Water management in Netherlands

The water management in Netherlands is the condition of the water relative to the country or activities of the Government focused on protection against the water and create and manage the water suitable for human use. Part of this is the water management or water management.



Content
[hide] *1 State  ==State[ Edit] ==
 * 1.1 Rivers
 * 1.2 Lakes
 * 1.3 groundwater
 * 1.4 Polders and reclaimed land
 * 1.5 Tides
 * Organization 2
 * 2.1 Wet water management
 * Dry water management 2.2
 * Board 2.3
 * 2.4 architecture
 * 3 Sources
 * 4 Bibliography
 * 5 see also

===Rivers[ Edit] === From the water balance of Netherlands shows that especially the supply via the Rhine of importance for Netherlands. This carries even more than twice as much water as precipitation by comes. The Rhine, as it not only has a flow rate that about nine times higher than that of the Meuse, but also varies less. The relationship between minimum and maximum discharge of the Rhine is ca. 1: 20, while the drainage regime of the Meuse varies with a ratio of 1: 100. To prevent low water levels that make it impossible, for example, shipping and the sweet header tank to maintain in the IJsselmeer, one drain regulation fits with stowage. In the same way, Rotterdam has a deeper waterway by the haringvlietdam. In addition to shipping is the water that is extracted from the rivers of importance for households, industry and agriculture. In addition to the major rivers play a role in the small rivers drainage.

