Edinburgh

Edinburgh (Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Host, Scottish: Embra, Edinburrie, poetic or Embro : Edina or Dunedin, Dutch also: Edinburg) is since 1437 the capital of Scotland.The City (city) is located on the East Coast, on the South side of the Firth of Forth, and is the seat of the Scottish Parliament, in 1999, that has been reset. The city is sometimes affectionately known as Auld Reekie by inhabitants ("old Rokerd") called. The city is not the largest city in Scotland is Glasgow, that.



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[hide] *1 History  ==History[ Edit] == Edinburgh began as a fort on the easily defensible Castle Rock. The first inhabitants, Primal-bulkheads, lived from about 6000 BC at the foot of this rock. In the bronze age around 1000 BC are founded upon this rock settlements. After the Romans in the 1st century AD were to Scotland, they came into contact with the Celtic tribe of theVotadini (later Goddodin), from whom the fortress (dun eidyn) on the Castle Rock stood. In the 7th century the fort was conquered by the English (Northumbriërs) includes all over southern Scotland. The English called it fort Eiden's burgh. ("Burgh" is both Dutch and old-English for: burg, Castle, fort, veste, Fortress or reinforcement).
 * 2 Climate
 * 3 administrative divisions
 * Culture 4
 * 4.1 Events
 * 5 points of interest
 * 5.1 Museums
 * 5.2 Old Town and New Town
 * 5.3 Holyrood and Arthur's Seat
 * 5.4 Port
 * 5.5 Publishers
 * 5.6 Rockstar North
 * 6 transport
 * 7 twin towns — sister cities
 * 8 born in Edinburgh
 * 9 stayed in Edinburgh
 * 10 external links

In the 10th century the fort was retaken by the Scots. In 1070 built the King Malcolm III of Scotland Canmore and his Catholic English wife Margaret the first castle on the rock. Between 1084 and 1153 founded their faithful son, David I of Scotland, Holyrood Abbey and the city of Edinburgh (burgh) around the Castle.

In 1290 tried England after the death of Margaret ( Mac MalcolmKing House) Scotland to recapture. Edinburgh was burned down, but still appointed to Scotland's capital city Edinburgh, after Robert the Bruce in 1329 to King City (Royal Burgh) award-winning. Robert II In 1371 began with the Stuartdynasty, ' Stewart ' on his English.During the period of 1488 to 1513 renaissance Prince was created under the reign of James IV of Scotland the great Hall of Edinburgh Castle and was started with the building of the Palace of Holyroodhouse. With Leith as Edinburgh Harbour was soon an important trading centre.

The calvinist John Knox and the Scottish nobles introduced against the will of Queen Mary I of Scotland the Protestantism in Scotland. When in 1573 was a civil war came into being, Edinburgh on the side of Mary, until it was recaptured in 1573. In 1603 inherited the son of Mary, James VI of Scotland also the English throne and moved the Court to London. The Presbyterian Scottish opposition opposed in 1638 against the hegemoniale pursuits of the Scottish Stuarts and designed the National Covenant. The document was signed at the Greyfriarscemetery by the citizens of Edinburgh. In the framework of the Union with England in 1707 (Act of Union) was theParliament of Scotland raised. Edinburgh and Glasgow had benefit from their pro-English attitude and made an economic bloom by.

During the golden age (Age of Improvement) in the 18th century, the Georgian New Town built under the guidance of Henry PlayFair. He designed not only the House but also the street map. Through his work got the capital the name Athens of the North. To this the City Council came to reinforce the idea of the Parthenon in the early 19th century after building on Calton Hill. But Edinburgh was so poor that it could build the facade only. This structure was also nicknamed "The Pride and Poverty of Edinburgh".Around 1880 the number of inhabitants grew by 300,000 from the Victorian Edinburgh above. The social gap between the rich and the dirty alleys of Old Town New Town was enormous. Edinburgh Waverley Station and Forth Bridge stood for technical progress, but on the economic front was Edinburgh Glasgow with its trumped by heavy industry.

In 1934 became the Scottish National Party (SNP) was established. In the following decades their cry on far-reaching decentralization (devolution) getting louder. In 1996 gave England the Stone of Destiny (stone of destiny) back, which the Scottish Kings were crowned. A year after, the Scots in a referendum on greater autonomy. In 1999Queen Elizabeth II opened the Scottish Parliament, the first since 1707.

