History of the Burgundian Netherlands

The history of the Burgundian Netherlands covers the period from 1384 in the Burgundian Netherlands when Duke Philip the bold the counties of Flanders and Artoisacquired, to 1482 then with the death of Mary of Burgundy the realm of the Burgundian dukes was lost and the low countries (Netherlands, Belgium, approximately coinciding with the current Picardy, Artois and Luxembourg) under the administration of the Habsburg monarchy came to stand.



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[hide] *1 history  ==For History[ Edit] == Burgundy, where in the 1st century the Celtic Aedui stopped in 407, was already as Kingdom of Burgundy founded, and became an independent area early in the history of the Kingdom of France. In 880 was the Northwest become the Duchy of Burgundy, similar to the later Duchy of Brabant or Principality of Liège. Henry I of France donated In 1032 in the absence of erfopvolgers the Hales title to his brother Robert I Capet. Then in 1361 his succession line ended, beneficiary the King of France John IIof the House of Valois, his youngest son Philip the bold with this title. After all his fruitless attempts to instead to annex the rich Flanders in France he showed Philip in 1369 marryMargaret III, Countess of Flanders, the only daughter and heiress of the count of Flanders. In return he did away from French Flanders. ==Genesis and flowering of the Burgundian Kingdom[ Edit] == The Burgundian Kingdom under Philip the Good This was the beginning of a conscious policy of expansion that would lead to the eventual formation of the Burgundian Kingdom, either by marriage politics, either by wars of conquest, either as a purchase. Philip Via his wife was already a joint heir of the wealthy Flanders, in those days the most prosperous area in Europe. ===Under Philip the bold (1384-1404)[ Edit] === When the count of Flanders died in 1384, Burgundy under Philip the bold acquired next to the County of Flanders (including County of Artois, and also Margraviate of Antwerp and the City of Mechelen), Nevers and Rethel also and of course the free Burgundy (Franche-Comté). This was the basis for a powerful buffer state betweenFrance and the Holy Roman Empire: a Burgundian Empire that stretched from central France to the North Sea. Because Philip knew his authority in several ways to expand even further over the adjacent regions. In 1385 the double wedding of Cambrai was closed from his children Margaret of Burgundy John the fearless and count William VI of Holland respectively and Margaret of Bavaria, the children of Albrecht of Bavaria (r. 1389-1404), count of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut.
 * 2 Genesis and flowering of the Burgundian Kingdom
 * 2.1 Under Philip the bold (1384-1404)
 * 2.2 Under John the fearless (1404-1419)
 * 2.3 under Philip the good (1419-1467)
 * 2.4 Under Charles the bold (1467-1477)
 * 2.5 under Maria of Burgundy (1477-1482)
 * 3 the Burgundian Netherlands
 * 4 State structure
 * 5 population figures
 * 6 economic and social life
 * Revival of the arts 7
 * 7.1 wall tapestries
 * 7.2 painting
 * 7.3 architecture and sculpture
 * 7.4 Music
 * 7.5 literature
 * 8 Religious decline and undermining the papal authority
 * 9 End of the Burgundian Kingdom
 * 10 see also
 * 11 external links

Philip founded In 1386 in Lille a board room for financial and Legal Affairs of Flanders, Artois, in Antwerp and Mechelen, from which later the States General of the Netherlands would arise. He gave this the first step towards centralized administration.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">He also knew the childless In 1390 Duchess Joanna, Duchess of Brabant (r. 1355-1406) to successions over her Duchy to her niece (and Philip wife) Margaret III, Countess of Flanders. The States of Brabant names with this agreement no pleasure, but finally had to accept that in 1401 Philip's second son Anton of Burgundy as a successor of Johanna was appointed. They voted herein provided that Antwerp and Mechelen again at Brabant were attached. In the same year bought Philip also the County of Charolais. He died in 1404. ===Under John the fearless (1404-1419)<span class="mw-editsection" len="386" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">John the fearless (Duke) followed his father as the oldest son on. and as with the latter was fully focused on his policy France, though he had learned Diets . He only rarely in the low countries in. In 1405 he broke down the Council by his father furnished room in a Court of Auditors that in Lille remained, and a Council of Flanders, Gent from 1409 to as Supreme Court-mainly in the Dutch-occurred, and up to the Ancien Régime remained in place. In a conflict in which 17-year-old elect-Bishop of Liège, John of Bavariaby his subjects was threatened, grabbed John the fearless together with his brother William IV, count of Hainaut, armed in. In 1408, he defeated at Othée the Liège rebel army of 50,000 and acquired there his nickname. And in 1409 he laid after an uprising in Bruges the city the Calfvel, with which he crafts limited power. (They were allowed to no longer armed behind their banners on the great Market preparation). His youngest brother Antoine of Burgundy, Duke of Brabant in 1406 and was organized the directors on this Duchy to French-Burgundian model. There was a Court of Auditors and a board room for Vilvoorde was established and appointed a Chancellor of Brabant . Initially opposed by these settings encountered the cities Antwerp, Brussels and 's-Hertogenbosch, which saw some of their privileges eroded. But increasingly the Brabant interests and Anton remained finally knew the old band of the Duchy with the Reich to weaken. French politics, however, continued to claim the attention of the Burgundian Princes and Anton was killed in the battle of Agincourt in 1415.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Granddaughter of Philip the bold and Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, and Crown Princess of France followed Jacoba of Bavaria after the death of the dauphin shortly after her late father in 1417 and became Countess of Holland and Zeeland and Hainaut. She got to do with the thirst of John VI, Duke of Bavaria, Prince-Bishop of Liège, who also made the claim on its heritage. Thereupon were looking for to the support of her Uncle John the fearless, which gave rise to the hook and cod wars. By a marriage they could with John IV, Duke of Brabant Brabant and Limburg with its domain join, outdoor Burgundy.

