was based, was transferred to Austria and that the rights and freedoms guaranteed. The Governors and Albert Maria Christina Wagner, however, this letter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" len="196" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[4]  But the dormant national consciousness was after the violations and the confusion of the rural traditions wakes up. The southern Dutch provinces were no simple possession of the monarch. He exercised the rights that there came him only of the Burgundian Princes who he had succeeded, and he was obliged to govern them as they had made, that is to say, taking into account the privilegesto which he had committed themselves to respect them. The conflict between the Dutch and the Emperor reflected the showdown between absolutism and national sovereignty, as defined in this time to mind and which Montesquieu and Rousseau considerations had dedicated. Under the influence of the general discontent, of the fear of the future, of the religious oppression and of the economic crisis, came to a cartel between unconscious tendencies, or even parties, which currently would fight side by side and later opposite each other. Only the end of 1786 the country waited on one occasion to get up.

The Joyous Entry. Originalzoutleeuw.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 1 January 1787 were with two edicts in a few lines the right-and the bestuurswezen entirely abolished and on a new basis redecorated. This was no reform anymore, but a ' coup '. With one stroke and without someone to consult the Emperor destroyed the ancient independence of the Dutch principalities. He abolished at a stroke all the old settings: boards, urban councils, courts, justice courts, fine courts, delegations of the States mental, stadtholders for the provinces. Even the names of the old provinces, so dearly with the country's national life, gone. With cold managerial logic were the nine 'Circle' only by the name of their county seat designated: Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, Tournai, Mons, Namur, Limburg, Luxembourg. All the provinces now awakening the consciousness of national solidarity felt they were treated equally under threat and a bit rough. From 1787 they regarded themselves, as well as in the days of the revolution of the 16th century, yet only as members of the ' Belgian or Dutch ' nation and made the old denominations of Flemings, Ballad, Henegouwers more and more place for the name ' Belgians ' (in French or Latin) or ' Dutchmen ' (in Dutch). And thanks to the affinity of privileges on eachterritory in spite of their differences the same large liberties inaugurated, spread the idea right away, that the constitutions of the provinces in reality but one common United States Constitution, which the whole country could offer the same guarantee against frost. In every province were the States now the focal point of growing resistance. On 12 January, the States of Hainaut a petition to the emperor to the edicts to withdraw on the basis of the current use. On 29 January was the Brabant that the Governors sent a protest, this time on the basis of the joyous entrywritten by the Emperor, averted a ' Constitution '.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Instead of an answer sent Joseph II from Vienna only a set of regulations, in comment and furnishing of the new regime. On March 29, begged the Council of Brabant the Governors not to force him to proclaim the edicts, in order not to oblige him or against his conscience or against the Constitution to sin. This justified the highest legal custody so a legal resistance across the nation. Put to the limit by the States, with the joyous entry as a deterrent against the Prince, by refusal of the tax. ===Escalation of the conflict<span class="mw-editsection" len="378" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Count of Limminghe gave on 23 april in the States meeting a startling speech, in which he focused not to the Ballad, but to all Belgians/Dutch. Lawyer Van der Noot followed with his Statement on the rights of the Brabant people and about the committed the attacks. It joined the nationblankets to opgeruide together with the petty bourgeoisie. And from that day Van der Noot was their leader and spokeswoman. On the evening of 23 april a beseech scripture of the ' Nations ' to the city magistrate issued in Brussels. The same night the States had sent almost trip to the Palace a Scripture, in which all their grievances were summarized. After invitation for an interview to compare on 26 april they voted far, the insights to promote Caesar, in so far as they can with our Constitution strips. On 27 april the Governors kond, that they preserve the accepted Council of Brabant, and that the new Court would correspond to the wishes of the States. The other demands were friendly brushed aside. The States took there initially pleased, offered on april 28, their Royal Highnesses their respectful appreciation to, for the way in which their fair complaints received had, and voted in the voortbetaling of the taxes.