A disastrous conflagration in 2002 Cowgate and destroyed parts of the old city core. In 2004 Scottish representatives for the first time made use of the new Parliament building opposite Holyrood Palace. [1] ==Climate[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Generally know Edinburgh, just like the rest of Scotland, a temperate climate with relatively mild winters and very cool summers there in Edinburgh, although only about half as much precipitation as in Glasgow. ==Administrative divisions<span class="mw-editsection" len="337" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p lang="en" len="536" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Edinburgh has about 450,000 inhabitants, and is one of the lieutenancy areas and a Council area (council area). ==Culture<span class="mw-editsection" len="323" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Events<span class="mw-editsection" len="327" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Edinburgh is known from the international Edinburgh Festival, a combination of various music, opera, dance and theater performances, that attracts many tourists in the summer. On this international arts festival may experience the most famous artists and ensembles of the World on.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Every year In August the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo, held a world renowned tattoo where army units from around the world participating. More frequently carried out at least once during the tattoo Queen Elizabeth II comes looking. This military music parade takes place in the evening hours on the pedestrian square in front of Edinburgh Castle with Pipe Bands that play bagpipe and drumming. There parading traditional regiments and motor-and airborne divisions do a series of stunts. In the end, the Scottish song Auld Lang Syne Sung.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Around new year there is four days long celebration, Hogmanayfestival what it is called. There then find concerts in Princes Street Gardens and in the Cathedral. Likewise there's Fireworks on the seven hills of the city fired. Afterwards one proceeds according to the tradition first footing: knock at strangers or friends, because the first visitor of the new year would bring good luck.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The British Open is held every few years on the Muirfield golf course at Edinburgh. The British prefer to call it ' The Open ', because this competition is one of the four Majors every year. Nick Faldo won two of his three Open titles here.

<p lang="en" len="298" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At the end of August, the Edinburgh International Film Festival place. ==Points Of Interest<span class="mw-editsection" len="335" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Flag of Edinburgh.Monument in honour of Sir Walter Scott in Edinburgh.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">One of the most famous sights of the city is Edinburgh Castle, which was built on a volcanic rock. A Greek Acropolis on Calton Hill (Edinburgh is therefore called the Athens of the North.)

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Edinburgh has a Zoo, Edinburgh Zoo and a botanical garden, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In Edinburgh has the true story of the skyeterriër played Bobby, also called "Greyfriars Bobby" called. After his owner John Gray, a policeman, died in Edinburgh on 15 February 1858, Bobby slept for 14 years at the grave of his owner on Greyfriars Kirk yard at Greyfriars Kirk. Bobby was by many people on the stroke of one hour in the afternoon, he went to the coffee house and seen that there are lunch by the owner got. In addition, the license (a forerunner of the dogs tax) paid by the Provost of Edinburgh, Sir William Chambers, who is a great animal lover was. Bobby died in 1872. A Memorial in honor of Bobby, praised for his loyalty, stands in Greyfriars Place, before the former coffee house, now pub. The Kirk yard there is directly behind. ===Museums<span class="mw-editsection" len="321" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p lang="en" len="38" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Some other museums in Edinburgh are:

===Old Town and New Town<span class="mw-editsection" len="336" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The town of Edinburgh consists of Old Town and New Town. The Old Town consists of a castle and a main street with lanes in a herringbone pattern. This main street is called the Royal Mile . The Royal Mile runs from the castle to the Palace of Holyroodhouse and is primarily with tourist shops.
 * National Gallery of Scotland
 * Royal Scottish Academy
 * National Museum of Scotland
 * Royal Museum where the remains of Dolly the sheep are kept.
 * National War Museum in Edinburgh Castle
 * City Art Centre: Scottish Visual Arts (including McTaggart, Fergusson) and temporary exhibitions
 * Dean Gallery
 * John Knox House
 * Museum of Childhood
 * Museum of Edinburgh
 * The people's Story
 * Queen's Gallery
 * Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art
 * Scottish National Portrait Gallery
 * Writer's Museum
 * St Cecilia's Hall Museum of Instruments