<p lang="en" len="191" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1419 was her guardian John the fearless of Burgundy murdered on the bridge of Monterau, when it undertook an effort there with the new dauphin to reconciliation. ===Under Philip the good (1419-1467)<span class="mw-editsection" len="385" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The successor Duke of Burgundy, Philip the good by Justus Lipsius called conditor Belgii, IE ' eenmaker of the Netherlands '. He spent the low countries together.With the Treaty of Arras donated the French King him the towns on the Somme and acquitted him of all sense about his French lending, whereby for the first time since 843 Flanders and Artois were free of French suzerainty. The English King felt pushed aside by this Treaty and laid out of spite all Flemish ships in English ports to the chain. It was not until 1439 ditch peace with the English King Philip the good weather, so that the trade relations were restored and the cloth industry flourished again. Philip bought the County of Namur In 1421 by the indebted last count it, John III, and took it in 1429 in possession. In 1428 was after a lot of wrangling the young Countess Jacoba of Bavaria by the Treaty of Delft forced Philip to recognize as ruwaard and as heir of its areas, Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland and West-Friesland. In the period 1429-1473 came also Names, Brabant-Limburg, Picardy, Luxembourg and to the Duchy of Guelders and eventually went the dream of his grandfather Philip the bold to the low countries to unite in a Burgundian Empire still fulfilled posthumously.

After the defeat at the battle of Gavere in 1453 Ghent had to beg for forgiveness, Philip the good in their shirt, on their knees and in French<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The mighty cities were settled in rebellion against the centralization politics and the depletion of their privileges. The Bruges rebellion (1437) was also directed against the anti-English politics of the Frost, which the cloth industry and the trade brought in question. Philip decided to a siege and to tapping the liberty of Brugesto the jurisdiction of the city. Also the once mighty Ghent, where the textile industry was in decline, rebelled against the Duke because of the solid salt tax. The Ghent City had sought to maintain position by privileges, and by suppression of the countryside. But they left themselves with their lure and rebellion outside the walls were literally between Semmerzake and Gavere in 1453 massacred. As penalty lost the crafts with the peace of Gavere their political power and its control over the ommelanden. Also the power of Liège was broken by the Burgundian dukes (1465), as well as those of Dinant, which was stormed and terribly devastated. In this way, Philip established anywhere are strong authority. As most powerful Prince of his time, he was called the "Grand Duke of the West". Already against 1451 included the Burgundian area all the low countries with the exception of Guelders, Friesland, and, of course, without Hatch, Utrecht as well as a number of smaller areas that never would belong to the seventeen provinces . But Philip let his family members appoint as Bishop. Gelre and Utrecht were already vassals, andLuxembourg also came under Burgundian control, when Elisabeth of Goerlitz last and childless Countess there the Duchy to Philip pawned, so also in Northern and parts ofLorraine. In 1465 he became, after the tumultuous Hatches servants had suffered a defeat at Montenaken, momboor (erfvoogd for life) of the bishopric.

