Oscar Niemeyer

Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho ( Rio de Janeiro , December 15 1907 - there, December 5 2012 ) was a Brazilian architect . He was one of the most important architects in the modern architecture and was a pioneer in the use of the possibilities of reinforced concrete .Although he was a follower of functionalism, his oeuvre is not the cold and blocky look that the postmodernists so criticized. The dynamic form and sensuous curves of his buildings Niemeyer is sometimes more of a sculptor than an architect named -. sometimes referred admiration, sometimes referred to as criticism. He was active until the end of his life as an architect.



Contents
*1 Biography  ==[Biography  edit ] == Niemeyer was born in a street that was later named after his grandfather Ribeiro de Almeida. He spent his youth as a typical young " Carioca "from that time: as a carefree hedonist. He completed his secondary school off when he was 21 years old and married at this age with Annita Baldo, daughter of Italian immigrants from Venice . With her he had a daughter, Anna Maria Niemeyer. Once married, he felt the burden of responsibility and he decided to continue his studies.
 * 2 First works
 * 3 Pampulha project
 * 4 years forty and fifty
 * 5 Brasilia
 * 6 Exile
 * 7   Eighties and later

He began working in the graphic workshop of his father, and he enrolled at the "Escola Nacional de Belas Artes", where he 1934 graduated as an engineer in architecture. In that time he had financial difficulties, but nevertheless he decided to work unpaid at the architectural firm of Lucio Costaand Carlos Leão . He questioned the architecture he met in the Brazilian streets and hoped that he would find this answer by these architects.