To ensure the quality of the Rhine water, the ICPR is set. In here were made agreements on the reduction of the chloride load and the chemical pollution and the ecological values of the Rhine and the protection against high water. Other contaminants that come into play are the thermal pollution that reduce the self-cleaning ability of the water eutrophication and thephosphates by among other things that a strong result in algal blooms . ===Lakes[ Edit] === Lakes occur mainly in West Friesland Netherlands and Southwest for. In addition there are by the excavation of peat peat extraction for the excessive urination occur. Sand and gravel also the necessary holes have become Lakes. The Lakes created by dike breaches are called wheels . ===Groundwater<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The total amount of groundwater is approximately 3000 billion m³. Of this share amounts to some 800 billion m³ fresh water . For the drinking water supply is with a share of approx. 70% especially the groundwater of importance. Exception to this is the Randstad, which despite the presence of a fresh-water bag under the dunes, especially rely on surface water. Except under the dunes, are also under pleistocene hill areas such as the Utrechtse Heuvelrug and Veluwe large sweet reservoirs. ===Polders and reclaimed land<span class="mw-editsection" len="355" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Reclaimed land polders and many are protected by dikes against the surrounding water and often have need for drainage the drainage. This will remove excess water from precipitation, but especially of gloom. Also water is refreshed regularly to prevent salinisation . The drainage takes place through locks and bosoms to the open water. ===Tides<span class="mw-editsection" len="338" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Dutch coast are experiencing a dubbeldaags tide. Spring tide is an average of two-and-a-quarter days after full and New Moon NEAP tide, and the same period after the first and last quarter. The amplitude varies between 1.5 (at Den Helder) and 4.5 (Bath) meter. The differences are caused by the funnel shape of the North Sea and the decreasing water depth towards the English Channel and are larger in the estuaries. The wind can have a strong influence on here. At offshore wind, the water a metre lower, while onshore winds the backwater 2.5 meters higher water can cause.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In addition to the vertical water movement, there is also a horizontal water motion. The direction of the tidal flow runs parallel to the shore and changes with the tide. In addition, there is a residue stream that partly is caused by the wind and partly by the Gulf stream and those in Northeast direction.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By a favorable sea temperature of 3 ° c in winter and 16 ° c in the summer, especially the Wadden Sea and Oosterschelde important as a nursery of tongue and plaice, mussels. ==Organization<span class="mw-editsection" len="341" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Wet water management<span class="mw-editsection" len="346" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the original, literal meaning, the water, the condition of the surface-and groundwater meant. Later the word was also used for activities focused on water management, which with the advent of the French model unit State to the end of the eighteenth century (see Batavian Republic) by the Central Government were taken in hand. Instead of the various provincial Governments and small-scale water boards was then (in 1798) founded the service Ministry . Because the provincial governments and the water boards their autonomy terugwilden, was there at the founding of the Kingdom of the Netherlands insisted the water back on to leave the local and regional authorities. In 1819 was therefore decided to limit the tasks of the Department of public works to the large rivers, the sea wall and the sea ports. The water boards administered the regional water management. In the course of time, the Department of public works was also responsible for the construction of new national inland waterway and for the general supervision of the water supply, including drinking water supply. ===Dry water management<span class="mw-editsection" len="346" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the nineteenth century a strong increase in the non-water-related mobility. Always where waterways had been the main means of transport in Netherlands, grew by the arrival of the railways in the nineteenth century transport by train. From the late nineteenth century, when the first automobiles on the road appeared, also made road transport a huge development.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Traffic and transport because it always was associated with water and road transport to a large extent with the water was connected-roads ran and run frequently to dykes and tired (s) at bridging a lot of water-it is not so strange that the water boards were also responsible for the Department of public works and especially the construction and maintenance of bridges and the roads lángs the water. When the State itself, from dissatisfaction with the development of the commercial railway network, itself with the construction of railways went deal, was also given that task to the Department of public works. In the twentieth century grew the construction and maintenance of national roads into a second core task of rijkswaterstaat, next to the water management. For the construction and management of the railways were the Dutch railways now become responsible. Since the late 1990s, that task is disconnected from the NS and ProRail in running the facilities of. ===Board<span class="mw-editsection" len="338" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Water management is also the name of the bestuursonderdeel in the Government, where both the ' wet ' as the ' dry ' water management in Netherlands falls under. Between 1877 and 1906, the water management under the Ministry of public works, Commerce and industry. In 1906 Water management an independent Ministry. From 1947 to 2010 fell water management under the Ministry of transport, public works and Water management and since 2010 it falls under the current Ministry of infrastructure and the environment. The best known member in the history of the Department is the liberal Cornelis Lely. Lely, engineerfrom home, designed in 1901 the first plans for closure and land reclamation of the Zuiderzee. As Minister he brought to the Zuiderzeewet in 1918, in which these plans were logged. He is the only Minister in Dutch history that a city is named: Lelystad, the capital of Flevoland.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Zuiderzee works and Delta works are the two largest projects in the history of the wet water management. The construction of all national roads and a large part of the railways can as the most important achievement of the dry water is mentioned. ===Architecture<span class="mw-editsection" len="340" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The engineers of the Ministry of public works and the Department of public works Department also have great influence on the Dutch architecture from the nineteenth century. Along the many roads, waterways and railways were all kinds of buildings required if toll booths, bridgemaster's houses, stations, signal and service homes. The Ministry and the Department had own architects to design these buildings in service. The consequence was, that many buildings were given a standard design. This construction style is known as Hydraulic style. Although some designs very much attention has been paid to the appearance (these are often examples of neo-classicism), most buildings by their sobriety. There is a lot of criticism for a long time been on this style, but in the last decades one begins to see the value of these buildings in anyway as part of architectural history. A lot of buildings are therefore meanwhile become a municipal or national monument .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Noteworthy is that in the nineteenth century many designs for church buildings the drawing boards of the hydrological engineers have passed. The Government has interfered In the nineteenth century nl. also with the funding and building of new churches, as a solution to the conflict between Catholics and Protestants on the right to the old church buildings. Those were during the Reformation, on a small number of exceptions, come into the hands of the reformed and Catholics demanded these churches now back in the areas where they formed a clear majority. Many buildings In the South knew the Catholics back, much to the dismay of the reformed. Through support from the Government in the construction of churches, the problem was solved. Where the reformed an old church had to cede to the Catholics was a new reformed church built with public aid;other way around many new Catholic churches were built in places where old churches in reformed hands remained. This Hydrological churches are characterized likewise frequently by sober and standard designs, often with cheap decorations carried out that the building had to give some personality. In almost all cases, these churches to share in under the neo-classicism or neo-Gothic, in accordance with the taste of that time; a real Hydraulic style did not exist. Usually these were churches designed by architects, engineers and contractors and provided regular Water only allows the monitoring and approval of the plans. Some churches, however, was designed by engineers of Water management.