<p lang="en" len="64" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Burgundian dukes were now at the height of their power. ===Under Charles the bold (1467-1477)<span class="mw-editsection" len="385" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Charles the bold (Charles le Téméraire) dreamed of a buffer state between France and Germany by the countries of come hither as about to unite with the countries of Fro . He also strove to of the German Emperor to obtain the title of King. By an ambitious expansion policy and often short-tempered and impulsive to proceed, he brought the existence of the Netherlands itself at risk. After his sick father in 1461 the incoming Louis XI had closed the Somme cities redeem an alliance with Charles v as a regent, Crown vassals of the Ligue du Bien Public and defeated the King, which thereupon in accordance with the provision of the Treaty of Conflans in 1465 the Somme cities losing again. The French King did stir up Liège against him, but Charles defeated in 1467 the gemeentenaren in the battle of Brustem, after which he was moving against the city itself, the red light district abolished the privileges pillowcases and left. The "Cité Ardente", however, continued the fight after promised help from Louis. But Charles knew the King to force together with him against the city to advance, where then both he and narrowly escaped an assassination attempt on the King. The entire city was destroyed, thousands were massacred, and the Principality was incorporated in the States of the Duke. By his intervention in the Gelderse contentions in 1473 he could also incorporate that Duchy and County of Zutphen .Charles bought areas in the Alsace and Lorraine, which he conquered in his former State wished to restore to there to be King, but in 1477, his weakened army by the Swiss in Murten and Granson reports, was killed near the city of Nancy and the ambitious Frost himself when he attempted to win Switzerland . ===Under Maria of Burgundy (1477-1482)<span class="mw-editsection" len="390" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Mary of Burgundy was Duchess of Burgundy from 1477 to 1482<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the sudden death of Charles the bold, Louis XI of France lightning fast. The French occupied the heartland of Burgundy, Franche-Comté and the Charolais, and were advancing in Picardy and Artois. The Somme cities opened the gates for the advancing army, already offered Artois stubborn resistance. The King also tried to let his son anddauphin Charles marry with Mary of Burgundy, the twenty-one year old daughter of Charles the bold. She was not yet in the occasion the attack of the French King to cope, as her father's army was destroyed, and there in the cities in the low countries rebellions prevailed. The rescue came from Emperor Frederick III. His son, Maximilian of Hapsburg, was married to Maria, after they had regarded her fiance to itself, and the emperor sent an army to drive out to Louis XI. Maximilian was on 18 August 1477 welcomed by the people as a liberator. The cities were aware of the danger, when the King with a lot of violence and Arras, Thérouanne and Tournai occupied took and supported the Duchess in her fight against France. The French conquests this remained limited to Burgundy and Picardy. Now the cities had become aware of their power again, they knew to get restitution from their old privileges. Bruges got the free back and also the regions Brabant, Holland and Zeeland knew important favorable to get charters . With the great Privilege as security wanted the cities the Duchess the necessary support against Louis XI. The resurgence of particularism had pinned up.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Maria died suddenly in 1482 by a hunting accident and left two children behind, Philip the handsome and Margaret of Austria. By the marriage with Maximilian, the Netherlands now only part of the great Habsburg empire forms. ==The Burgundian Netherlands<span class="mw-editsection" len="380" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == The distribution of the Burgundian and Habsburg legacy between France until 1493 <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the Middle Ages existed neither the word nor the concept of ' Netherlands '. In the 15th century it was common to the low rural regions where the Duke of Burgundy to denote ruled with les pays de par-deçàand eat breakfast, ' the countries of about '. The actual Burgundy was referred to with les pays de par-delà, thither on ' countries ' (see alsonames of the low countries). From 1482 to be the "Burgundian Netherlands" or low countries of come hither on the Habsburg Netherlands, because then their inheritance after the death of the last Burgundian Duchess is transferred to the House of Habsburg . The term "the Netherlands" is of later date. ==State structure<span class="mw-editsection" len="374" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p lang="en" len="593" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Burgundian power structure was not a political, but a personal Union of the various principalities, which jealously guarding their own autonomy and governance in eight names, though the Duke of Burgundy (in) as their Danvers/landsvrouwe recognized.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the murder of his father, Philip the good turned away from France and went of itself after the impressive expansion of his empire during the reign of his father to focus on the internal consolidation. As Danvers, he began to introduce a central administration for all rural regions, low and established a central jurisdiction (the Grand Council) in, as well as a central collection of taxes in the form of a single sum for the whole area, which by the regions according to a scale to be decided by themselves was yielded. Central to this consultation as possible, suggested Philip the States General in. Their first major meeting was in the year 1464 in Bruges. When the proceeds of their own domains in the 14th century were sufficient, no longer did Princes appeal to representatives of the possessing classes to fill beds (aides), to all States having to call every time. These States General did just take note of Regal plans with the attached to bede and this to the Councils of the individual States, the provincial councils, for consideration. They thus formed an important coordination body that not only represented the whole people, but at the same time as a function had the Prince to inform about their needs and difficulties.