Senate of the Netherlands

The Senate of the Netherlands is, together with the Second Room, the States General of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The room has 75 seats (to 1956 50 seats).

Compared to the Second Room, the first Chamber or Senate less rights and powers. Its main activities are elsewhere; just one day a week (on Tuesday) meet the members of the Senate bills that have already been adopted by the House of representatives to discuss further. They pay attention primarily on the technical sides of the proposal: the soundness of the law and consistency with other laws.



Content
[hide] *1 History  ==History[ Edit] == The first room was formed in 1815 by the split of the States General in two rooms, at the request of the southern Netherlands which the nobility wanted to give a place in Parliament. The northern Netherlands accepted this, under the condition that not only nobility member could be, but all who "by services to the State proved, by their birth or circumstances under the more popular part of the lande belong". [1]  The King appointed the members of the Senate for life.
 * Powers 2
 * 3 Elections
 * 4 President
 * 5 Members
 * 6 Registrar
 * 7 meetings and Committees
 * 8 openness
 * 9 opponents of the Senate
 * 10 see also
 * 11 external links
 * 12 Literature

The independence of Belgium and the constitutional revision of 1840 nothing changed to the first Room. Only when the constitutional reform of 1848 was determined that the provincial States would choose the members.

At the Constitution of 1887 changed the income requirement for the first Room. Citizens who had held high office could also be elected. [1]

At the constitutional revision of 1917 women obtained the right to vote for the first room, and all other restrictions were to be lifted. The majority system was replaced by a proportional representation. [1]

Until 1983 the sessions was not four but six years, and was half of the members every three years by half the provinces chosen. ==Powers<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first room is co-legislator together with the second Room: all laws must be approved by the Senate. This includes the budget right, because the State budget in the form of draft laws submitted by the Government.This is an important means to force the Government to listen to Parliament.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In contrast to the second Room, the First Room no right of amendment. They can the laws approved by the lower House won't be able to change, but only approve or disapprove. But because the debates with the Ministers make up the law explanation, the commitments made by the ministers and State Secretaries be used in lawsuits when they say something about the application of the law. The room can also force in practice the Minister a Novella, a supplement/amendment to the Bill, to submit to the Second Room. The Senate, the vote on the law than to the House of representatives has approved, the Novella and the Senate can vote on both. In practice, this is an amendment to the Bill, although it remains on the Government or the House of representatives to submit to that novel.

<p lang="en" len="308" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first room can, unlike the lower House, also no submit private members ' proposal .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Senate does have just like the House of representatives the right to information, which means that the members can ask questions (but unlike the second Room only written), can apply for a debate with the Minister, the question, and motions can be submitted. The right to information also means that the room can hold a parliamentary inquiry, although the first Room this has never done. However, in 2012 by the Senate investigated the privatisation of public services and policy and spin-off companies.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A no-confidence motion of censure, or sadness can also be adopted in the first Room. As to whether a vote of no confidence should lead to that the Minister Resigns exists disagreement in the literature.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" len="184" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [2]  be Motions of no confidence in the Senate rarely filed against individual Ministers, and it is so but once taken that this was filed against an entire Cabinet. That did the PVV during a debate on the Government policy statement of thecabinet Rutte II in december 2012.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" len="184" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [3]  the PVV was the only one to vote for it.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although the first room is so in practice (de facto) deals with a final check of legislation on solidity and consistency with other laws, she has the same State law (de jure) powers, with the exception of right of amendmentand the right of initiative for which the city has a short story can be submitted for announcement to reject a bill if it remains unchanged. Any change is, however, a new proposal, with the usual gradient. ==Elections<span class="mw-editsection" len="351" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Other than the second Room is the first Room not chosen directly by the Dutch population, but kicked out, namely by the members of the provincial Council.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Since the constitutional revision of 1983, the first Room once every four years. This happens within three months after the elections for provincial councils. On Wednesday, 2 March 2011, there were elections for the provincial States. On May 23, the new members of the Senate were chosen.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Not every Member has an equally heavy voice. There is a ' weighting ' conducted involving a relationship is established with the population of the province. The population is divided by the hundredfold in the number of States members of the province. The result is called the voice value. Province of Groningen had 573.225 inhabitants on 1 January 2003. This number is by 5500 (the then number of States members 55 × 100) shared.The outcome is 104.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The votes cast on a party in a province are multiplied by the rate value. The result of this sum is called voice digit. Distribution of seats in the first Chamber shall be carried out using the Choose divisor. This is calculated by dividing the sum of the voting figures from all provinces divided by the number of available seats (75). Looked for each lot which has achieved a total figure they voice (in fact so how many votes she has gotten and which voice had value votes). That total is divided by the electoral divider. The outcome of that communication, the seats per Party on. Since the outcome almost never yields a round number, there rest vote on, which could lead to appointment of a rest seat. These are distributed according to a system of largest averages.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba since 2010 as public sector bodies are part of Netherlands, the Islanders are not represented in the Senate. This is due to the stepped through Provincial elections and the fact that the islands fall under not a province. It is intended that in the future the Eilandsraden also participate the first general election. This, however, an amendment to the Constitution is necessary.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" len="184" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [4] a proposal to this end on 23 October 2012 adopted at first reading by the House of representatives,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" len="184" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5]  but the treatment was shut down by the Senate on March 21, 2014 because they first want to see an evaluation of the political renewal. That review is expected in 2015.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" len="184" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [6]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The candidate-members enter no election campaign. Elections to the States of the province can, however, a strong rural component, especially if the Government has no majority in the Senate, took office in 2010 as thecabinet Rutte I, that with 37 members of CDA and VVD, PVV, not about the 38 seats that constitute the absolute majority in the Senate. ==President<span class="mw-editsection" len="349" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Senators choose the duration of a parliamentary term a President from among them. Since 2 July 2013 VVD member Ankie Broekers-Knol is the first Room for. She followed Fred de Graaf resigned after that fuss was developed around the performance of his task as President of the United meeting on april 30, 2013. ==Members<span class="mw-editsection" len="344" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Composition First bedroom from 7 June 2011<p lang="en" len="44" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Since 7 June 2011 is the breakdown as follows: <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">For the historical composition of the Senate, see historic composition of the Senate. For the current composition of the Senate, see current composition first Chamber. ==Registrar<span class="mw-editsection" len="347" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first Chamber shall appoint a Registrar. This leads to the Administration that the room is at the service. Since 1 september 2006 that Geert Jan Hamilton. ==Meetings and Committees<span class="mw-editsection" len="366" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As a rule, only met on Tuesday. In exceptional cases can also be gathered on Monday evening, and depart on Wednesday. The first Room has since 1950 several temporary and permanent Room committees.


 * See also: First Room Commission

==Public Access<span class="mw-editsection" len="351" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first room has a public gallery. Can the meeting follow up to 35 people. The first row of the Gallery is reserved for the press.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Via internet, the plenary meeting of the First Room broadcast live. It is not possible to view the debates afterwards, unlike the debates of the House of representatives.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The texts of the debates are published in the Actson the internet. The provisional version, "steno grams", is within a few days on the site of the first room, the final after several weeks on overheid.nl. ==Opponents of the Senate<span class="mw-editsection" len="372" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Various parties in the Dutch parliamentary history have advocated lifting the First Room. For the Second World War was the League of Christian Socialists in favour of this, nowadays the SP,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" len="184" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[7]  Green Left,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" len="184" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[8]  D66,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" len="184" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[9]  and the PVV.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" len="186" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [10]