The craft of etching by Jan Luykenon Mason.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">But they were no more master the situation. On 30 april, the Brussels ' Nations ' them to months in relation to the joyous entry not to manage fell and demanded the overall compliance. The crafts of the magistrate of Antwerp and Leuven locked themselves shall, without delay, submit to their resistance to. The three cities that United the third estateBrabant United thus against any contract with the authority. Noots defence layers in their demands Of der decided: inviolability of privileges, immediate return to the situation of the past, the abolition of all the ' philosophical ' and random novelties which the nation already imposed were too long. The emperor would humiliate themselves before the people, and that humiliation would avenge French Anneessens' keepsake. The refusal of the third estate, the consent of the other two in the settlement of 28 april and in paying the taxes shall be extinguished. On 5 may they received a dismissive reminder of the ' Nations ', on which they decided fully and without limitation to the desire of the citizenry to join. The same day they gave their Highnesses knowledge thereof. The Governors getroostten a new capitulation: their fear of disorder was larger than those to displease to the Emperor and they agreed to suspend what everything related to the new judicial system in Brabant, and to reduce the powers of administrators for the time being. ===Extension to all provinces<span class="mw-editsection" len="383" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the exception of Limburg and Luxembourg supported now all provinces of Hainaut and Brabant. The suspension of the judiciary was on May 7, extended to 14 to Flanders, Hainaut, Namur, and Tournai, Gelderland and Mechelen. On 30 may, the States their proper receivers take measures to discontinue the lights of taxes from 1 June. The same day, Albrecht and Maria Christina learned that a rebellion was prepared; they lost the head and voted in all. The same night they promised the States will suspend all measures, which directly or indirectly with the joyous entry conflict, will stop all the offences to which they were inflicted since two hundred years, from their Council to remove all the people on which the public indignation rest and finally from now on to all governmental affairs will lead itself instead of the Minister appointed by the emperor. The nation triumphed.Everywhere was the Brabant and Hainaut tricolor, black, yellow and red, hoisted on the buildings, as Cockade on the hat, or if Ribbon in the button hole stung. Delegates from Mountains came up with Brussels fraternize. The old privileges, the pacificatiën and the uniën from the 16th century were reprinted. Run against the flyers that appeared daily edicts, against the despotism, which the triumph of the people glorified and the aanmaanden to prepare for a possible return of the sovereignty. Hundreds of volunteers were in the civil register companies of the cities. And while thus a national army was founded, invited the States of Brabant which of the other provinces to join a ' Covenant ' and in favor of the freedom to invoke the aid of the reconquered powers, which remained for the treaties of Utrecht and Rastadt deposit. The Emperor, who was in Russia Meanwhile, know that he never would ratify the concessions of 30 may, not even on the fortress walls of Vienna.

Brabantse tricolor<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On July 3, he called Albrecht, Maria-Christina and his Minister Belgiojoso. During their absence, the Commander of the troops in the low countries, count Josef Murray, the Government observe, but was in fact only welded the subjugation to recover. That same day invited the emperor also studied in a long letter a delegation of all the provinces with him. There is no other choice, he wrote a whole different tone than on Belgiojoso to the States, than that they come, either that I own to Brussels trek, at the head of 50,000 man. They were received on August 15, in the Hofburg . The next day the las Kaunitz their ' prerequisites ' for, in which not to reappoint the administrators were concessions nor the members of the new courts, as well as the deposition of Belgiojoso, who as Minister Plenipotentiary by count Ferdinand von Trautmansdorff would be replaced. But this changed in fact nothing to the plans of the enlightened despot and in Brussels, welcomed the proposals on derision. The States of Brabant declared on 28 August to Murray, that they protested against the ' prerequisites ' and, in accordance with the joyous entry, persisted in the refusal of taxes. In the cities the volunteers openly violated the command to lay down their arms and everyone kept the forbidden patriotic colors wear. ===The remedy of the new Minister Trautmansdorff<span class="mw-editsection" len="400" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 20 september in Brussels was a brawl between volunteers and soldiers. And then, instead of letting it shoot, the next day the Governor loses the head: he declares, in the name of the Emperor, that all the constitutions are intact and will continue to, in accordance with the acts of the inauguration of his Majesty, both what the clergy, as what concerns civil order, and that the edicts of 1 January are repealed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After this second victory forced myself, the people. The pamphlet the constitutional catechism for the benefit of Belgian/Dutch nation is in everyone's hands. The Emperor, meanwhile, stood ready to take command of the army, that would be marching on Belgrade, and so could not think about it at the head of an army to appear on the Grand place of Brussels. He contented himself with it to turn off his Lieutenant (8 October), and commanded the troops to entrust General d'Alton . The new Minister Trautmansdorff came on 27 October in Brussels. He had to all possible gentleness use in its attitude to the nation. The Emperor suspended, provisionally at least, and the setting of the administrators of the new courts on.