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Court of Auditors watched over the finances, and the great Council of Mechelen won the highest judiciary over Flanders and Artois, on which the regional councils typically connected. For example, the Council of Flanders was called initially still the Audience ("hearing"). Flemings could after the great Council appeal to the Parliament of Paris.Officials filled the features in. To keep control of the regions were appointed Governors . These central institutions of Philip laid the Foundation for the later the Netherlands as political unity. After all, the regions were finally confronted that they shared interests had opposite a single frost.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Philip the good left after the attachment of Brabant, the Court of Auditors of Vilvoorde existence and founded as the highest appellate body in the Council of Brabant. In Namur, Luxembourg and Holland, and in Artois, he founded also a Court of Auditors and a board room.In the first three principalities was also a Supreme Court furnished. Philip won the adherence of its nationals by that way to accommodate their particularistic inclinations, but at the same time, he designed a system to reign centralist French model.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Regional principalities such as Brabant kept the maintain that their privileges the interference of strangers in their area prohibited. But in Flanders and Holland were representatives of the Burgundian court posted. This aroused there in the long term, great resistance to the Burgundian regime, especially when this introduced French as the single administrative language. In the low countries used the most old Dutch. The Prince tried to accommodate, by regional members of the nobility in his court advice to put on. In 1430 he founded the order of the Golden Fleece. With the Burgundian centralization policy was also introduced a single currency. Itself held the Frost Court advicethere as personal advisory body on after to assist him in the Government of his principalities. This Council also gradually acquired political power.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the Treaty of Arras (1435) showed the Duchy of Burgundy itself willing to suspend the Alliance with England and now feature neutral, in Exchange for more independence (Philip the good's personal loan duty fell away, although not that of its successors) of the Duchy and in Northern areas and the Somme. At the same time he recognized Charles VII as the rightful ruler of France.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The main political figure after Danvers itself was his Chancellor, who acted as a kind of Prime Minister. Some important Chancellors were Nicolas Rolin (1422-1462) and Willem Hugonet (1471-1477). The great Council was daily under its Presidency to take note of matters that concerned the whole country, and to the Board in the absence of the Duke to observe.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1471, Charles the bold a standing army, with which he freed himself from the municipal militias. It counted 20 company (battalion) or categories of Ordinance with each 100 lances of 9 man. In addition, to increase by up to 300 artillery pieces and the fleet expand to the equal of France or England, he became a formidable player on the international criminal site.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Also in the Interior he greatly enhanced his power by the three other powers separate. The great Council in 1473 he limited to just the Board and the Parliament of Mechelen was the highest legal authority as a Court of appeal. He also added the regional audit bodies together to the great Court of Mechelen.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At the beginning of the reign of Duchess Mary of Burgundy were the cities great Privilege in Exchange for support against the aggression of the French King. The States General and the provincial States should from now on own initiative meetings. Abolish the hated Parliament of Mechelen they did and it was obtained that the great Council was composed only of natives and had to use their own national language. A certain sense of awareness, it emerged from the wedding of the regions already under Philip the good under Burgundian power. Liège, on the other hand, guelders, Zutphen and Lorraine re-took their independence under the new landsvrouwe. ==Population Figures<span class="mw-editsection" len="370" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Broadly counted the low countries by the end of the 15th century an estimated 2.4 million inhabitants, but the population was significantly decreased after 1470 as a result of war, crop failures and epidemics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" len="197" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [1]  From 1490 entered a population growth on, particularly in Brabant and Holland. Duchy of Brabant counted half a million inhabitants in 1570, but still remained well below the population of County of Flanders. <p lang="en" len="367" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The urbanization took very rapidly in the low countries and so did mainly for the larger regions, where in the 15th century on average more than a third of the population lived in cities. <p lang="en" len="121" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">One-fourth of the Flemish farmers machined surfaces of only 2 to 5 hectares, nearly half sat under the half ha. ==Economic and social life<span class="mw-editsection" len="380" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p lang="en" len="258" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The scaling in the period of consolidation of the territorial States between the 14th and the 16th century is also characterized by drastic changes in the economic structure, which in the low countries were accompanied by a rising standard of living.

Bruges from the belfry seenHanseaticCOG from the fifteenth century.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The city of Bruges has organized its position between those of the Hanseatic towns and was on trade the international capital market for Northwest Europe. French and English, as well as Italian, Catalan and Iberian trading houses established themselves and were in for a balanced import and export between North and South. Goods like wine, exotic fruits, oil, spices and silk were in the port of Bruges argued and traded there, in addition to grain imports. Labour-intensive high quality handicraft goods in the wider region were manufactured, like fashionable clothes and works of art, paintings, jewelry, carvings and ceramics, were via the trade network spread across Europe.

