History of Canada

The history of Canada begins with the entry of people who from the Bering Land Bridge from Asia into North America . About the exact time that this happened is not a certainty; the first traces of human presence date from about 20 000 to 25 000 years ago. This article treats primarily the history of the region that coincides with the current Canada .



Content
[hide] *1 arrival of Europeans  ==Arrival of Europeans[ Edit] == Viking colony to L'Anse-aux-MeadowsChris Christopher Columbus almost 500 years before the new world, it was the Vikings who discovered Greenland and later also North America sought to establish themselves and explored. During excavations in L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland are found the remains of a Norse settlement dating from around the year 1000.
 * 2 New-France
 * 2.1 Conflicts and decline
 * 3 British rule
 * 3.1 war of 1812
 * 4 Canada takes shape
 * 4.1 Act of Union
 * 4.2 Confederation
 * 5 Canada before the first world war
 * 5.1 Métisopstanden
 * 5.2 Growth of a nation
 * 5.3 Canada at the end of the 19th century
 * 5.4 Wilfried Laurier and "Canada's century"
 * 6 Canada in war (1914-1918)
 * 7 depression and war (1918-1945)
 * 7.1 the great depression
 * 7.2 the world at war
 * 8 Canada during the cold war (1945-1968)
 * The Trudeau period 9
 * 9.1 Terror and Quebec separatism
 * 9.2 relationship with the United States
 * 9.3 Canada gets its own Constitution
 * 10 Mulroney
 * 11 Chrétien, Martin and Harper
 * 11.1 9/11 and the fight against terrorism
 * 11.2 Sponsorship scandal and a United Right
 * 11.3 Canada under Harper

Already for some years after Columbus ' first trip it was John Cabot in 1497 that the East coast of Canada and the current crawled for King Henry VII of England claimed. With his ship the Matthew Cabot sailed along the coast of North America from Labrador South to the Chesapeake Bay. However, it was the French who in the 16th century began to seriously explore the hinterland of Canada; Jacques Cartier was the first in 1534. France founded in 1605 the first settlements in what is now Port Royal and Quebec city in 1608. ==New-France[ Edit] == Map of new France made by Samuel de Champlain around 1612The first French attempts to get a foothold in Canada were difficult and some settlements failed. The French presence in Canada (calledNew-France ), however, grew slowly in the years after the first permanent settlements were founded and only a few thousand Pioneers settled mainly along the St. Lawrence and along the coast. It was only in New-France Catholicsallowed to settle, for others was that prohibited.

' ' Voyageurs ' ' tradeAgriculture and fisheries were initially the cornerstones of the economy and French traders (Voyageurs) penetrated deep within the hinterland and drove trade in beaver peltsamongst others. Meanwhile, the missionaries attempted Indians who lived around the Great Lakes to convert to the Catholic faith. The English had in the meantime to Newfoundland and southern Nova Scotia nestled as well as around the discovered by Henry Hudson in 1610 Hudson Bay. Soon there conflicts flared between the French and the English and between the Europeans and the original Indian tribes as the Algonquin and the Iroquois. These conflicts were usually end badly for the original inhabitants and the diseases brought by the European pioneers also demanded their victims among the Indians. ===Conflicts and decline[ Edit] === Samuel de Champlain, Explorer and Governor of new France<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Occupied by the English In 1629 was Quebec and it took until 1632 before France obtained control of New-France again. In 1663 Louis XIV of France made King of new France a Crown Colony and province of the mother country with a similar public authorities as that of France. The in the late 17th century and early 18th century raging wars between the English and French in North America as the King William's War and Queen Anne's War resulted in the loss of territory for new France. Although Quebec retained remained for France fell Newfoundland and parts of Acadia (now Nova Scotia) at the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 in British hands.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The French-speaking population of Acadia refused to submit to the British and 12 000 of them were deported in 1755. A large portion of these people eventually settled inLouisiana where their descendants still live the Cajun .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">However, In 1756 the French and Indian war broke out, a conflict that also in Europe itself except in the American colonies was fought and there was called the seven years ' war .Quebec was besieged from the sea while a British army under general James Wolfe defeat the French to a country concerned. In september of that year Quebec fell prey to the English while a year later almost entirely New-France in Canada in English hands fell. On 10 February 1763 the Treaty of Paris was signed and France officially gave all its areas in North America, apart from the Saint-Pierre and MiquelonIslands, on in favor of the British. ==British rule<span class="mw-editsection" len="349" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the British victory in the French and Indian war the United Kingdom thus obtained control of more than 50,000 French-speaking residents. However, In contrast to the deportations of 1755 was this time hoped that the French would integrate in the community. In order to work this in hand was in 1774 by the Quebéc Act created the province of Quebec and the French civil code and recognized the Roman Catholic faith.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A year later, the American Revolutionary War would break out in the British colonies to the South of Canada. Quebec was briefly battle scene and the Americans occupy some cities in the province in the hope to involve Canada at the revolution. However, they were eventually driven out from Quebec and the province remained loyal to the British Crown. However, many Quebecois reported voluntarily to the side of the Americans. ===War of 1812<span class="mw-editsection" len="345" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The battle of Queenston Heights in 1813<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During and especially after the American Revolution Canada got to do with an influx of British Loyalists who fled the young United States . Some 50,000 of them settled in British North America that now consisted of the Atlantic areas as well as Upper Canada (now Ontario) and Lower Canada (now Quebec). This subdivision was officially ratified by theConstitutional Act of 1791.