Coat of arms of the old University of Leuven<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" len="196" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5]  .<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although the bishops had long kept quiet as if they were entirely up to the 'Joseph directory' surrendered, now joined the clergy began to join the resistance. Also the University of Leuvenhad focused on 24 May to the States of Brabant with the request for "all novelties to dismiss as" Brabants body, whatever it did on 28 June. This was followed by a stream of other protest letters and similar requests from all sections and groupings to the authoritative bodies. So hit the constitutional issue by itself with the spiritual mixed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Trautmansdorff turned out to be a savvy diplomat. He agreed in the constitutionality of the joyous entry, but then began to focus on all the things that they are not mentioned, and which gradually enter back. He had to know by 1 december as far as driving that the States of Brabant and could think of no excuses had to make more in tax and go out to vote in the. The Emperor saw his hour of revenge all come closer and ordered the Minister to do strictly under the motto sic volo, sic jubeo (' I want to it and so I command '). On 17 december the Minister therefore gave the command to restore the country to the State it on april 1, wrong, and wrote the reopening of the General seminar on 28 december for. The University of Leuven he meant, that they do not ' Bambi ' body was and only his Majesty to judge had, with which and the State and the religious issue were raised again. The Justice Councils acted in the place of the States of Brabant, which were not met. The example of the Paris Parliament, that in his struggle against Louis XVI had triumphed, did stir up them to likewise a naughty piece and opposite the nation as the protectors of the constitutions to set. On 21 January 1788 the Council refused to proclaim the Ministerial Declaration of Hainaut and the next day did the same that of Brabant.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">It was a defining moment. Trautmansdorff forbade the Council to go before the edict was proclaimed. The news spread like wildfire and there were gatherings at the Council building that the Councillors were encouraging. There also had some skirmishes with the felt and closely patrols in some shots solved. In addition, seven demonstrators injured fell down. The defeat there and the realization that nothing was prepared for an uprising made that ran the streets quickly empty. The Councillors had to admit eventually after fifteen hours of meetings. "That victory is of great weight for the future," wrote Trautmansdorff that same night. And he was right, albeit not as he understood it. There were victims on the street and suddenly the memory of Abbas was again vibrant. Emperor Joseph II, the Viennese philosopher, was from now for the Dutch still only one enemy and bully. ===Cursed land situation and stalemate<span class="mw-editsection" len="385" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The failure of the rebellion of the Patriots in the Republic had in the meantime, many refugees driven to Brussels, whose bitterness contagious. And day by day from France came tidings about dramatic events that preceded the convening of the States General: ' troops, which were obliged to retreat; non-execution of commands through national officers who refused to act against their homeland; province governors who begged on his knees for mercy for their lives; troops who were required to leave their weapons before a public crowd that numerous aanrandde them. This did stir up even more on the emotions and stirred up a kind of fanaticism at the time, that here so much reluctance prevailed, that nothing more need be attached to it. In addition, the College and the Church had to be left unchecked to the Imperial orders. The first was so unruly occurred at the advancement of its privileges, that the Government should have its premises occupy by the troops, her rector scrapped, the faculties and professors from Vienna to Brussels did transfer left come to replace the large number of professors that left the country voluntarily. Finally also the bishops now let their voice be heard by invoking rechtgelovigheid's objections and joined thus in to the nation, which had only been waiting for word on their hair too long verkropte outrage against the discretionary religious reforms. The conclusion of the Bishop's seminars are coodronnated, from which the students were driven out by force, begat turbulence in Antwerp, Mechelen and Leuven. General seminar was there to the even more invidious. In the month of June stayed there still only eighteen pupils.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Trautmansdorff began to see that he achieved nothing by force. He wrote a careful letter to the Emperor, in which he cursed land of this State on the designated those the Treasury millions did go wrong. But the Emperor did not want to give way and chose the case on. Now also resumed the resistance, and Trautmansdorff even got death threats. Inflammatory pamphlets began to circulate that to armament called and that the time to the Constitution, to defend the privileges and the religion came. Police began pursuits and house searches. Van der Noot, lawyer who had fled to Liège, was arrested, but escaped on August 6 to the Republic. ===Final break and impending civil war after the hot autumn of 1788<span class="mw-editsection" len="422" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When autumn came approached the time for the renewal of the taxes. The Minister decided that the States of Brabant and Hainault to convene last. Indeed those of names and Limbourg voted agree. But they were rejected by the States of Hainaut on 18 november and on 29 november followed the third estate of Brabant this example. The Minister was at wits end. For the emperor was refusal of grant equal with mutiny. By the oath of fidelity to violate, which States had sworn him, they fired him from that, with which he had exorcised their own constitutions, he reasoned. On 7 January 1789 he wrote the States of Hainaut and Brabant to mean that he was no longer bound by neither privileges nor by the joyous entry, and their citizens outside the law suggested. That ' coup ' to initially chased the tempers. The apologies of the States of Brabant were so completely, that provisional Trautmansdorff them in the enjoyment of the joyous entry left. But in Hainaut he would act for the rough other provinces to set an example. The Board was nullified by the States; the resistant bede there would be introduced. The silence, with which those measures were welcomed, he took for approval.