Merchant Flag Bourgondisch Flanders<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">However, the black death had put a damper on the population growth from 1300, that of the 10th century the whole of Western Europe and made for a shrunken market. Thereby took the competition, especially as Brabant meanwhile had set up its own textile industry. The Guilds had from 1302 increase their grip on the wage determination in Flanders, making production costs there higher than in Brabant and especially in England. As a result, Flanders had to focus on rationalized production methods, but these were soon taken over by the competitive regions and areas. The rural markets there brought products of lesser quality on (for example, they used cheaper wools such as there from the 15th century was imported from Spain), but a wider market thereby reached a middle class.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The city knew Bruges in the Burgundian period revival as a major trading center last of the low countries until the death of Charles the bold. Venetians established there their Lodge, and did together with Genoese and Florentines, who are near established commercial matters while the locals were still just as brokers and innkeepers. The Inn of Van der Burse, a well-known Local hotel owner (hostelier right) lay at the International Trade Center and granted its name from the square in the tender. Antwerp later took the name on this system and if the Antwerp stock exchange. In 1531 specialized in communicable public debt and created a commercial capitalism that stimulated the economy of the whole of the low countries. Along with the Zeeland cities did Antwerp in the meantime more and more competition to Bruges.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the Principality of Liège developed a heavy metal industry and the first blast furnaces were built. Also there was coal mining began on a large scale which is situated in the area between the Sambre and Meuse.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The monopoly of Ghent on inland navigation on the rivers Scheldt and the Leie gave this city great wealth, especially as they could maintain the grain stack within its walls. The population therefore remained stable and there was adequate employment within the system of the crafts. But the once important cloth industry had gotten heavily under the emerging English competition to suffer and this was in the whole of Flanders and then also in Brabant in brands. The once prosperous Ieper sank to the status of narrow city.Antwerp began to develop on the basis of a variety of industrial operations of unfinished English cloth that it entered.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the second half of the 14th century came also in Holland the economy going. It was still based to a large extent on fishing, especially herring fishing, for which ever larger ships were built. The shipping industry required the supply of wood and metal, tar and other materials from the Flemish Hanseatic region. The ship's technology became ever more developed, so the region soon with a complete merchant fleet was equipped, who performed in competition for transport. The transported goods were often of lesser quality, but also by the custom price than concurentiëler. In addition to the herring industry they competed with the South with textiles and beer. Delft, Gouda and Haarlem were for this last product export to the Southern Netherlands cities and over the Baltic Sea. The Dutch imported salt of the French Atlantic coast and refined it mostly for use in the herring fishery. In addition to agriculture and cattle-breeding operation fisheries and trade were the main pillars of the Dutch and Frisian economy.

Port crane and unloading, sale and transport of wine barrels in Bruges<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When the Guild being freezing started by over-regulation, the crafts still hard to keep pace with the changing living conditions. The consequence was that many skillful craftsmen left the cities in the countryside for example, independently get started with cheaper textiles. However, they were soon exploited by merchants and had to work at dumping prices.While the merchants were becoming more powerful capital, impoverished rural population and the gap between rich and poor grew. The number of day labourers and beggars grew steadily, while the newly rich lived in great luxury. It was they who were responsible for the flourishing of Arts and letters and by their financial support to the base layers of the beautiful culture that in the Burgundian time reigned supreme. The population had little part in there.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the countryside, a new textile industry installed the new drapery, which especially in the Westhoek and the neightborhood of Verviers extension took place. Here saffron and cheaper substances were produced in large quantities as compensation for the waning sheet industry. The zone of Oudenaarde is profiled by emerging carpets weaving mills that received international acclaim. Brussels was renowned for its production of luxury goods, and Tournai and Arras also thanked their fame.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Furthermore, on the country ever more commercially usable crops such as hemp ropery, hops and barley for the brewing, flax for the production of linen. This was at the expense of grain production. But grain was increasingly imported. A result was though, that especially the diet of the lower population classes was subject to fluctuations in the grain market and periods of famine that regularly occurred, often with decimation as a result.