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1812 war broke out again in North America, between the United Kingdom and the United States and Canada was again battle scene. In 1812 and 1813 occupy within Canada and among other American troops attacked Fort York, later Toronto. The us also obtained control of the Great Lakes after the battle of Lake Erie to have won. The Americans were hoping like the revolutionary war a generation earlier to involve Canada in the war but although part of the Canadian population supported the invasion, there was insufficient support among especially the loyalists and the Francophones who are not wanted to become part of the us. Conversely, attacked the British enter the us from Canada but were in turn driven back. Although the war military no Victor knew was the political and moral winner the us that its independence and finally ratified by the British discarded it. However, In Canada and the war of 1812 was seen as a victory against an American invasion and is still important for the Canadian national psyche. ==Canada takes shape<span class="mw-editsection" len="348" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the period after the war of 1812 there arose among the Canadian population the need for more own political identity and a more independent course from the mother country. There were two schools of thought that most supporters knew: the one that wanted to obtain self-government in the internal affairs and another movement that wanted to be independent and a Republic to American or French example wanted formation in Canada.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">One of the more radical Reformers was Louis-Joseph Papineau who, as a member of the colonial legislative Assembly in Lower Canada to implement reforms sought by the British authorities in the wind but that were struck. In 1837 and 1838 flared this reform attempts on and vomiting several armed rebellions in both Upper Canadaand Lower Canada . These rebellions were quickly put down by the British and bloody and several leaders of the insurgents, including Papineau, fled to the United States. At the same time, Irish immigrants sought in vain the southwest of Upper Canada, the area around the current Windsor, Ontario, in order to establish an independent colony there.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1838 Lord Durham was appointed as the new Governor General in British North America and he was given the task to investigate the cause of the rebellions. Its report issued in 1839 Report on the Affairs of British North America (report on the State of British North America) said that in his view the main cause of the rebellions was the friction between the Dutch and French populations existed and that the only solution was a Union between the two. In that way, he said, in the English-speaking community integrate the backward causing the problem of conflicting nationalism could be resolved. ===Act of Union<span class="mw-editsection" len="342" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1840, Lord Sydenham, the Lord got Durhams successor task to implement the recommendations in this report and Durhams resulted in the Act of Union which merged Upper and Lower Canada to form the province of Canada. Although both share the same control got in the Legislative Assembly of the United province became English the only official language and were there attempts to anglicize the French-speaking community to fully. Soon, however, a number of these measures were reversed and became French once again one of the official languages of Canada. Also got the leaders of the rebellions of 1837/38 amnesty and several of them returned back to Canada.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Under the Act of Union were also tightened relations with the United States and most were border disputes diplomatically resolved through treaties. In the decades that followed, however, was the call for greater unity and greater internal autonomy. There was also a desire to expand westward across the continent following the American expansion. The border with the United States in the western regions was established along the 49th parallel, in 1858 the Crown Colony and British Columbia founded in 1866, it was United with Vancouver Island. ===Confederation<span class="mw-editsection" len="342" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Father of Confederation and Canada's first Prime Minister Sir John a. MacDonald <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During and just after the American civil war, there was concern about the possible U.s. expansion northward. Although the province of Canada was far from stable politics, the British decided that it was to everyone's advantage to Canada to grant more independence. The two most influential political parties in Canada in 1864 formed a coalition in order to achieve this goal and also in the Atlantic provinces New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland was there a movement under way that wanted to achieve political unity for that area. In that same year, 1864, there were in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island and Quebec conferences between representatives of the various provinces. Although Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland finally decided not to act in a Confederation with the other province of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia formed the Confederation of Canada in 1867 and this decision was on 1 July 1867 by the British Parliament in London ratified through the British North America Act (BNA). The resulting entity was given the official title and Dominion of Canada 1 July was set as the national day (Dominion Day, since 1982 known as Canada Day .) The Confederation was self-supporting where the internal