History of Scotland

This article aims to give an overview of the history of Scotland.

Scotland forms the northern part of Great Britain. This part was already inhabited before eight or nine millennia could be spoken of something like a Scottish identity, which happened during the long period that Scotland was an independent Kingdom. The Kingdom is in the course of the middle ages arose. As well as in Wales and Ireland there was no strong central authority. Most of the Scots today speaks English. In a sense, the Scots have their own language, Scottish Gaelic (Gaelic), lost. From the fourteenth century, feelings of enmity and mistrust of the larger and more prosperous England more or less a constant. Since 1603 are Scotland and England by the same monarchs ruled. In 1707 the parliaments of the two States were also merged and Scottish Pound replaced by the British pound[1]. The industrial revolution began in the two countries almost simultaneously. In the course of its history originated in Scotland a national church and its own legal system. Many Scots feel strongly linked to the history of the own family and with those of the own immediate vicinity.

The name Scotland derives from the Latin Scotia, Scotencountry. This Scoten, a Celtic people, settled from the North-East of Ireland around the fifth century on the west coast of Scotland. Originally (until the tenth century) indicated one to Ireland with Scotia ; the inhabitants of Scotia were Scot (t) i called.



Content
[hide] *1 Prehistory and Roman times  ==Prehistory and Roman times[ Edit] == Knapp or Howar, a House from 3500 BC.The oldest found traces of human habitation in Scotland are about 9,000 years old. Begin the habitation history. After the end of the last ice age land bridges people pulled over to the North. Possible older tracks are all wiped out by the advancing ice. Human presence over the subsequent millennia evidenced by archaeological excavations. From the stone age, the bronze age and the iron age artifacts are found. From the megalithic monuments of the [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=nl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F3e_millennium_v.Chr. third millennium], such as stone circles and burial vaults, it is apparent that there is social stratification had taken place. The elite could mobilize workers who performed a building plan with precision using astronomical calculations had come into being. Starting from ~ 2500 BC got some kill a private grave. Grave gifts suggest that one in a 'hereafter' believed. Metal working was associated with magic and divination. Although scarce, are also in prehistoric Scotland typical recovered fertility symbols .
 * 1.1 Picts and Romans
 * middle ages 2
 * 2.1 Alba
 * 2.2 High Middle Ages
 * 2.3 War of Independence and auld alliance
 * 3 early modern period
 * 3.1 Maria Stuart and the Reformation
 * 3.2 personal Union and internal wars
 * 3.3 United Kingdom
 * 4 modern times
 * 4.1 Victorian times
 * 4.2 20th century
 * 5 Bibliography
 * 6 Nuts

The first written record of what is now Scotland is probably stems from the Greek Pytheasaround [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=nl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F320_v.Chr. 320 BC.] [2]  sailed along the coast of Great Britain. ===Picts and Romans[ Edit] === Early Pictish stone, Aberlemno in Angus. In the stone are carved around symbols, including a snake, a double disc, a mirror and a comb.

Such stones are to be found in many places in Scotland.What the symbols mean is not clear. The role of the Pictsin Scottish history is surrounded with riddles.In the last millennium BC Celts migrated to the British Isles; the original population was largely assimilated by them. In Scotland the Pictssettled, which probably were for a significant portion of Celtic origin. However, some researchers believe older elements of earlier peoples in the Pictish culture to recognize. All in all, there are still many unanswered questions around the Picts exist. In the ninth century they more or less disappear from history.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">There are few sources about Scotland in the first millennium have been preserved. The archaeology is our main source. The Roman historian Tacitus wrote a biography Iulii Agricolae De vita et moribus about his father-in-law Agricola that contains valuable information. In the 7th century Adamnan, described the life of Columba. From the long period in between is virtually no written information surrendered. Scottish history has a long dark age.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first battle from Scottish history which we know was the battle of Mons Graupius in the autumn of the year 83. The Roman Governor Gnaeus Julius Agricolaby Britannia chased a group of tribes led by Calgacus until in the Highlands. According to Tacitus, 10,000 would ' Barbarians ' died. One agrees that Tacitus exaggerates.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Twice the Romans undertook an attempt to conquer Scotland. After that had failed they built by 117 to 138 the Hadrian's wall across the full range of Great Britainto protect itself against the raids of the Picts. Then they built between 142 and 154 160 km more northern the 63 km long wall of Antoninus, which left them 20 years later.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Most residents of Britain spoke in the time of the Roman occupation, a Celtic Britishlanguage. The Welsh, Cornish and Breton have it developed. Presumably it remained British until about 800 one language. Could also then speakers of the daughter languages for a long time to understand each other. The language of the Picts was probably a British dialect. Unlike the language of the British in England found the Pictish hardly influence of the Latin.