Iranian Revolution



The Iranian revolution was the revolution in Iran that began in november 1978, which the dictatorial, pro-Western Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was deposed in favor of, ultimately, an Islamic Republic led by the ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The revolution took place in two phases. In the first phase drove out an Alliance of Liberal, left-wing and religious groups the Shah. In the second phase, often called the Islamic revolution, Khomeini seized power.

The revolution started in november 1978, though there were also been various protests. On January 16, 1979 the Shah fled, though he turned it for like a long vacation. On 1 February Khomeini returned back from his exile and he began to transform the pluralist revolution quite quickly to a pursuit of absolute power for the clergy.



Content
[hide] *1 Causes  ==Causes[ Edit] == The exact reason why the Shah was put out and the land was formed into an Islamic Republic, is debatable.
 * 2 beginning of the revolution
 * 3 Islamic revolution
 * 4 end of the revolution
 * 5 role of the United States
 * Impact on other countries 6
 * 7 see also
 * 8 external link

A number of items of the Shah's regime where dissatisfaction was, inter alia, gave rise to the revolution:

==Beginning of the revolution[ Edit] == The Shah with president CarterIn 1977 came students rebelled against the regime and called for a State in which the Persian and the Islamic character of the country more came forward. Until then had been a dictatorship that Iran was strongly supported by the West, the United States leading the way. Soon locks more dissatisfied people joined them, including intellectuals, traders, the Communist Tudeh Party and clergy.
 * The strict policy of Westernization of the country.
 * The expulsion of the Communist Tudeh Party. [1]
 * The abolition of the multiparty system in favor of a one-party system, in which the Shah, the Rastakhiz party (The Revival Party), the only ruling political party of the country was where everyone had to be a member of. [2]
 * The secret police of the Shah, the SAVAK, which opponents of the regime and these by torture captives, oppressed and sometimes executed. [3]
 * The growing economic disparity between the elite and the masses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" len="169" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [4]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1978 the Shah carried out hastily by some measures such as the alignment with the undo of the Iranian calendar year and the abolition of the one-party system. The latter gave the National Front the chance to organize itself again. Islamic revolutionaries founded the Islamic Revolutionary Party (IRP), which itself felt with the related ideas of Khomeini. But the measures of the Shah came too late.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In september 1978 destabilized the country. Large scale protests took place regularly. On Friday 8 september found a huge demonstration in Tehran. The demonstration was brutally put down in which hundreds of people were killed. As a result, the resistance against the regime only became stronger, both among its own people to other countries. The Shah announced the martial law off.

<p lang="en" len="254" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A general strike in October 1978 took place, with most industries were closed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In december, during the Islamic month of muharram, the protests reached their peak. During muharram, and then specifically during ' Āshūrā, is remembered that Imam Hussein, the grandson of the ProphetMohammed, as a martyr was killed by the army of the Umayyad Caliph tyrannical Yazid I in the battle of Karbala. The Shah was put down during the commemorations as a contemporary tyrant and unjust ruler.Muslims have a duty to revolt against tyranny and daily protests took place in that month. The army was divided between the injunction against the protesters to act.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 4 January 1979 Shahpur Bakhtiar, the Shah appointed President of the National Front, as Prime Minister. On 16 January fled the Shah-with a bag of Iranian Earth on bag-going abroad. He himself stated that he went on holiday. On his departure he knew all that he suffered to cancer . Along with his family, he went to Egypt, the only country that wanted to allow them. The Shah was sicker and returned to his country for fear of persecution no longer back. He died two years later of cancer in Egypt. ==Islamic Revolution<span class="mw-editsection" len="346" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == The return of Khomeini<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On February 1, 1979 ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned after fifteen years in exile back to Iran. Khomeini associated himself with the various imams of the Twelver Shiism. He considered himself as the successor of the imams and in the absence of the twelfth imam-or an imam mahdi would return until the end of time-he wanted to lead the faithful.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Khomeini left at that time not yet see the back of his tongue. Khomeini spoke to the people with an anti-American, a antidictatoriale attitude and appeal to freedom.Muslims had a duty to stand up against tyranny.