relations but Parliament in London still had much control over Canada for example, with regard to external relations. Only the British Parliament could also the BNA, which in fact Canada's Constitution was, at the request of the Canadian Parliament adjust. ==Canada before the first world war<span class="mw-editsection" len="364" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Métisopstanden<span class="mw-editsection" len="345" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first Prime Minister of Canada the semi-independent became the conservative John Alexander Macdonald that the Government initially led between 1867 and 1873. Under his leadership, Canada obtained In 1869 the control over Rupert's land and the northwestern areas of the Hudson's Bay Company bought it. The Government encouraged people to to found settlements in the newly acquired territories what caused conflicts between soon for the pioneers in those areas and the Métisand Indians already established there, people of mixed French and Native American blood that the descendants of early French fur traders.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Métis who lived around the Red River, in what is now the province of Manitoba is, first through negotiations with the Government were trying to resolve the conflicts but soon broke under the leadership of Louis Riela revolt that was suppressed by Canadian militia. Riel escaped to the us to return after more than a decade, this time to the current Saskatchewan where he led another rebellion in 1885, this time against the newly formed North West Mounted Police. Once again the militia turned to the rebellion and this time Riel was captured and sentenced to be hanged after in november 1885 by treason. As a hero of the French community, had a renewed French nationalism to Riel's execution result and the gap between the two ethnic groups in the country was further opened. ===Growth of a nation<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Members of the North West Mounted Police in Yukon Territory in 1900<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first, in 1870, Métisopstand had the formation of the new province of Manitoba as a result. In this province, which initially covered only a fraction of its present surface, the French-speaking Métis and Indians the same rights as English-speaking inhabitants and also the equality of religions was established. A year later decided to act in British Columbia the Confederation after the demand for a transcontinental railroad would be built was granted. The route of this line would run through the sparsely populated Northwest Territories and was completed in 1885. The transcontinental connection would play an essential role in the decades that followed in the operation of the immense interior of Canada and population growth went hand in hand with the growing importance of the train connection had the formation of the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta as a result.The North West Mounted Police, the Mounties, saved the order later in the western areas.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Also performed In 1873 Prince Edward Island, after her initial refusal, to the Confederacy. After Canada late in the 19th century the sovereignty over the Arctic islands of Great Britain controlled the country obtained the largest part of the northern half of the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean with the exception of the AmericanLabrador that Alaska and Newfoundland to 1949 together with British property remained before it as the tenth province to join Canada. ===Canada at the end of the 19th century<span class="mw-editsection" len="366" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">MacDonald, who the Government from 1867 to 1873 and from 1878 to 1891 led, introduced a national policy plan that he called his National Policy . This plan was to strengthen the country's economy, especially compared to that of the United States whose economy is many times greater than the Canadian. The plan kept in addition to all the listed transcontinental railway also protectionist tariffs in that had to protect the industry of the country. Goods could now be transported more quickly and efficiently by the immense country and especially the industrialized had here for Ontario will benefit from this.MacDonalds policy also had reinforced her assertive independence that Canada as a side-effect.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The strong population growth in the last years of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th, especially as a result of immigration from Europe, helped to economic growth in Canada in that period among the strongest in the world. A population growth rate of another order took place in the Northwest Territories in 1897 after in August of the year before Gold was discovered in a tributary of the Klondike. The short but massive influx of gold seekers prompted the Government the most western part of the Northwest Territories where the gold rush took place to separate from the rest of the territory and the Yukon Territory was formed in 1898. In 1901, after the Klondike gold rush had its course had the population fell in the Yukon back strong again.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although immigration from Europe was encouraged there were steps to restrict the influx of Asian immigrants. To do this, apply access required of incoming immigrants who were from China or India wanted to enter Canada and was for a quarter of a century after 1923 even a ban on immigration from China proclaimed. These measures lead today still from time to time to protests and a call for compensation among Asian groups. ===Wilfried Laurier and "Canada's century"<span class="mw-editsection" len="376" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1896 the Wilfrid Laurier was elected Liberal Prime Minister. Laurier wanted to induce a greater link between Canada's nationalism the English-language and French-speaking populations to create. The focus, as he found, had to focus more on North America than on the mother country and its colonial empire. Laurier saw in Canada a world power in the making and he stated that the 20th century would be "Canada's century".