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In all likelihood, the inhabitants in the South of the later Scotland for the first time introduced to the Christianity in the fourth century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" len="178" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [3]  Ninianus Bishop is considered the first Christian missionary in Scotland; He converted by the end of the fourth century the Celts widely to Christianity. ==Middle Ages<span class="mw-editsection" len="345" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On the territory of present Scotland lived at the beginning of the Middle Ages various peoples. At the end of the fifth century was a Kingdom in the West emerged,Dalriada, where Gaelic was spoken. The residents, called Scoti, were from Ireland and had established in Argyll . The Gaelic culture slowly supplanted that of the Picts. After the Great Migration, which had made an end to the Roman power in Great Britain, settled in the sixth century Anglo-saxons in the southeastern part of present-day Scotland. North of the Solway Firth had British established. Also, in time, were immigrants from Scandinavia at.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From 563 St. Columba introduced the Christianity in Scotland. In the 16th century George Buchanan introduced the myth of the Culdees, followers of a Celtic Church, which would have tried Scotland tapping to the influence of the Pope. The same Buchanan also has a lot of the ' Scottish history ' created or embellished.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Until the middle of the ninth century were the Scoti or Scoten of the Western lowlands and the Picts of the Highlands clans, later divided into warring fiefdoms. The Scottish unit was established by the incursions of theNormans. They paddled in 839 the Royal family of Pictavië from. ===Alba<span class="mw-editsection" len="337" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The Brecbennoch, the reliquary of Columba.

The relics of Columba were supposed to achieve victory on the battlefield. Both the Kings of Alba as later Kings of Scotland let these reliquary in the shape of a House to carry around the battlefield. Also in 1314 Robert the Bruce the Brecbennach left for the army spread.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Kenneth Mac Alpin, according to some sources, King of Dalriada, descended, according to tradition, on his mother's side from the Pictish Royal family. The Picts were too weakened to resist his claim to the throne of Pictavië. So came the Western lowlands of Dalriada and the Highlands of Pictavië gathered under the House of Alpin: the Kingdom of Alba. The heart of the Kingdom of Fortriu lay in.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Mac Alpins and their successors the Dunkelds had to give their rijkje defend against the Normans, which the Shetland Islands, theOrkney Islands and other northern areas occupy. By dynastic marriages in the long term were peaceful relations between Norway and Scotland.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From 843 Scoten and Picts were United under one King. The Empire was expanded: the Lothians in a southerly direction to the South of the Firth of Forth were conquered. Thereby made in the beginning of the eleventh century also two Gentiles, the British and the Angles, part of this Kingdom. Alba was the battle cry of "Albanaich!" ===High Middle Ages<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Apart from some brief interruptions in the eleventh century Scotland was ruled by three kings with a long reign. The longest was the reign of Malcolm III Canmore (1058-1093), the son of Duncan I. The Government of Macbeth († 1057) was a quiet period until the later Malcolm III with support of 1054 Dillon of Northumbria in the struggle for power began. Macbeth was succeeded by his stepson Lulach. In March 1058 Lulach to Huntly was ambushed and killed. A month later, Malcolm, 27 years old, too Scone inaugurated. Malcolm married Margaret, an English Princess.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">An important frost from the 12th century was David I (1124-1153). Before he became King of Scotland, he had a number of years at the Court of the English King Henry I (1100-1135) spent. In 1138, he led his army in the battle of the standard against the English. According to a contemporary description of the battle byRichard of Hexham existed its army from Normans, Germans, Englishmen, Northumbriërs and Cumbriërs, men from the Teviot Valley and from Lothian and Galloway,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" len="178" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[4] and bulkheads. In this century settled colonists from France and the low countries in Scotland.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" len="178" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [5]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the twelfth century, the Scottish Kings began to feodaliserenthe country. This led to a strong anglicization of the South and the eastern lowlands. Lothian area to the South of the Firth of Forth, made part of the Kingdom so long now that this was taken for granted.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1249 was Margaret, the wife of Malcolm III, Holy explained. This increased the prestige of the ruling dynasty and the Scottish Church. She is the only Scottish Royal Saint. The canonization was mainly the work ofDavid Bernham, Bishop of St Andrews. In the same year followed his father Alexander III the 11-year-old Alexander II on. ===War of Independence and auld alliance<span class="mw-editsection" len="369" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Scotland has never been a very stable Kingdom; It was often weighed down by the quarrels between the various clans that Scotland was rich. Nevertheless, retained the political independence for centuries againstEngland.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Dunkeld from the House died In 1290 . There were so many pretenders to the throne-among whom also count Floris V of Holland -that to King Edward I of England was asked to designate a King. His choice fell uponJohn Balliol, who was more or less an English vassal. This began a period in which the Kings of England were trying to bring under their rule to Scotland. This endeavor would be Scottish history throughout thefourteenth century, to a large extent, determine. The Scots speak of the War of Independence.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1295 ditch Balliol with France and Norway the auld alliance, an Alliance against England, would keep that up to 1560 . The English occupied the rich and Balliol disappeared into the Tower of London. During the uprisings that followed William Wallace was the leader of the Scots. He achieved some victories over England including the battle of Stirling Bridge, but in 1305 was betrayed and sentenced to death for treason in London. Arbroath Abbey, the west façade of the Abbey Church.