Cardinal Joannes Henricus van Frankenberg, Archbishop of Mechelen<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On april 29, an imperial diploma, decided that the third estate of Brabant would from now on be represented by delegates from the 55 cities Leuven, Brussels, Antwerp, zoutleeuw, Tienen, Nivelles, Lier, Vilvoorde, Hannut, Genappe, Hoogstraten, Turnhout, Yellow, Aarschot and Waver; the three first would appoint six, fifteen and ten delegates respectively, and each of the other two. The majority was so for the big cities, but the old use, that the cities Leuven, Brussels and Antwerp as a referee at the States occurred was abolished. From now on, any State could invoke a veto . On June 6, Joseph II issued the new décor; and at the same time, he explained, that the future grants paid by Brabant would be fixed and resistant. On 18 June exhorted Trautmansdorff the States to obedience to. The troops were capable of under the arms. One could now expect everything. Yet the meeting not hesitated. Two days in advance, and the coincidence of those dates was certainly by no means due to chance,- Cardinal Frankenberg had finally decided after much prevarication in the education seminar to explain as non-orthodox. The religious crisis and political crisis were increased to a climax at the same time. After an eight-hour session left the States the Government know their refusal. ' I am sorry, Gentlemen, ' said brought the tidings to the deputation that Trautmansdorff cool. But no sooner had she left him, or the soldiers occupied the city, and a Commissioner came the States mean the withdrawal of the joyous entry and their griffieën and Glasshouses catch on. At the same time as the States the Council of Brabant was dissolved.

The storming of the Bastille in Paris worked contagious<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In spite of the expected everything remained icy calm and quiet tantrum. It was silently agree with the Emperor that the old Constitution had done its service. But on July 18, four days after the storming of the Bastille in Paris, the ' bloodaards ', which a few days in advance with as much disdain Trautmansdorff spoke, a threatening attitude. On 27 July the Minister learned that in Tienen populations in the tax collection rebelled and that the army had shot with lots of dead and wounded as a result. In Brussels stood up leaflets: "here as in Paris". Now they wanted a Constitution on the basis of human rights like those. The Liège Revolution of 18 August increased the danger yet for an eruption. In Hasselt did a patriotic Comiteit job on volunteers, and many young people left to register. Trautmansdorff wrote the emperor to the proposal to allow a Constitution in which the name ' joyous entry ' no longer occurred, but for all provinces are similar and approximate as closely as possible the Imperial plan. Joseph II felt that the now for him was too late to rearrange the Netherlands and hoped only that the events in France the population would understand that his plan was justified.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">General D'Alton saw the desperation of the Minister and decided to act. He believed that a people just as easily tamed, as an army defeated. Arbitrary arrests, house searches, collection letters, and shootings were the order of the day. The anger rose in the same proportion as the restraining. Riot broke out on 19 september in Limburg, where was asked, that the price of food and the taxes were reduced. At the border gathered more and more volunteers. On October 10, had to General Schroeder violate the neutrality of the country of Liège to expel their gangs, located on the territory of the United Provinces withdrew. The civil war stood in front of the door. At Brussels was at Philip Secrétan, agent or intermediary of the Duchess of Ursel, a revolutionary manifesto caught on, with the plan to for a conspiracy. On 24 October learned Trautmansdorff, that were ' thousand extremists invaded in the Kempen '. He did not see, that this is the beginning of a revolution was. ===Brabant revolution (1789-1790)<span class="mw-editsection" len="385" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Between Prussia, England and the United provinces was on 13 August 1788 an Alliance against Austria concluded. The conservative lawyer Van der Noot had conceived the plan to work with them to arrange the situation in the Netherlands without that the emperor could lie any longer cross. At the same time had to be curbed the popular anger. He summed up the plan on troops to ask for the 'barrier' to recover and the people of Brabant, to help to safeguard their old privileges according to the joyous entry. In the spring of 1789, he put to Jan-Frans Vonck explains that, as soon as the country are occupied by troops from the Republic, the second son of the Prince of Orange stadtholder would be proclaimed. England and Prussia would support this plan and Brabant would recognize the good offices of the three powers, two by each of them to count years for every million guilders. The plan was devised by the al in 1788 to Liege and Leuven fled Professor van Leemput light reworked. It caught on in the States. They sin in Breda Van der Noot negotiating a letter, with his appointment as independent agent of the Brabant people.