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">However, deep differences remained despite Lauriers policy as to what had to be the rate of the country between the two communities. After Great Britain in 1899 for the Second Boer War a request did to contribution to the forces in South Africa, there was fierce resistance among the Francophones who are not wanted to be part of a British "Imperial War" while there was a lot of interest among the English speakers to take part in the war. Laurier eventually decided to instead of a military force to send out bad forces that served in turn on a voluntary basis. The feeling among the pro-British community that Canada Laurel too much outside the sphere of influence of the British motherland wanted to keep eventually led to his defeat in 1911 during elections in which the Conservatives led by Robert Laird Borden cashed. ==Canada at war (1914-1918)<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Canadian troops serve in the first world war<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At the start of the first world war Canada was still only internal independent of Great Britain. For example, Foreign Affairs and defence had still the responsibility of the United Kingdom and when on 4 August 1914 Britain declared war on Germany and Canada all central powers was later along with other British areas such as Australia and New Zealandalso automatically at the time of the war involved. Animo to participate to the war was nevertheless, great among both language communities and many tens of thousands of soldiers were sent to the fronts in Europe.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After first a purely volunteer army on the leg to have brought prompted the long duration of the war and a declining number of volunteers the Government to the conscription in 1917 to enter. The measure of the cabinet led by Prime Minister Signs encountered especially in Quebec on much resistance and the Government it was shaken. Eventually after the Government saved the boards with the liberal opposition had formed a coalition of national unity. This coalition obtained under the name Union Party in 1917 the election could further profit and Signs rule already existed from the ruling party members who all represented the English provinces. Former Prime Minister Laurier, who represented Quebec, was not part of the Union Government although he belonged to the Liberal Party part thereof.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The war had like no other event causes a sense of Canadian identity itself was formed under, in particular, the English-language population. Initially attacked the Canadian forces under direct orders of the British but later were fully deployed Canadian units commanded by Canadian officers. Several important battles had a Canadian contribution but it was the battle of a ridge near Vimy where Canadian troops in the battle of Vimy Ridgetook a German position previously to no avail by both British and French troops had been attacked. The battle is the symbol of the first world war for Canadians and it is said that after the formation of the Confederation in 1867, the day that this battle took place Canada underwent her second birth.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The war, however, in addition to a sense of national pride also had a high price in both economic and human form. The financial burden of the war was carried in part by a "temporary" income tax (although this has never been abolished after the war) and the toll in human lives shall be EUR 60.000 fallen and more than 150,000 wounded Canadian soldiers. On 6 december 1917 there was a disaster in the port city of Halifax in Nova Scotia after a French ammunition ship after colliding with a Belgian ship caught fire and drove in the direction of the rudderless port where a huge explosion destroyed most of Halifax. This disaster had besides the direct consequences to the city also has an impact on the war there was an important link in the Halifax trade between North America and Europe during the conflict. ==Depression and war (1918-1945)<span class="mw-editsection" len="362" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Returning troops who had fought in Europe and a growing trade union movement led in the years immediately after World War I to multiple strikes and also several times to violence between authorities and workers. In addition to the growing trade unions there was also a shift in the political sense to taking place in Canada. Regional parties began to form as the Social Credit Party in Alberta and more populist parties were created as well as Socialist parties, particularly during the great depression that Canada struck heavily. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King seized a political crisis over the dissolution of Parliament (that was refused by theGovernor General) during a Conference of Commonwealth countries to call for a redefinition of the role of the representative of the Crown in Canada. Canada also got after the Westminster Conference in 1931, like other semi-independent countries in the British Empire, more autonomy while the British Parliament still would continue to keep the final say from Constitutional Affairs. ===The Great Depression<span class="mw-editsection" len="349" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Western provinces were given the hardest hits during the depression also caused by the close economic link out there with the United States existed. In addition to the collapse of the market in cereals caused local malaise in the prairie provinces also nationally a large economic downturn there it Canada's most important export article concerned. Also the manufacturing sector in Ontario and Quebec with a big downturn and the Canadian economy after the United States had the largest decline as a result of the great depression. It took until the outbreak of the second world war before the economy had reached its level of 1929 again. During the peak of the depression was one in four workers unemployed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">MacKenzie King, the Liberal Prime Minister, initially took a wait-and-see attitude in the faith that the depression would be short lived and no need government intervention. The Government, however, lost during the elections of 1930 and became the Conservative leader Richard Bennett the new Prime Minister. Bennett sought a policy that was based on the New Deal policies of Franklin Delano Roosevelt American president to implement but this had only limited success. Bennett eventually got the blame the long downturn of the economy and in 1935 was again, for the third time, Mackenzie King with its Liberals to lead the Government elected by the people. (Mackenzie King would end up in the 27 years between 1921 and 1948 in total 21 years are Prime Minister and thereby, so far, the longest serving Prime Minister are.)