It is generally assumed in this abbey was to the Declaration of Arbroath drafted and signed, after which many nobles there attached their seal to.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1306, Robert the Bruce against the English came in revolt. He killed his rival John Comin and gained the support of the other noble clans. The independence was restored in 1314, when Robert Edward II 's Army unexpectedly in the pan cut at Bannockburn.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The most famous document of Scottish history is the Declaration of Arbroath of 1320. It is a request to the Pope to the excommunicationof Robert the Bruce to undo. According to the letter it was "for liberty alone that we fight and contend for, which no honest man will lose but with his life". The writings was soon forgotten and rediscovered only in the seventeenth century. Only from the nineteenth century it was considered as a kind of Constitution of Scotland.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" len="178" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [6]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1384, the Valley of the Teviot, Teviotdale, again under Scottish rule. It was the former border with England almost completely restored.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">David II (1329-1371) was imprisoned for 11 years by the English. In 1357 he returned to the Scotland back. To the civil war between theBruce and Balliol sexes was now ended. David II died childless; There were no heirs in the male line. A grandson of Robert I, Robert, High Stewart of Scotland, ascended the throne as Robert II of Scotland. Thus began the House of Stuart, which would rule over the next Scotland 343 years.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Many more victims than the wars with England made the plague, which Scotland between 1349 and 1455 plagued a number of times.The population decreased significantly. Then labor was a scarce commodity. For those who survived the epidemics, however, the consequences were favorable: the standard of living that took such Chronicles even talks of ' abundance '. The export of wool andleather on the other hand, took over half a century, with more than 60% off. Also strongly reduced the income of the Crown.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although this has left few traces, it is likely that the Church also in Scotland in this age was very afraid for heretical movements.Students who studied in Leuven or Cologne, there came in contact with the ideas of Wyclif and Hus. Especially in the County ofAyrshire was a tradition of unorthodox views that vooruitwijzen to the Reformation.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the Late Middle Ages and was 16th century Scotland as a result of a series of coincidences iterate through minor kings ruled. This was both detrimental to the stability of the monarchy as for the country as a whole. In 1437 was the six-year-old King James II . His son, James III (1460-1488) succeeded him as the nine-year-old servants of the Crown, public officials and lawyers, in these years had great influence on the Board. One of them, Archibald Whitelaw, was the Secretary of James III and the teacher of his eldest son and successor. Also the mothers of minors generally had great influence. Maria, the widow of James II, practiced for several years from the guardianship over her minor son. Margaret fulfilled a similar role, the widow of James III. The famous William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen, was a pupil of Archibald Whitelaw. ==Early Modern Period<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Bishop William Elphinstone<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After two centuries of stagnation and population decline began the population of Scotland in the 16th century to grow again. There was even talk of a growth of about 50% between 1500 and 1650. Both in the cities and in the countryside took the population. About one-tenth of the population lived in a city; the urbanization degree remained more or less constant. Spectacular was Edinburgh's growth. Lived there in 1650, about three times as many people as in 1550.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" len="178" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [7]  the growth of the population is even more remarkable because the plague continued to return and there was also regularly crop failures. Population growth did not remain without consequences. The number of poor and needy rose, the prices of food increased. In general currency devaluation took place. The differences between the rich and the poor rose.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">To sixteenth-century standards education in Scotland was relatively good. Between 1495 and 1544 became founded three new colleges ; presumably also took the number ofLatin schools (grammar schools) in the cities and the houses of the country gentlemen far. The college in Aberdeen was founded in 1495 by William Elphinstone, among other things, to combat heresies. ===Maria Stuart and the Reformation<span class="mw-editsection" len="362" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Low-relief in which John Knox preached in the St Giles ' Cathedral in Edinburgh,mur des réformateurs, Geneva.