<p lang="en" len="295" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On February 11, 1979 the Shah's regime collapsed as a result of which the victory of the coup perpetrators of the Iranian revolution was completely.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Khomeini appointed the mental Mehdo Bazargan to Prime Minister of a provisional Government. Shahpur Bakhtiar knew to flee out of the country with the help of Bazargan.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In april 1979 was held a referendum in which the population could speak in favour of the retention of the monarchy or the establishment of an Islamic Republic. Because most people were against the Shah, it was chosen by an overwhelming majority for the creation of an Islamic Republic and in april 1979, the Islamic Republic of Iranproclaimed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In August 1979, elections were held for a constituent Assembly and the Islamic Revolutionary Party won the elections. The IRP was a very Khomeini-faithful party. With a majority in the constituent Assembly could the Muslim fundamentalists push through a radical Islamic Constitution.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The revolution also had a strong anti-American and anti-imperialist character. For years the United States had supported the dictatorship of the Shah and the revolution of 1953 quashed. Protesters burned American flags and chanted slogans like "death to America!". In november 1979 Islamic militants occupy the American Embassy inTehran and took 63 American diplomats and civilians hostage. The hostage takers demanded among other things the rendition of the United States residing at that time in the Shah. In april 1980 tried to liberate the hostages American commands during Operation Eagle Claw, but a helicopter and plane bumped into each other causing the action failed. After 444 days on 21 January 1981 the hostages were free. ==End of the revolution<span class="mw-editsection" len="346" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In december 1979 was the drafting of the new Constitution, on Islamic-style ready and obtained the titles of the revolution Leader Khomeini and Supreme Leader of Iran. In that capacity he gained a tremendous power.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The name of the State was changed to Islamic Republic of Iran <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" len="169" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5]. Under the new Constitution of the Republic was in fact two Governments provided. The first, which represented the sovereignty of the people, was led by a Parliament and a Prime Minister. The second, which represented the sovereignty of God, was led by Khomeini.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">This direct intervention of the clergy in politics was new. Since the beginning of the 16th century the State religion in Iran, Shiism became the clergy had kept aloof from direct State interest. Under the policy of ' valajat-e by Khomeini imported Fabian ' or ' the guardianship of the jurist ' one man obtained the absolute domination. Also that was new, because the different ayatollahs more or less on an equal footing. Dissident ayatollahs was gagged.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On February 4, 1980 was the Khomeini Abolhassan Bani Sadr follower-president of the Islamic Republic and in August of that year was Mohammad Ali Raja'i as Prime Minister. However, President Bani-Sadr soon with Khomeini in conflict about his fundamentalist rate. Bani-Sadr, for years a confidant of Khomeini, was pushed aside and explained to public enemy. Bani-Sadr knew to flee Iran and settled in France. Ali Rajaj, the successor of President Bani-Sadr, and his premier Mohammad Bahonar came to a bomb attack killed in August 1981. Because of the resulting crisis, a provisional Presidential Council set up. On 13 October 1981 Ali Khamenei became president.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the course of 1981 forbade Khomeini the left and groups which until then had supported Khomeini always. The groups that were banned were among other things the Mujahedeen e-Khalq, which, while Islamic was Marxist, but also and the Fedayan ("warriors"), a guerrilla group that existed since the beginning of the 1970s the Shah against moisture. In addition, during this period also the Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) prohibited. Since 1975 this party maintained close ties with Khomeini, but was Sunni. A party that supported the ban on these parties and remained faithful to Khomeini was the Communist Tudeh Party, not knowing that it was the next victim. In February 1982 she was finally prohibited. ==Role of the United States<span class="mw-editsection" len="351" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Since 1977, Jimmy Carter was president and this had after the Viet Nam war significantly curtailed the CIA recent in its capabilities. For the idealistic Carter formed combat arms trade and the spread of human rights are the main goals in foreign policy. The Shah was not seen in the Cold War point of view of balance of power. The Office for human rights of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs carried out in accordance with the new priorities obstruction against Iranian requests for tear gas and other crowd-control resources at the time of the expanding unrest. In Iran arose an increasing realization that the us no longer to the Shah's regime would support every price, which encouraged the strikes, demonstrations and riots.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The then Secretary of State, Cyrus Vance, a lawyer in international law, and the bureaucracy of his Ministry believed that promoting democracy in Iran and political compromises rather than the correct target were saving their old ally. The American Ambassador in Tehran predicted optimistically that the fall the Shah would lead to a pro-Western Government which Khomeini a benevolent 'Gandhi-like ' role would play.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" len="169" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [6]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Only Carter's national security adviser, Zbigniew Brzeziński, was vehemently against this appeasementpolitiek. His recipe was rather a coup by the army and trained by the pro-Western and therefore a United States Army General sent US as liaison. But Cyrus Vance and Vice President Walter Mondale were strongly against every encouraging projects to print the header in the Islamic revolution and Iran's Carter finally decided to get his hands pull off. He continued to systematically repeat: "we are not going to interfere in Iranian Affairs us."

<p lang="en" len="377" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the Islamic revolution even hawks understood as Brzezinski in mind that this event the global clash of the West with the political islam ushered and reported: "We must to the Iran issue not to generalize" and advised Carter that "Islamic revolutionary movements probably not the wave of the future will be."

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Other government officials even went so far as to the ayatollah to be welcomed. Andrew Young, the US Ambassador at the United Nations, praised at the time of the rotation the "strong cultural force" of islam and predicted that Khomeini a "sort of Holy will be like we are beyond the panic".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" len="169" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [7] ==Impact on other countries<span class="mw-editsection" len="347" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p lang="en" len="75" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The new rulers wanted their message spread to other countries.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Iranian television broadcasts in Arabic called the Shiites in Iraq on to revolt against Saddam Hussein. Hussein-a secular ruler-angered old border conflicts with Iran and Iran, which is now no longer thought of weapons was provided and internally is far from stable, was easy to win. On 23 september 1980 Iran-Iraq war broke out, which would be disastrous for both countries. Although Khomeini not only the Shiite minority but all Muslims to wanted to speak, the Persian-Arab and Sunni-Shiite rivalry sure only few Muslims supported Khomeini's call for revolution. During the war Iraq was supported by the Gulf States and by Western countries. The hoped-for rebellion of the Shiites in Iraq stayed out. On the other hand, spent the war not the easy victory that Saddam Hussein had hoped. The war lasted eight years and there was no winner or loser to pinpoint, but spread the Islamic revolution was stopped.

<p lang="en" len="107" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">While Syria supported Iran, but a religious revolution there in February 1982 was nipped in the bud.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Iran supported the Shia Hezbollahmovement, which was then in conflict with other parties during the Lebanese civil war.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In addition, Iran supported the PLO leader Yasser Arafat, who was in Tehran as a national hero. The support Iran provided for the Palestinians much sympathy among other Muslims on.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The fact that the then US president Jimmy Carter was unable to solve the hostage taking of the American Embassy, has contributed to his loss in the presidential election of 1980 against Ronald Reagan.