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Camps were set up during Bennetts reign unemployed men work for road building and other projects. The poor working conditions in these camps led to a strike in 1935 in Vancouver that end up in a country-wide public protest degenerated. Hundreds of protestors marched from Vancouver to Ottawa but in Regina, the capital city of Saskatchewan, the March was stopped by the authorities and only the leaders of the movement were given permission to go to Ottawa to negotiate with the Prime Minister. The negotiations failed and after returning in Regina organized the demonstrators soon in bloody demonstrations that were put down by the police riots that degenerate. Soon after, however, reforms by the Government and there were camps were closed. ===The world at war<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Canadian troops in action during d-day, 1944<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the build-up to the Second World War Canada in its foreign policy took a remarkably neutral position in after it since the Westminster Conference also in Foreign Affairs could operate independently of the mother country. Mackenzie King after meeting Hitler stated that there is no threat of Germany went out and only a week after Canada declared Germany Great Britain the war.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Canadian War contribution was disproportionate and at the end of the war was the country become a military superpower. Almost 150,000 Allied pilots enjoyed their training in Canada and the first battle where Canada was provided a significant contribution to the defence of Hong Kong, vain, against the Japanese invasion in 1941. Canadian troops fought afterwards in various battles, among other things in Italy and on June 6, 1944, d-day, Canada had the responsibility for the invasion on the Juno beach during the Allied invasion of Normandy. Along with the British and Americans pushed the Canadian Forces Europe in deep and they went under more northward where they in 1944/1945 an important contribution to the liberation of Netherlands. In thanks for the Canadian assistance during the liberation and the welcoming reception of the Dutch Royal family which eventually descended during the occupation in Canada, Netherlands sends to this day every year 10,000 tulip bulbs to Canada and is to celebrate the annual Tulip festival held in Ottawa.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Just as during the great war was there initially a volunteer army deployed followed by a mobilization plan that could only be used for the direct defence of Canada. Great resistance from the French-speaking community was the main cause and prefer to stay at home Anglofoon Canada blamed the French-speaking people while their compatriots sea fought for their freedom. Eventually the war situation prompted Prime Minister Mackenzie King to hold a plebiscite in 1942 on the introduction of general conscription. English Canada voted overwhelmingly "Yes" while Quebec voted ' no ' with the end result a comfortable "Yes". Bad little conscripts were actually aired as part of the nearly 1 million who served in the armed forces. ==Canada during the cold war (1945-1968)<span class="mw-editsection" len="373" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The cold war that almost immediately after the end of the second world war began Canada brought in military affairs and foreign policy closer to the United States than in the pre-war period after the US Great Britain as a world power was outdated. Canada was one of the founders of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and served under the UNflag in Korea war on the side of the United States and other allies. Together with the US was also worked on continental security, inter alia by means of the formation of a unified air defense command under NORAD.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Canada started slowly but surely also a more private course. Lester Pearson, who from 1963 to 1968 two minority governments led, won the peace prize in 1957 for his efforts to find a diplomatic solution in the Suez crisis between Egypt and the Franco-British-Israeli Alliance.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The price of Canada was also economic radically different from that of the American neighbor. Canada started a socialist oriented policy after the war and a welfare State was formed. This would later evolve into, among other things, universal, largely free, health care for each inhabitant of the country and liberal social security provisions. Canada ignored the US embargo on Cuba by Fidel Castro and Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister between 1968 and 1979 and 1980 to 1984 was an openly sympathizer of the Cuban dictator.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Politics was Canada in the post-war period until the 1980s of the 20th century, especially the left with several Liberal cabinets. From 1957 to 1963, however, was the Conservative Prime Minister John Diefenbaker and it was under his rule that all Indian residents of the country for general elections, federal, got the right to vote. The tensions between Quebec and the English-language community began in the course of the years ' 60 again to higher walk. In an attempt to keep the Canadian unity suggested Pearson for a new Canadian flag to enter to the Red Ensign, which the Union Jack and a red field with the Canadian coat of arms showed, to replace. In 1965 was finally introduced the current Maple flag after fierce debates between supporters and opponents. The new flag, however, was quickly embraced by the people as the symbol of the country. John Diefenbaker who fought to the very end for maintaining the Red Ensign refused to accept the new flag until his death and graced the old flag at his state funeral his coffin.