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Lawyer Jan-Frans Vonck was the captain of another group, the vonckisten, who had previously represented supporters of a liberal and national Government, that the ideas of the moderate group of the National Assembly of France were not loath. They called themselves Patriots and were of the opinion that it was not possible to give the country a Republican form of Government. They remained so at the monarchy, and even to the Austrian House, if the country could support, where appropriate, on its own Constitution on the new French style. One just had to limit the power of the monarch, by giving him a Executive status, which the Governors was observed. While the legislature chosen by all the provinces in the General Assembly would hear that appeared in national sovereignty and in which the three estates represented remained. The clergy, nobility and the third estate would each appoint their representatives. The Patriots had the support of some new empires, such as the banker Walkiers, and of some distinguished noblemen, the Duchess of Ursel, the Duke of Arenberg, the count of La Marck, who encouraged them in their efforts and suggested interest because of their moderation. Furthermore, they had the lower clergy on their side, which is to amass the rebellion preaching for freedom. Also some spiritual superiors and prelates were supporting them. The secret society Pro aris et focis, that most convinced Patriots grouped, was founded by lawyer Verloy in Brussels, and soon had branches in all the provinces. Pamphlets were issued, registrations collected; the money was distributed in stations belonging to; Volunteers were recruited; gunpowder, ammunition and weapons were hidden in the countryside in single need. The Duchess of Ursel promised the guns of her Castle to Hingene... The conspirators sought also the Bishop of the Diocese of Antwerp to get on their hand and lawyer Tam was charged in Paris to call for the help of the National Assembly.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Move closer to the States party was so necessary to succeed, even though the basic purposes of both ran apart. They had at least common that the country had to be liberated by the Austrian yoke. But, thereupon requested in August by a delegation that made him look up, went in Breda Van der Noot reacted dismissive. He was counting on the powers and wanted to shed the blood of the countrymen not see, he said. So were looking for one but to the Liege revolutionaries, who agreed to do so in the new revolutionary troops stationing in their territories. For the practical matters, a native from Huy, Mr de Loye, that the Affairs of the country took to heart, as if he was born among us. At the hands of Canon de Brou, a resting into believing was officer of the Austrian army, Colonel Jan Andries Viswanathan, found, which has always been a sworn enemy of tyranny and despotism had been and on August 30, the command of the army of Patriots was accepted.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the meantime the powers verroerden no fin, and was shared by no one more Van der Noots trust, so that from that side now the realization dawned that get better with vonckisten could match. Defenders of the Church and bigots with the joyous entry locks itself so in the Pro aris et focis 's men to rotation to. It thereupon composite Manifesto of the Brabant People consisted of a long introduction about the sovereignty for the benefit of the Patriots followed by a memorie of Van der Noot. When General Schroeder the volunteers of the patriot army from Liege drove out, these had turned to Breda in generality lands gone. Their plan was to jerk the country once everything was in readiness for the General rebellion. But because the winter was approaching marched all 3,000 men under Van der Mersch to Turnhout in order to settle there. Schroeder was there immediately sent and expected that this army of the Moon if he would immediately dusting with his troops showed. But the expected soldiers walk returned in a straight fight. From all the houses was shot on his soldiers and these names so that they, in great haste, the flight, three cannons left behind. d'Alton immediately wanted to take revenge and sent 7000 man to the Patriots as a precautionary measure due to force majeure, which is army withdrew to State which Brabant. But their first victory had they forced myself. The youthful Prince of Ligne, which served in the French armies, was meanwhile full of patriotic fervor to Breda, zipped and asked a place in their ranks.