The Moneychanger and his wife,Marinus van Reymerswale.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 15th century did Antwerp itself thanks to his free trade and entrepreneurial spirit as port to develop strongly and went thereby take over the leading position of Bruges.Annual had two large trade fairs place that still acted as satellites for the Bruges initially, but gradually attracted more participants from the Center and the South of Germany.When Brugge in the 1980s was going through a deep political crisis of the fifteenth century, Antwerp could attract the emerging colonial trade, especially those from Portugal. But even the major trading houses from Augsburg, Frankfurt and Nürnberg came to this port, and leading banks came to settle there. The city maintained excellent relations with the monarchy, which thanks to its hegemonic attitude policy loans from the Antwerp merchants could expand. ==Revival of the arts<span class="mw-editsection" len="375" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Coupled with the economic revival, in which a commercial middle class in the 14th and 15th century over ever larger in the low countries and the capitals could have afforded to pay for art products, began an explosive revival of it. Also the higher nobility in this shared and contributed by, among others, donations for the art on religious basis, who had previously come to fruition at the was. The new music style of the Flemish polyphony and paintings by the Flemish primitives provided ongoing inspiration and export of art to all over Europe. Also the building style of religious and secular community buildings, and the tapestries were literally inside them to dress up, along for the leading appearance in which the rich and most densely populated County of Flanders initially took the lead. Of all the least developed the classical arts literature, while early talent on sculpture prematurely itself was exported. ===Wall Tapestries<span class="mw-editsection" len="365" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Tapestry "Wild woman withUnicorn": the symbol for chastity (Basel).<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">According to some, the Bayeux Tapestry would still have been manufactured by Queen Matilda of Flanders (c. 1031-1083) and her ladies in waiting<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" len="197" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5]. But the oldest known with certainty Flemish tapestries dating from the 13th century with then as main production centers of Arras and Tournai. These two centres were given a lot of commands in the 15th century by the Dukes of Burgundy. In Bruges, Oudenaarde, Enghien and Geraardsbergen and Ghent, were also all tapestries made in the fourteenth century. And in the 16th century Brussels, Mechelen and won Antwerp in importance. The Brussels court painter of both Barend van Orley, landvoogd essen, was not only famous as a glass painter, but was also artist of cartons for carpet work.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The transit port Antwerp went ensure distribution to the rest of Europe. Flanders was the Centre of the European tapestry production become. After religious and mythological themes exhibited tapestries also landscapes and historical events such as Joyful Income etc. They adorned the walls of castles and palaces and soon also the administrators of public buildings were grateful customers. ===Painting<span class="mw-editsection" len="366" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The sacred kindred, 1485 to 1493,Geertgen tot Sint Jans.Stained glass-Hasselt Virga Jesse Basilica<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The low countries were already was known for their excellent painting. In Flanders and Brabant one can see the fine kind painting already about 1400 to a high level climbing.Except on the columns in the Utrecht Sint-Pieter, presumably to Gorinchem and all from the 12th century, in Ghent from the 13th, one finds still remains of wall paintings in many churches, including the northern and Southern Netherlands in Maastricht and in Haarlem from the 14th century, and 15th to Stedum. Not only on the walls and pillars were early colorful mural but also on the altars, statues and banners in churches and castles. The oldest known Panel painting is perhaps the Utrecht of 1363, by an anonymous, followed by those of Melchior Broederlam in Bruges, dating from about 1390.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">That art was made in the Netherlands in first place in the rich regions Flanders and Brabant practitioners, and soon also in Holland that they emulated. What the other regions show is there only a weak reflection of around 1500 with Holland: Utrecht could compete, but the South was at the top.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Hugo van der Goes was in his time-he died in 1482-as first painter known North of the Alps. His studio in Brussels was visited by Maximilian of Austria. Together with the teachers painters Jan and Hubert van Eyck and their sister, Margaret,is he like Rogier van der Weyden, Hans Memling and Dirk Bouts at the Flemish primitives reckoned, that by their masterpieces the Burgundian Netherlands widely fame gave. They brought innovation in the painting technique with their work usually until the early Northern renaissanceengraver.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 15th century was the painting no longer purely intended as ventilation and explanation of religious subjects and limited to the buildings, but was also out, and those who could afford it bought paintings and other works of art to their luxurious palaces to decorate and to impress visitors. At the Court of the talented Duke John of Bavaria lived about 1420 all painters who their works not only at the service of the Prince but also offered to the wealthy audience. There followed in the second half of the 15th century, more and more worldly women artists in the foreground.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The development of the old stained-glass art remarkable (stained glass and stained glass that later in the medieval European cathedrals from as early as the 10th century was applied) in the 15th and 16th centuries. According to Harold Van as "one finds little stained-glass art in the sunny South. A rather grey rainy day is the best day for a stained glass window. The light is then after all of a certain blurriness and equal restrained intensity." Already in the 13th century there are still traces of this art to Spaarndam, and documents from the 14th and 15th centuries are full posts by donations from church painted glass by princes and gentlemen to churches from South to North. Bernard van Orley 's work in the South, and the brothers Crabeth Middle 16th century in Gouda, show the level that this art in the Burgundian time had reached.