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In this period also began the call for a greater independence in Quebec to become stronger. This Révolution tranquille (quiet revolution) was initially a peaceful movement to Quebec to transform into an independent country. In 1968, the separatist Parti Québécois set up for this purpose in the Federal Parliament under the name Bloc Québécois session has. ==The Trudeau period<span class="mw-editsection" len="349" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The reign of Prime Minister Trudeau is one of the most controversial in the history of Canada. Although he is considered by many to be among the best Prime Minister is counted, there are also downsides of his term of Office, to name a few. From an economic point of view, was one of decline are policy, characterized by Socialist tinted programs that Canada's economic performance to far below the average of the G7 did pockets.Also was his policy towards Quebec focused too much on the good mood like those province. Thus he strengthened the separatism of the Quebecois who ever more special powers for the province requirements and usually also get. ===Terror and Quebec separatism<span class="mw-editsection" len="360" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Pierre Trudeau began his first tenure as Prime Minister in 1968 around which time also separatist splinter groups in Quebec were formed which in a more violent way wanted to ensure the independence of the French-speaking province. The Front de Libération du Quebec (FLQ) carried out a terror campaign since 1963 that went hand in hand with violence and bomb attacks.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In October of 1970 the situation in Quebec reached a peak after the FLQ kidnapped after two leading politicians only FLQ members were arrested. Trudeau called the State of emergency in the province and suggested a law that gives the Government special powers in time of war. For the end of the year were all FLQ leaders picked up and ran the terror campaign by the group.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although the violence in Quebec strongly waned after the Elimination of the FLQ was the separatist movement politics is far from over. The Parti Québécois led from 1976 to 1985 the provincial government in Quebec City under the leadership of premier René Lévesque. Lévesque conducted a policy that sought to make Quebec an autonomous or even completely independent. There was a ban on the use of English and French became the only official language of the province. The next step that was taken was the proclamation of a referendum on the independence issue in 1980. The referendum, which wielded a vague description of the ultimate goal, eventually became fairly easy with 60% of the votes cast rejected. ===Relationship with the United States<span class="mw-editsection" len="362" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Under Trudeau was the relationship with the us more tense than usual. Canadians had always been a tendency to counter the powerful neighbour to the South and anti-Americanism can even be seen as one of the few truly Canadian traits.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Canada held itself outside the war in Viet Nam, it already sold military equipment to the us during the conflict. It was for people who are in the u.s. on the US market, conscription or deserted from the u.s. Army, easy in Canada as an immigrant to be included and some 125,000 persons made use of. On the other hand also went to the United States several thousand Canadian volunteers to serve in the u.s. armed forces in Viet Nam and many remained in the wake of the US and were there citizen. ===Canada will have its own Constitution<span class="mw-editsection" len="363" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although Canada since the Westminster Conference lay almost entirely independent in 1931 was the last word on, for example, changes to the Canadian Government or of the British laws that Canada's Constitutionwas still kept at the Parliament of Great Britain and any changes to those laws that Canada wanted to make had to be submitted to Parliament in London for approval. Trudeaus Government wanted to put an end to this situation and at the urging of the Canadian Government took the British Parliament the Canada Act in 1982 to which all powers on Canada fully to that land. Trudeau claimed in that year also the Canadian Charter of Rights and freedoms in which rights and freedoms are laid down. Both actions of Trudeaus Government are still controversial, in particular the Charter that much opposition encountered. To the Charter by the Canadian Parliament to get approved and ratified by the provinces was forced to include a clause in Trudeau which both provincial governments and the Federal Government in Ottawa got the power parts of the annul Charterindefinitely. This clause has never been used. ==Mulroney<span class="mw-editsection" len="339" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Prime Minister Brian Mulroney looks along with American and Mexican Presidents during the signing of the NAFTA Treaty<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At the federal elections of 1984 were the Progressive Conservatives by Brian Mulroney the big winners. Significantly improved the relationship with the United States under Mulroney and Mulroney had a good personal relationship with president Ronald Reagan. One of Mulroneys goals as Prime Minister was the creation of a free trade agreementwith the Americans. The issue was not entirely uncontroversial in Canada where opponents of the agreement that eventually was closed in 1989, the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement, the fear that the American companies too much influence rulings in Canada would give. The agreement would be extended a few years later, in 1992, afterMexico 's accession and the emergence of the North American free trade agreement, the NAFTA.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">External policy ran Canada under Mulroney more in step with its traditional allies and especially with the US and Canada ran in 1990 leading the condemnation of the Iraqioccupation of Kuwait. Canada did participate in the military operation, modest, who under UN flag in 1991 Saddam Hussein's troops from Kuwait expelled. Canada suffered no losses due to the war but it was the first time since the Korea war that Canadian forces were involved in combat operations after the various liberal governments laid the emphasis on UN "peace missions".