Battle of the streets of Ghent, november 1789.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On november 13, appeared a by the Prince of Ligne and major de Vaux to Ghent before suddenly landed colonne the Bruges port and before the Sassche port. After several gunshots could be scattered its 600 man the Austrian posts and insisted the city. The garrison, enclosed by a resurrected population, was driven back to barracks in St. Peter 's.By Arberg and Schroeder, who in accelerated March of Brussels came, drongen with 3800 man in the Spanish Castle; but the ranks of the insurgents in turn were reinforced with 400 Kortrijkzanen. Futile attempts at intimidation due to the city with mortar fire forced Arberg by him to cease firing, while in the streets are soldiers for the snipers had to flee. On 16 november capitulated to Colonel Gent-Sint-Pieters Lunden with 800 men, while Arberg and Schroeder cleared the Castle.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">For the insurgents was not only a military but also a moral victory. The authority of the regiments who volunteers twice for weeks was now to zero. The revolutionary spirit that quickly spread all over the country. The Namur, Hainaut, Limburg, rioted. Everywhere were the red-yellow-black cockades put back on the hats. The 17th took the district governors from Brussels, and then immediately began the flight from the authorities, the official, the rare supporters of Josef displacement directory. Among the troops have increased day by day the desertion. After D'Alton on 21 november the garrison of Bergen op Names did withdraw, struck very Hainaut mutinied. What was left to him he reunited around Brussels available troops and laid barricades and Frisian riders. But meanwhile insisted Van der Mersch, the Kempen in for the second time while his outposts to Tienen penetrated. Of all sides flowed poorly armed, but enthusiastic recruits to his headquarters. D'Alton mistook in his dismay that crowd for a terrifying army. On december 2, sent the subpoenas as a parliamentary Colonel de Brou a ceasefire by two months. Meanwhile the Emperor Trautmansdorff begged to send troops. But who had its hands full with its campaign in the Levant and the threat by Prussia. The Minister therefore did on 20 november to abolish the concession the seminar and gave the 21st Hainaut its Constitution back. The 25th he recovered the joyous entry and promised general amnesty, hoping for a few more days in Brussels to be able to tame the insurgency. On 10 december during a service in the Sint-Goedelekerk from the choir by ' Gentlemen ' thousands of cockades down interspersed. They were worn by the city everywhere at once. One hundred and fifty grenadiers left the barracks to cheers at the Patriots to join. They convinced the guards to hand over their arms to the citizens. The guards were fired upon the next day in the town and retreated at the bulk of the troops gathered in the Park. By the evening the fight was under the ringing of the general alarm bells in the churches and the roar of cannons. The morning of 12 december ordered a distraught d'Alton the retreat. The overijling and panic were so great that not even Trautmansdorff farewell foreign envoys could take. Artillery, army tros, Ammo, to the Treasury far, everything was left behind. Entire companies deserted in, some even killed their officers. The surplus of the regiments held finally halt behind the walls of Luxembourg. Only on the citadel of Antwerp also still an imperial flag had flown, up to there on 29 March 1890 the garrison surrendered. On 18 december 1789 did it Comiteit Valentine amid general enthusiasm made its appearance in the with the three color bevlagde Brussels. This ended in the low countries the Austrian system which had lasted seventy-four years. ==Period of the United States of Belgium and French II (1790-1794)<span class="mw-editsection" len="419" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Immediately after the fall of the Austrian system was proclaimed the sovereignty of the main regions and an Alliance is formed under the name of United States of Belgium (according to the French translation United Belgian States). The internal distribution of the new Government of aristocrats or statisten under Van der Noot on the one hand, and on the other hand, Democrats or vonckisten, however, caused paralysis of governance. Europe reacted likewise divided, albeit for other reasons, and finally came up with the Convention in the Hague to the ambiguous decision that on the one hand the southern Netherlands under imperial authority so had to be given back to Austria, but that on the other hand, all the reforms on religious, administrative and judicial area were to be repealed. The freedoms in which the Emperor finally had to agree to guarantee the autonomy of the region made the United Belgian States eventually disappeared in name only.