Adoration of the Lamb<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The adoration of the Lamb, the joint work from Ghent 1426 of the brothers Hubert and Jan van Eyck, (presumably died in 1448), stood by its finesse and colour whose freshness the centuries has defied, by the accuracy of the drawing, and their symmetrical structure model for a whole school of Flemish painters. To their fame in Italy called by, and Italian painters came to Bruges to study their art. The technique to the works Madonna van der Paele and the Madonna of Chancellor Rolin by Jan van Eyck was applied, is still of a higher level than the Lamb of God.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Of similar class or possibly higher was Hans Memlincc. 1480 in Bruges was at work, where also some of his best works have been preserved. Further there were from Flanders, Brabant and Holland: Rogier van der Weyden, teacher of Memlinc, itself loved pupil of Jan van Eyck, who in the middle of the century especially in Brussels has worked and excelled by his clear and powerful coloration, David Gerard of Oudewater, Dirk Bouts of Haarlem, which worked in Leuven (1470), Geertgen tot Sint Jans (Haarlem)...

<p lang="en" len="336" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A distinctive Hieronymus Bosch takes place from 's-Hertogenbosch in with his imaginative monsters, flying fish and other weird. ===Architecture and sculpture<span class="mw-editsection" len="383" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Brussels City Hall<p lang="en" len="312" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Most concrete eye-catching witnesses of blooms and cultural development in the low countries during and shortly before the Burgundian time are yet to date the numerous buildings for religious, commercial and public use, or private homes built by wealthy nobles and later patricians.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The ornate City Hall on the Grand place of Brussels whose construction was started in 1402 in the King's House found a worthy counterpart; the Fair in Antwerp, built in 1485, and the famous Tower of the our Lady Cathedral there, which was built between 1352 and 1521, is among the highlights of the Brabant Gothic reckoned. The Oudenaarde Town Hall, the building of the great Council of Mechelen, several Guild houses in Mechelen, Antwerp, Brussels and elsewhere, the proud homes of Nassau 's, Hoogstraten's, Ravenstein's, Croy's, Egmont's and those of many other significant genera in the residence cities of Brussels and Mechelen dagtekenen from the time of Regent Margaret of Burgundy, who had eye for beautiful buildings. Already from the time of Philip the good was the Leuven Town Hall by Matthijs de Layens. The Keldermansarchitecten (the genus Of Mansdale) from Mechelen carried the typical style and design of the St. Rumbold's Cathedral, for example, in all the Netherlands and France to in. The Haarlem sculptor Claus Sluter, which also some common images (the petits pleureurs) of the tomb of Duke Philip the bold had its formation, probably made in Brussels received. But he was early on by the Duke of Burgundy to Dijon (Besançon), dynastic capital of his Duchy, called, where he with several other sculptors from the low countries went to work and they trained. In the low countries themselves was his art during the Burgundian period no longer matched. ===Music<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Dufay and Binchois first famous representatives of the Flemish Polyphony (from Le Champion des dames)Flemish-Flemish composer Jacob Obrecht <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Still before the painting was the music coming from the low countries already famous. Already in the days of Philip the good was regarded as the best in Europe. In France, Germany and Italy led musicians from the low countries around 1500 the chapels to the princely courts and in the main churches of the main cities. Most and most important composers were born in the historic counties of Flanders and Hainaut and the Duchy of Brabant. They found very often employs outside the low countries, especially in Italy,Kingdom of France, the Holy Roman Empire (Germany, Austria, Bohemia, ...), the Spanish Empire, Hungary, England, Denmark and other parts of Europe. Historian Guicciardini recognized that the Fiaminghi Flemish polyphony with their music "have elevated and brought to finality". And according to the Venetian Cavallo was even the source of music in the low countries. The spread of their style, driven by revolutionary developments in the field of music printing from 1501, then created the first truly international style since the imposed uniformity of Gregorian chant from the 9th century. At the start of the Flemish polyphony existed printing yet, and was a wide spread of handwritten copies considered as proof of Fame and popularity.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Because of the tremendously rich matter and the style evolution within the Franco-Flemish School in the polyphony five generations are differentiated, spread over the period of about 1380-1630. The Liège artist Johannes Ciconia so along with six other skilled composers from the nulgeneratie. He also wrote secular music, as well as most mental including ballads and madrigals, motets. The first half of the 15th century is dominated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai school of Guillaume Dufay . After this ' first Flemish School ' or so-called Burgundian School (circa 1420-1460), which includes Gilles Binchois of mountains belonged as well as the two possible relatives Arnoldus and Hugo de Lantins, you experience especially the Johannes Ockeghem from Hainaut (father of modern counterpoint and teacher of Josquin des Prez) and the closely associated with him connecting Gabriel Alexander Agricolaforward. The latter is one of the rare transitional figures between the Burgundian style, and the style of the Flemish polyphonists ofJosquin's generation, which itself still in both musical styles wrote, which would develop the