Pictured include: James Stewart (Moray), James Hamilton (Châtellerault), Lord Darnley, Matthew Stewart (Lennox), William Maitland (Lethington), William Kirkcaldy(Grange), James Douglas (Morton), John Knox, and George Buchanan.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In december 1542 James Vdied. At that time it was Scotland at war with England. The daughter of Jacobus, Mary, Queen of Scots (1542-1567), was born just days before his death. In september 1543 she was crowned in Stirling . Custody was eventually shared. As usually was the long period of minority a time of instability. England interfered in all sorts of ways in the Scottish politics. James V's widow, Mary of Guise, knew the country bad. Cardinal Beatonwas an influential man. Beaton advocated strict prosecution of ' heretics '. Between 1528 and 1558 were twenty-one Protestants, mostly clergy, put to death for their faith. The minor Queen revolved around a web of intrigue in which a number of ambitious Scottish nobles fulfilled a key role. The most important of these were James Hamilton, Earl of Arran and the presumptive heir to the throne, Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox, who also made claim to the throne, and the Earl of Angus, which also had been very influential during the minority of King James V. Arran, sympathized with the Protestantism to suspected.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The reformation of 1560 is regarded as a watershed in the history of Scotland. The centuries-old ties with Rome and the Pope were broken; to worship in Latin was an end. A leading role was played by the reformer John Knox. The tradition regards it as the main event from the entire Scottish history, which the Scottish identity remains certain. This vision is expressed in Knox ' impressive description of the rotation, his "History of the Reformation in Scotland". The modern historiography tends more to emphasize the gradual developments. To the iconoclastic period in advance of 1559 went a trailer in which Protestantism gradually acquired. The elite of for the rotation in most cases retained his influence.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The end of the reign of the Catholic remained Maria Stuart was little lucky. Although they had now reached the age of majority was and about political talent, a civil war broke out. Maria fled to England. Maria Stuart was deposed In July 1567 . Five days later, her underage son, James VI (1567-1625), crowned King in Stirling. The sermon during the ceremony was held by John Knox. ===Personal Union and internal wars<span class="mw-editsection" len="372" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === St Giles ' Cathedral.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Scottish King James VI was as a protestant and a descendant of Henry VII already for a long time the intended successor of the childless Elizabeth I of England. When Elizabeth died in 1603, James VI of Scotland as James I became King of England. He moved almost immediately to London, probably because England was significantly richer and more powerful. Scotland and England remained two separate kingdoms, connected by a personal Union.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although Scotland broadly kept the feudal structure of the middle ages seemed to have had in the previous decades, non-noble social groups, landlords and tenants, strongly influence won; There was clearly an emerging middle class. Was a period of dramatic change arrived.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Charles I, a son of Jacobus, in 1625 inherited his father's three kingdoms: England, Ireland and Scotland, each with its own church. As well as his father Charles I strove to closer connection between the three empires. He soon issued a decree, the so-called Revocation Act (edict of restitution) from 1625, which all after 1540 by the Church or the Crown was given land recovered. The country would again come to the Church, or the Crown. Although in the past many Kings had enacted a similar measure, called the revocation of 1625 much opposition on, because this subject as far in time and virtually no exceptions allowed. Charles worsened the displeasure of the nobility still by the Roman-Catholic Adviser to be appointed Lord Nithsdale to enforce the measure. Presumably wanted Charles I strengthen the power of the Crown and the financial position of the Scottish Churchrecover.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">An attempt to enter another prayer book had unexpected and far-reaching consequences. During the first service to St Giles ' Cathedral in Edinburgh, where the liturgy according to this new prayer book was regulated, it came in July 1637 to disturbances. The unrest quickly spread all over Edinburgh and then over much of Scotland. The Royal Council fled Edinburgh in the autumn. The insurgents, the ' supplicanten ', started to organize. Their leaders signed on 28 February 1638 in Greyfriars ' Kirk the National Covenant, a manifesto in which the signatories committed themselves to adhere to the true religion and to defend this.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 3 september 1650 the Scots at Dunbar were soundly defeated. In the area south of the Firth of Forth anarchy prevailed. The army of Oliver Cromwell occupied Edinburgh. It was hardly still offered resistance.Edinburgh Castlealso, that in the past had endured a number of sieges and therefore the Maiden Castle was called, gave itself in december on. On 1 January of the following year to Scone was Charles II crowned King. In doing so, he had to confirm the covenant of 1638.