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Constitution was printed by Trudeau by never signed by the province of Quebec and in the first years of its Minister-President tried to amend this Constitution the Mulroney for the French-speaking province was more palatable. In 1987, the so-called Meech Lake Agreement closed and submitted to the 10 provinces but it obtained does not have the required approval. The 5 years later in Charlottetown Charlottetown Agreement closed did a new attempt to modify the Constitution and this time the agreement was submitted to the people in a national referendum. The waning popularity of the Government, which a year earlier the very unpopular GST (goods tax similar to the btw) had introduced, was partly to blame that this agreement was approved by the referendum.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The property tax, the Charlottetown Agreement and rejected an economic downturn at the beginning of the 1990s led to the resignation of Mulroney in favor of the new leader of the progressive Conservatives in 1993,Kim Campbell, for just five months, Canada's first female Prime Minister was. In the autumn of 1993 declared federal election, however, the progressive-Conservatives got a huge blow to process and the Liberal Party came, this time under the leadership of Jean Chrétien to power and became the PC reduced to just 2 seats in the Federal Parliament. ==Chrétien, Martin and Harper<span class="mw-editsection" len="357" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The failed attempts to reconcile with the Constitution to Quebec and a growing nationalism in the French-speaking province led in the beginning of Chrétiens reign again to a referendum on possible independence of Quebec. This time it was the outcome of the referendum was uncertain up to the last moment and ultimately it only very nipped 50,58%-49,42% of the votes cast rejected.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From an economic point of view, it went after the recession by the beginning of the Decade in the mid-1990s better again with the country. The Liberals, who had promised in the election campaign of 1993 to abolish theGST will beat that promise in the wind when they had come to power, partly due to the bad economic situation of that year. The financial policy of the Government, however, made in the course of Canada as the only G7 Chrétiens reign for that Member knew a budget surplus. The value of the Canadian Dollar, however, was in that same period fell dramatically compared to the u.s. currency.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On public health came during the Liberal regime gradually more and more critical of the "universal health care", mostly free, every Canadian the same care delivered. Many billions of dollars that were pumped in health care time and again however, the dissolved growing waiting lists and some provinces started experimenting with partial private care, independent of the Government System. However, only little success here came on because no politician had the courage seriously the debate on the "ideal" to open Canada's health care system. Many doctors left Canada to be employed in the US and nopend in many cities there is a shortage ofGeneral practitioners and specialists.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1999, the map of Canada a different look when on 1 april of that year the Northwest Territories was split and the eastern part a semi-autonomous homeland for the Inuit became under the name Nunavut. ===9/11 and the fight against terrorism<span class="mw-editsection" len="365" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the reign of his successor Paul Martin Chrétien and defence budget was cut back time and time again. The army at the beginning of the 21st century got to do with problems caused by outdated equipment and low budgets. The highest General of Canada in 2006, General Rick Hillier would call this period a disastrous decade .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On the morning of september 11, 2001 the United States were attacked by Islamic terrorists. The two towers of the World Trade Center in New York City collapsed and part of the Pentagon was destroyed. After an attack on a plane of Air India that on a flight from Canada to India was blown up South of Ireland (where 329 people including 280 Canadians perished), this was the most serious attack with several Canadians among the victims. Canada joined the United States in the fight against terrorism and sent troops to Afghanistan where they initially after the overthrow of the Taliban reign of terror in the relatively safe Kabul were employed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Also on another, notable, way got Canada with the immediate aftermath of 9/11 to do. The complete closure of the airspace over the United States made sure many dozens of international flights that were bound for the us but could not return to their starting spots, had to swerve to airports anywhere in Canada. In particular in Gander, Newfoundland with a influx of dozens of flights that produce many hundreds of passengers in the village of did beaches. A large part of the inhabitants of Gander hospitality on the stranded passengers names until the airspace was opened again.