Prima Prattica . Further belonged to the generation of the famous composer Josquin, but especially gifted copyist from Nuremberg, Petrus Alamire Jacob Obrecht, de Gentenaar, who also worked in Ferrara, and Pierre de la RueKortrijkzaan. About the middle of the century started countless composers and singers the new style through the estates all over Europe from Italy, France and Spain to carry, to Germany, Hungary, England, Denmark to far. This movement was led by Ockeghem from Dendermonde, which, among other things, at three French kings as 1732, he entered the service. ===Literature<span class="mw-editsection" len="364" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1425 Duke John IV, Duke of Brabant founded the University of Leuven, with its own Board and case law, police, prison, and that was exempt from tax. But it was the plastic arts and their music that provided the Fiaminghi foreign fame and not the science or literature. The literature was just like the University largely in French, because the Court art and culture that they inspired in French was. Well-known columnists were Olivier de La Marche and Jean Froissart. The rich Burgundian library came mainly under Philip the good to stand. The current Royal Library of Belgium in Brussels has developed from this. Historians were in the Burgundian time diplomats, advisers and even krijgslui, that of near the events followed. Philip van den Clyte come out, therefore also called Comynes, was the most important in that field. His work has been seen as anticipating the Renaissance literature . But there was also Chatellain from Aalst.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Also folk songs were recorded, especially in the 15th and 16th centuries, including the old simple Christmas songs. Sister Bertken was believed as Utrecht recluse some spiritual songs. People who wanted to engage itself with the literature could do that in the context of the guilds and Chambers of rooms (the "Cameren of Rhetoric"). Also plays were written and performed, possibly as outdoor car play for the general public, such as the mystery plays. ==Religious decline and undermining the papal authority<span class="mw-editsection" len="412" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Western schism between 1378 and 1417 fell in the Burgundian period and took care of Division in Europe and undermining the papal authority, since there are two and even three Popes were. Calls for an overall reform, but the Church missed the vigour to torn to do something with it. The period was accompanied by General moral decay both among laymen as clergy. The courts and higher circles were marked by great wealth that accompanied frivolity and self-indulgence. Many clergymen allowed themselves therein entrainment to the annoyance of simple believers. Assigned to protégés were mental civil or for money taken.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As typically Dutch came against the religious movement devotio Moderna degradation the forward. Inspired by the Flemish béguinages founded Geert Grote from Deventer, already in 1379 a House for Sisters of the Common Life, focus on repentance and contemplation, and strongly under the influence of Ruysbroeck. As in the beguinages gold no monastic rule and retained the women of these communities thus relative independence, also financially, in front of the religious authorities, even though the latter would soon attempt to via the ' mistress ' to influence and regulate the course of events. This happened, inter alia, on the basis of the heresy restraining, where more and more women suffer when they were in the outside world were accused of witchcraft . Personal sanctification and practical life wisdom formed the ambition of both laymen and clergymen of the modern devotion. The later next Reformation would also and above all in much of the range of the devotio Moderna take root.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Also the strictest order, that of the Carthusians began in this period to found monasteries, eleven in number on the Belgian territory in the 14th and 15th centuries. They also maintained a high spiritual life amid the General religious decline and exercised strong influence on other already existing monastic orders. Dionysius the Carthusian was the author of the first book was printed in Flanders, "Speculum conversionis peccatorum" ("mirror of the repentance of sinners"). ==End of the Burgundian Kingdom<span class="mw-editsection" len="385" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Duchess Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Burgundy, the low countries last Duchess, damaged in an accident in 1482 (25 years)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When Mary of Burgundy, heiress of the low countries was her hand was sought by many. The French King Louis XI was hoping for her marriage to his son Charles. When her father early 1477 Charles the bold was killed in the battle of Nancy against Lorraine and Switzerland, made France the opportunity to large parts of the Empire, including Burgundy itself instead to annex, following the Burgundian succession war that accompanied homegrown troubles, such as the rebellion of cities and the Guelders war of independence. But in August married Mary with the Austrian Archduke Maximilian, making the houses were connected to Burgundy and Habsburg.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the premature death of the young Duchess of Burgundy and the low countries came last in the hands of the Habsburg monarchy. Burgundy itself remained in name still survive, as they used Lorraine, but would play no important role more. It was reduced to the old French province of Burgundy, the current region.

<p lang="en" len="1030" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Habsburgs Burgundy (that is, the Burgundian Netherlands and, starting from 1493, Franche-Comté, later also joint the Burgundian circle of the Holy Roman Empire) acquired in 1543 also guelders and Friesland, with which the seventeen provinces finally came under one ruler.