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1688/89 in England found the so-called "Glorious Revolution", at which King James VII (James II as King of England) was driven out. In december 1688 fled to France. The Scots played a role mainly as a spectator.Unlike previous revolutions no city remained loyal to the Stuarts. The Scottish nobility looked especially the cat out of the tree and held themselves aloof. A number of noble large landowners traded several times in a short period of time of party. Since the new King, William III, Prince of Orange, was a grandson of Charles I through his mother, was married to a daughter of James VII, and in addition, protestant, some were inclined to favour him over his Catholic father-in-law. Especially the defenders of the covenant of 1638, the Presbyterians, were hoping to be supported by him. On the other hand, others feared that William III would try to govern as an absolute ruler .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Until about 1650 the population of Scotland greatly increased. This was followed by a period of stagnation and sometimes even population decline. Though the population of Edinburgh and Glasgow continued to grow.The last decade of the seventeenth century was a bitter time: 5 to 15% of the Scots died of hunger and diseases. There were differences between various regions. In Aberdeenshire estimated even a quarter of the population came to.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" len="178" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [8] ===United Kingdom<span class="mw-editsection" len="353" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === First page of the Articles of Union, the Treaty of Union of 1707.

The political unification of Scotland and England was a logical outcome of a long historical process.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1707 England and Scotland were United into a single Kingdom: the United Kingdom of England and Scotland. Also the parliaments of the two countries were merged. This Union came formally on 1 May 1707. This event can rightfully as a watershed in the history of Scotland be considered. Although not everyone supported the Union of England and Scotland, succeeded to the opposition there not in the plan for foiling. Also a stream of patrioticpamphlets in the years 1706 and 1707 had no effect. The three nobles who knew were to ensure that the law was passed: the Earl of Seafield, the Earl of Marand the Duke of Argyll. Famous are the words of the Earl of Seafield, chancellor of Scotland, after he had signed the deed: there's ane end of ane auld sang.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" len="178" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [9]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Scots hoped for effective governance and economic benefits. For the time being, who stayed out. Therefore the Union along Seafield in 1713 parliamentary count tried way to undo. And there were more Scots dissatisfied. This explains why the Catholic Stuarts, the pretenders James III and Charles III (Bonnie Prince Charlie) were allowed to count on many supporters. When the House of Hanover in 1714 after the death of Queen Anne, the last Protestant Stuart, inherited the British Throne prepared the Jacobites for a rebellion.In 1715 it was led by the Earl of Mar in rebellion. The rebellion was not a success. At Sheriffmuir in november was a battle fought between the Jacobites under count Mar and supporters of Hannover under the Duke of Argyll. Although the Jacobites were clearly in the majority, remained the battle undecided. The British Government then succeeded in quickly to arrest the main leaders.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At the battle of Glen Shiel in 1719 won the British against Rob Roy.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The loss of the independence remained an important theme, that many Scots worked on. This shows, for example, from the work of the poet Allan Ramsay and the printer Thomas Ruddiman. Much of it has a nostalgic character. Supporters of the Union also derived their arguments primarily to the past.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the war of the Austrian Succession French troops the Jacobites tried to power to help, but a storm struck the French invasion fleet to land troops out before it could bring. The invasion led to new hope among Scottish Jacobites, who revolted in 1745 . Bonnie Prince Charlie decided to come to Scotland itself to put himself at the head of the rebellion. On 21 september 1745 it came from a meeting between jakobitische rebels and the British army. The Jacobites won the battle. On 16 april 1746 battle of Cullodenagain was. This time the Jacobites lost the battle, causing the rebellion could be suppressed. This brought an end to the attempt by the Jacobites to a Catholic monarch. There would be no more significant rebellions are in Scotland.