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Chrétien had initially in the run-up to the invasion of Iraq will take part to the Americans proclaimed to the Coalition of the Willing but at the last minute he withdrew that promise in. Although the Iraq war is not particularly popular in Canada he got over his way of doing it is to handle criticism. It was for the first time that Canada not during an international conflict on the side of its three most important English-speaking allies (the United States, Great Britain and Australia) was. ===Sponsorship scandal and a United Right<span class="mw-editsection" len="375" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Current Prime Minister Stephen Harper<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the heavy loss of the conservative camp in the elections of 1993 it took long time before the right-wing parties got significant influence again. Various, mostly regional, conservative oriented parties emerged as the Reform party and the Canadian Alliancewho were represented in the Canadian Parliament.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 2003, Prime Minister Jean Chrétien announced after ten years Presidency his departure and Paul Martin was chosen as the new leader of the Liberals and thus Prime Minister. The Liberals Meanwhile got to do with a number of scandals and were called by many arrogant and power hungry reproached to lead. The two largest conservative parties decided In 2004, the Canadian Alliance under the leadership of Stephen Harper and the Progressive Conservatives by Peter MacKay to negotiate a merger in order to form a United right-wing party if serious alternative against the corrupt Liberals. Just a few months after these negotiations in the formation of the Conservative Party of Canadaresulted, called Martin, backed by a comfortable lead in the polls, elections in order to secure his own mandate. The campaign was marked by allegations against supposed Liberal mismanagement and a barrage of negative ads that Stephen Harper, who by now was elected leader of the new Conservative Party, demonize. Eventually degenerated in the elections from a liberal minority cabinet with a greatly enlarged Conservative opposition.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Shortly after the elections came evidence surfaced, proposed by the Canadian Auditor General, of an extensive corruption scandal which penetrated in the highest circles of the Liberal Party. A total of some $ 250 million in public money was gone, including advertising agencies in Quebec that were good and that the Liberal Party for unimportant or even fictional projects were paid in Exchange for the well of Canada and the Liberal Party in particular in the renegade French-language province.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In light of this Sponsorship Scandal served the Conservative opposition in May 2005 in Parliament passes a motion in which the Government recommended to resign. Although the motion was adopted narrowly beat Martin this in the wind because according to him the correct procedure had not been followed. Instead of, as usual, immediately after such a decision a vote of confidence in Parliament itself to subject to a vote followed a week of political tug of war and a constitutional crisis was a fact. Martin managed to one member of the opposition to the Liberal Group to pull in Exchange for a cabinet position and suggested a vote of confidence for the Liberal Party in Government that resulted in an equal vote with the result that the speaker of the Canadian House of Commons, a Liberal, decided in favor of the Government.

<p lang="en" len="371" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">This cynical State of Affairs took great support and the Liberals after a investigating judge in the fall of 2005 a first report from the Sponsorship Scandal published United all opposition parties itself and became a direct vote of no confidence which the Cabinet blamed to have no moral right to govern and adopted more Martin had to resign.

<p lang="en" len="405" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the run-up to the elections scheduled for January 2006 were tried again with record releases the voters for Martin to win but in the end were the Conservatives, who campaigned with 5 core substantive points, in a minority Cabinet elected Stephen Harper on February 6, 2006 and was inaugurated as the first Conservative Prime Minister in more than 12 years. ===Canada under Harper<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Under Prime Minister Martin Canada decided to play a more assertive combat role in Afghanistan together with the USA and Canada and Netherlands responsible for the unstable province of Kandahar this new role was supported by the conservative party and endorsed Harper in 2006 this with an extension of Canada's role in Afghanistan. (The Liberal this time voted against).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Generally projected Harpers Cabinet a more pronounced role for Canada in the world. Also the relationship with the US was under Harper corrected after that under Chrétien and Martin had fallen to a low point. A dragging trade dispute over softwood was settled.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On domestic grounds led the Conservative Government tax cuts by although there was criticism levelled at the large State-owned publications who took up the Cabinet in the budgets. Further, the Government's objective is for political reforms which should yield a more transparent Government and seeks to reshape the Senate in a directly elected Chamber of Parliament.