In 1945 he started as an architect to build one name. He was then a member of the Brazilian Communist Party . Niemeyer was a child from the time of the Russian Revolution, a young idealist during the Second World War and survived the Cold War . When in 1964 the army took over power anddemocracy gave way to the dictatorship, Niemeyer went into exile in France , though joked the Brazilian Minister of Aviation that "he better to Moscow could have fled. "  ==Initial work [  edit ] == In 1937 the architect Lucio Costa and Carlos Leão, where Niemeyer worked with the Brazilian Education Minister Gustavo Capanema asked to design the new building of the Ministry of Education and Health in Rio de Janeiro. This project was part of the political context of the República Nova ("New Republic"), when the then president Getúlio Vargas architecture and urbanism wanted to use to illustrate the new direction of the nation: exports of agricultural products (eg coffee) and industrialization.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">The Palácio Capanema (Ministry of Education and Health) was one of the first buildings were fundamentally modernist. The project was so daring that Costa called on other young architects to 'divide' the project: Affonso Eduardo Reidy , Ernani Vasconcellos , Jorge Moreira and even the French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier . The latter had by then written a number of books on architecture but never had the opportunity to apply his ideas into practice, except for a few summer cottages. He was both by Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer admired. The building was completed in 1943.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">In 1939 Niemeyer traveled with Costa to New York for the Brazilian pavilion at the world exhibition design. He kept it a presentation about the Palácio Capanema. It was a time when Europe and the United States turned their attention entirely on the Second World War while Brazil could focus on architecture. This Niemeyer suddenly belonged to the forefront of the international modern architecture, which he thanks his talent would remain one for some time. ==<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);"><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;">[Pampulha  project <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;">edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">]  == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">In 1940, Niemeyer taught the future Brazilian president Juscelino Kubitschek know. This was then mayor of Belo Horizonte and wanted an area north of the city development which calledPampulha. Kubitschek asked Niemeyer, a number of buildings to design for. Thus he got at the age of 33 his first individual instruction including the Museu de Arte da Pampulha, the church of São Francisco de Assis and plants and animals.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">When these buildings were finished in 1943, they reaped both admiration and criticism. The Catholic Church refused to 1959. São Francisco dedicate de Assis Church in Belo Horizonte, partly because of the unorthodox shape, partly because of the contemporary murals by Candido Portinari . <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[2] The mural was entirely abstract, a recognizable dog after may St Francis of Assisiproposed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">In Pampulha project Niemeyer began with a style that would prove typical for his entire oeuvre: he took advantage of the design possibilities of reinforced concrete to give sinuous forms of his buildings. When Niemeyer designed a building, he used minimal straight lines. Rather, he used organic forms. However, he refused to acknowledge that his buildings have a certain aesthetic, which would be in contradiction with his functionalism : instead he always described accurately the function of each curve. [https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.co.uk&sl=nl&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bronvermelding&usg=ALkJrhgSmvPee-JqyCgbBJfN5AmT0vV4RQ#Bron_gevraagd <sup class="noprint nopopups" style="line-height:1;">[source? ]] ==Forties and fifties <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Edifício Copan (completed in 1966) in Sao Paulo<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">In 1947 he achieved international fame. Niemeyer designed as the headquarters of the United Nations in New York . The year before he had already received an invitation from the University of Yale, but because of his political ideas was refused a visa. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[3] In 1950, the first book about his work (The Work of Oscar Niemeyer) in the US, written by Stamo Papadaki .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">In Brazil, he designed São Paulo 's Ibirapuera Park (a park with pavilions for exhibitions, which was built in honor of the 400th anniversary of São Paulo and the Edifício Copan (a 37-storey apartment building) in 1951. In 1952 he came finally to build his own house in Rio de Janeiro. In this Casa das Canoas now houses the Oscar Niemeyer Foundation.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Juscelino Kubitschek was elected president of Brazil in 1956 and increased again in contact with Niemeyer. This time it was a project of a different kind: the construction of Brasilia, the new capital in the uninhabited center of the country. ==Brasilia <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Brasilia Cathedral (completed in 1970)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">For the new Brazilian capital Brasilia Niemeyer himself designed the main buildings. His old friend and former boss Lucio Costa designed the city plan. For other buildings Niemeyer wrote out a competition.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Within months, Niemeyer designed dozens of buildings, including commercial, government offices and residential blocks. He also designed the presidential residence Palácio da Alvorada (Palace of the Dawn), the National Congress, the Cathedral of Brasilia , the buildings of the ministries, the government headquarters (Palácio do Planalto). Brasilia has seen from the air in the form of a plane, through which the city radiates a certain formal unit.Cathedral of Brasilia is a striking design, where several modern symbols are processed. The entrance to the cathedral is underground through a dimly lit corridor that contrasts sharply with the strong natural light inside the cathedral.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">The construction of Brasilia was a monumental project to do an entire city from scratch erected right in the middle of dry and unpopulated Brazil. It was Kubitscheks intention that this would work as a lever for connecting the industrial development of Brazil through the remote parts through the capital with each other and to populate the interior. Niemeyer and Lucio Costa took advantage of to give their modernist ideas practical form: streets without intersections, buildings on pillars hover above the ground so that the space underneath can be used as a public space and integration of the city with nature.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Brasilia is planned, built and put into operation within the government term of four years, the Brazilian president had available. After the construction was Niemeyer coordinator of the Architecture Faculty at the University of Brasilia . In 1963, Niemeyer honorary member of the American Institute of Architecture, the same year in which he was the Lenin Prize took delivery for peace.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">In 1964 he returned from a trip from Israel to Brazil was changed. In March 1964 became president João Goulart, overthrown in a military coup. The military turned the country into a dictatorship . ==<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[Exile  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">The position of communists was particularly difficult during the military dictatorship in Brazil. Niemeyer's projects were rejected discreetly, the headquarters of the journal of which he was director(Módulo) was destroyed, his customers disappeared. In 1965, 200 professors, including Niemeyer, resigned from the University of Brasilia in protest against the policy towards the universities. In the same year Niemeyer traveled to France for an exhibition of his work in the Louvre .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">The following year, he settled in Paris . There began a new phase in his life and in his work. He opened an office on the Champs Elysées and had customers in several countries. In France, he designed the headquarters of the French Communist Party and the cultural center Le Volcan in Le Havre . In Italy he designed the headquarters of publishing house Mondadori . ==Eighties and later <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Niterói Contemporary Art Museum(completed in 1996) in Niterói, a suburb of Rio de Janeiro<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">The Brazilian dictatorship lasted 21 years. In the eighties, Brazilian politics was gradually becoming more liberal. In this context, Niemeyer returned to his country. He characterized this as the beginning of the last phase of his life. During this period he designed the JK Memorial in Brasilia (a memorial honoring Juscelino Kubitschek, 1980), the Sambódromo da Marques de Sapucaí in Rio de Janeiro (1984), the Panteão da Pátria (Pantheon of the Fatherland, 1985) and Memorial da América Latina (1987).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">In 1988 he won the Pritzker Prize for architecture.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">In 1996, at the respectable age of 89, he designed what many consider his most important work: the Niterói Contemporary Art Museum (MAC), representing the Museum of Modern Art in Niterói .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">In 2003, Niemeyer was asked to the Serpentine Gallery in London to build an art gallery that demands a famous architect each year to remodel the building.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">On 22 November 2003 in the Brazilian city of Curitiba opened a complex which contains the Museu Oscar Niemeyer is housed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">From September 21 to October 17, 2009 stayed in Niemeyer hospitalized because of gallstones and an intestinal tumor . Then he resumed his work on a series of buildings in Niterói, where he opened a museum in 2010, designs and models of his work exhibits.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Niemeyer died ten days before his 105th birthday in a hospital in Rio de Janeiro, where he on November 2 due to a respiratory infection was recorded. He was buried in Brasilia .