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first half of the eighteenth century was for Scotland no prosperous period. It was in many ways a time of stagnation. Economic growth was marginal; It took long for the population had reached the size of 1690. Even the population of Edinburgh and Glasgow remained more or less constant. Many branches of industry, winning the wolnijverheidand coal, to maintain but grew hardly knew. As a result of the Union had to the Scottish industry now compete with the English.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Since 1760 took place in the Scottish Highlands so-called clearances place: where land monetization could be created by grazing sheep, people had to disappear. Initially with a financial incentive, later even with violence. Those who immigrated to Suriname -for example between 1799 and 1816 received fees from an English protectorate -like pieces of land for agriculture (plantations) and slaves as cheap labour: men, women and children from Africa landed. When Suriname was returned in 1816 to Netherlands, England and Scotland remained in the possession of their plantations and slaves.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From 1760 occurred a phenomenon for that vooruitwijst to the later mass tourism: a fascination for the Scottish Council area of Highland. This was started with the ' discovery ' by James Macpherson of the work of an ancient Celtic poet, Ossian. Although-as later shown-there was a mystification, it brought a stream of travelers going, including the poets Robert Burns and William Wordsworth. The tourist trail carried out along Loch Lomond and Fingal's Cave. In the nineteenth century also the work of Walter Scott sparked the desire to visit to Scotland; John MacCulloch published in 1824 a four-part guide, "The Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland". Three times a week left from Edinburgh to Inverness a diligence. ==Modern Time<span class="mw-editsection" len="346" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Victorian times<span class="mw-editsection" len="351" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Balmoral Castle<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The British Royal family also developed a relationship with the Highlands, which in the past were regarded as a barbaric and backward area. In 1822, King George IV visited Edinburgh, dressed in the Scottish national nomination. The Balmoral Estate came in 1848 in the possession of Queen Victoria . Also many Englishmen and Scots from the low country bought estates in the Highlands to hunt. Many areas were labeled as deer forest (deer area). Starting from the middle of the nineteenth century Thomas Cook organized tourist travel to the Scottish Highlands. Railway companies also played in on the demand for tourist trips. In 1863 was Inverness per train accessible, Oban in 1880.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Under the influence of a religious revival at the beginning of the nineteenth century it came in 1843 to the so-called "disruption", a schism in the Scottish Church. This is considered to be the most dramatic event of the nineteenth century. David Welsh interrupted the moderator on 18 may 1843 the church meeting in St Andrews Cathedral to read out a statement, after which he along with Thomas Chalmers, the leader of the Evangelical movement, the Church left. Many followed them. More than a third of the 1200 pastors of the official Church joined then founded the Free Church of Scotland Protesting. The occasion was both the religious revival as opposition to the right. Many municipalities now wanted to be able to choose their own pastors independently. The new principles of the Scottish Church considered family to stay true. ===Twentieth century<span class="mw-editsection" len="349" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Soldiers marching behind theirPiper during the Second World War.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When in August 1914 the first world war broke out, Scotland was overwhelmed by a wave of patriotic feelings. Many men took voluntary service in the army. Only a few, mainlySocialists, openly declared himself an opponent of the war. Virtually all faiths encouraged the war effort to. Some pastors even overwhelmed Belgium compared with Christ. In particular, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Glasgow, John Maguire, emerged as a passionate recruiter of soldiers. Many were hoping that the war would help bridge the existing social tensions.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The 1930s were a period of crisis with massive unemployment. This was still significantly higher in Scotland than in the rest of the United Kingdom. Also in the years after the Second World War was the unemployment is high. Notorious is the cold winter 1945/46. This was accompanied by food shortages and the repeated failure of the electricity. At the elections in 1945 the Labour Party had a great victory. In Scotland the party won about half of the vote and 37 seats in the House of Commons.Most of them maintained close links with the trade unions. Labour subsequently was also generally opposed to the pursuit of nationalist Scots to more autonomy. Foundations were nipped in the bud.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1999, nearly 300 years after the Scottish Parliament was abolished, decided the Scots to a newly established under the conditions that were laid down by the Government of the United Kingdom through the Scotland Act 1998. This Scottish Parliament has the power to regulate local affairs and limited ability to raise taxes.