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The castle is built on a rock (the so-called Castle Rock). Be called closes lanes referred to. The New Town is a prime example of a carefully planned urban sprawl from the 18th century. It stretches around the shopping areas of Princes Street, George Street and Queen Street. The Georgian architectural style dominates. Since 1995, the Old Town and New Town on the UNESCO World Heritage list. ===Holyrood and Arthur's Seat<span class="mw-editsection" len="341" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the South-Eastern stretch of the Old Town runs a 261 ha large park of the Royal Holyrood Palace up to the 251 m high volcano cone Arthur's Seat. At the top there is a panoramic view of the city, the river Forth and the surrounding area of the city. Not so far from the edge of the park is the State-of-the-art, fast developing part of Holyrood Scottish Parliament around the. ===Port<span class="mw-editsection" len="322" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Edinburgh formerly had extensive docks. The port area, Leith, has been restructured, and the port is now mainly served by cruise ships to Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Netherlands and Germany sail. In the harbour is now the 'Royal Yacht Britannia', a former ship of the Royal family, which is accessible for tourists. From Rosyth, a town just north of Edinburgh, was there until september 2008 has a ferry connection with Zeebrugge.This compound will in the spring of 2009 by Norfolkline resume. ===Publishers<span class="mw-editsection" len="326" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Encyclopædia Britannica was initially issued in Edinburgh, by Black Adam and Charles Black. Also two of the three main British cartographers came from Edinburgh. ===Rockstar North<span class="mw-editsection" len="331" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p lang="en" len="515" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rockstar North In Edinburgh is also the studio of Rockstar Games where, among others, the Grand Theft Autoseries is created. ==Transport<span class="mw-editsection" len="326" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Edinburgh is at the terminus of the A1 from Newcastle upon Tyne and London. The M8 connects the city with Glasgow and Falkirk with the M9 and the Scottish Highlands. Via the Forth Road Bridge (M90) one can reach Perth and Fife .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Edinburgh has a bypass, but this is no motorway and this one is in the North and East to distinguish an ordinary little town road. On the South side of the city is the bypass formed by the A720 (Edinburgh City Bypass), a main Expressway that connects through roads of Scotland. On the North and East side the bypass formed by the A902, the A199 and the A1.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The largest train station, Edinburgh Waverley Railway Stationis located between the Old Town and the New Town. From Waverley are many destinations can be reached by train in Scotland and England. Also the Haymarket train Station is an important station in the business district, especially since this is. Brunstane Railway Station, other drives are Drive Curriehill, Dalmeny Station (for Queensferry), Edinburgh Park Station,Station Kingsknowe, Newcraighall Station, Station Shaw fair, Slateford Station, South Gyle Station and Station Wester Hailes. Edinburgh has a small local railway network, run by Edinburgh Crossrail.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Edinburgh Airportis located near Galicia . Transportation from the city to the airport since May 31, 2014 shall be carried out with a brand new tram line. ==Partner Cities<span class="mw-editsection" len="330" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p lang="en" len="277" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Edinburgh has the following sister cities:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-partnersteden_3-0" len="175" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[3]

<p lang="en" len="273" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In addition, it is a partner city of:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-partnersteden_3-1" len="175" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[3]
 * Aalborg (Denmark)
 * Dunedin (New Zealand)
 * Florence (Italy)
 * Kiev (Ukraine)
 * Munich (Germany)
 * Nice (France)
 * San Diego (United States)
 * Vancouver (Canada)
 * Xi'an (China)

<p lang="en" len="278" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">And it also has a friendship with:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-partnersteden_3-2" len="175" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[3]
 * Krakow (Poland)

==Born in Edinburgh<span class="mw-editsection" len="337" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ==Stayed in Edinburgh<span class="mw-editsection" len="339" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==
 * Kyoto Prefecture (Japan)
 * David Hume (1711-1776), philosopher
 * James Hutton (1726-1797), Geologist
 * Sir Henry Raeburn (1756-1823), painter
 * Walter Scott (1771-1832), writer (Ivanhoe)
 * Fanny Calderón de la Barca (1804-1882), writer
 * James Nasmyth (1808-1890), inventor steam hammer
 * Robert Murray M'Cheyne (1813-1843), clergyman
 * James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1875), physicist
 * Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922), telephone pioneer
 * Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894), writer (treasure hunt)
 * Isaac Bayley Balfour (1853-1922), botanist
 * Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930), writer (Sherlock Holmes)
 * Douglas Haig (1861-1928), first world war field marshal)
 * Finlay Currie (1878-1968), actor
 * Speirs (1920-2007), American soldier and prison governor
 * Sean Connery (1930), actor
 * John McNeill (1933), botanist
 * Ian Richardson (1934-2007), actor
 * Hugh William Mackay (1937-2013), politician
 * George Smith (1943), football referee
 * Sandy Jardine (1948-2014), footballer
 * Lesley Beake (1949), author of children's books
 * Lindsay Duncan (1950), actress
 * Tony Blair (1953), Prime Minister
 * Graeme Souness (1953), football player and Manager
 * Edwyn Collins (1959), singer
 * Shirley Manson (1966), singer of Garbage
 * Dot Allison (1969), singer
 * Alan McLaren (1971), football player
 * Ewen Bremner (1972), actor
 * Craig Thomson (1972), football referee
 * Dario Franchitti (1973), race car driver
 * KT Tunstall (1975), singer
 * Chris Hoy (1976), cyclist
 * Laurence Docherty (1980), hockey player
 * Craig Gordon (1982), footballer
 * Allan McGregor (1982), footballer
 * Steven Whittaker (1984), footballer
 * Murray Davidson (1988), footballer
 * Daniel Wallace (1993), swimmer
 * Nina Nesbitt (1994), singer
 * Robert Burns (poet) lived a number of years in Edinburgh
 * Charles Darwin (biologist), studied in 1825 in Edinburgh
 * John Boyd Dunlop (inventor air band), graduated in 1859 in Edinburgh, and worked about 10 years as a veterinarian in the city
 * J.K. Rowling (author Harry Potter), wrote her first book in Edinburgh coffee-shop The Elephant House (21 George IV Bridge)
 * George Taylor, botanist