Rotterdam

Rotterdam ( pronunciation(info / explanation)) is a Dutch port city and the dominant component within the municipality of the same name. Rotterdam is part of theRandstad, and is located in South Holland.

With 619.879 inhabitants it is the municipality of Rotterdam in terms of population after Amsterdam the Netherlands's largest municipality. The population of the Rotterdamurban region amounts to about 1.2 million inhabitants. [1]  The metropolitan region Rotterdam-the Hague counts 2.261.844 inhabitants.

The city is located on the Nieuwe Maas, one of the rivers in the delta formed by the Rhine and the Maas. The port of Rotterdam, for a long time the largest in the world, is the largest and most important of Europe. Goods transport by railway, road and inland water from the Maas city to the hinterland are among the busiest in Netherlands.The Netherlands country's busiest motorway is located between the South of Rotterdam and Dordrecht/Gorinchem the split: the combination A15/A16 (European designation E19). The name Rotterdam dates from the thirteenth century and refers to a dam in the river Rotten. The historic city centre was largely destroyed in may1940 by a German bombardment. Rotterdam is known for its innovative architecture.



Content
[hide] *1 History  ==History[ Edit] == ===History to the twentieth century[ Edit] === The stock exchange and Air track to the scholarship that Station was located (1890-1905)City face with in the background the Tower of the laurenskerk (ca. 1660)The Delftsevaart with in the background the laurenskerk (1890-1905)Large number of models at the exhibition "Discover your city" from 1937. The exhibition gives an overview of realized and realize plans of the city of Rotterdam.Air intake from 1927 of the snowy surroundings of Rotterdam, the suburbs and the ports. To see are theSalmon Harbour, Leuvehaven,parkhaven, Saint Jobshaven,schiehaven and the PowerStation.About 1260 in the Rotten was a dam placed on the spot where the Hoogstraat crosses the Rotten. It derives its name Rotterdam.Around this dam created a settlement where they initially lived from fishing. It quickly became the first place and also a trade ports. On17 March 1299 Jan van Holland Rotterdam received city rights from count, but that same year, were revoked. On 7 June 1340, countWillem IV of Holland granted them final. [2]  In 1360 a city wall was built.
 * 1.1 History to the twentieth century
 * 1.2 Bombardment and occupation
 * 1.3 After World War II
 * 2 Geography
 * 2.1 Topography
 * 2.2 maasstad
 * 2.3 administrative divisions
 * 3 demographics
 * 3.1 Origin population
 * 3.2 age groups
 * 4 river crossings
 * 4.1 ferry services
 * 4.2 Bridges
 * 4.3 Tunnels
 * 5 Culture
 * 5.1 art and culture
 * 5.2 nightlife
 * 5.3 Media
 * 6 Architecture
 * 6.1 streets, squares, neighbourhoods and buildings
 * 6.2 Memorabilia
 * 6.3 new construction in Rotterdam
 * 6.4 Future high buildings
 * 6.5 Fire border of Rotterdam
 * Economy 7
 * 7.1 Port
 * 7.2 business
 * 7.3 shops and markets
 * 8 Education
 * 9 health and sports
 * 9.1 health care
 * 9.2 Sports
 * traffic and transport 10
 * 10.1 road traffic
 * 10.2 Airport
 * 10.3 public transport
 * 11 Politics
 * 11.1 City Government
 * 11.2 town twinning
 * 12 Famous locals
 * 13 Awards
 * Naming 14
 * 15 see also
 * 16 external links
 * 17 Panorama

Jonker French (van Brederode) has during the hook and cod wars between 1488-1490 for Rotterdam played an important role. By the wars was the position of Rotterdam as its base compared to the surrounding towns greatly strengthened. So it had nearby Delft lost virtually all of his ships by him and Gouda half of the houses. Thanks to Jonker French became Rotterdam final a city of meaning inHolland.

Between 1449 and 1525 built the late-Gothic Church of San Lorenzo. In the medieval Rotterdam was the only stone building. It was an ambitious project, Rotterdam consisted of approximately 1200 homes.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rotterdam In 1572 was plundered by troops of the stadtholder of the Spanish King from Hainaut, the Maximilian of Hénin-Liétard. In 1573 the city chose the side of the Dutch revolt. The city then had about 10,000 inhabitants. At the end of the 16th century left a Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, who from 1576 until 1586 Grand Pensionary of the city was expanding, the port of Rotterdam, basis for the important place that this city would acquire in the sea trade. At the 2000 census the population was grown from 1622 to about 20,000. By the end of the 17th century would there even 50,000 are.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Nevertheless, expanded the city not extend outside its ramparts and webbing. The more or less triangular space between Coolsingel, goudsesingel and the Nieuwe Maasamounted to no more than 140 acres, so the city was overcrowded. Only after 1825 she would extend beyond this narrow borders.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 19th century the position of Rotterdam as the international port threatened by silting up the main connections to sea, first the Tear and then the Brielse Maas. To this problem was between 1827 and 1830 under King William I (probably initially "to with this connection between the Navy Yard in Rotterdam and the war harbor to serve the interests of the Hellevoetsluits war fleet")<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" len="161" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[3]  by the island Voorne dug the channel of Voorne, between Rotterdam and Hellevoetsluis. As the size of sea-going ships rose more and more in the 19th century, however, the revealed this channel needs. Engineer Pieter Caland designed an ambitious plan for a new connection to the North Sea. Its implementation was started In 1866. Between 1866 and 1872 the Nieuwe Waterweg was dug. This created along with the tear and the Nieuwe Maas, a direct shipping link between Rotterdam and the North Sea at hook of Holland. After the opening of the new waterway began the heady growth of Rotterdam. There were several new ports were built, making the employment rose enormously. This drew workers from all over the world to. The money was earned by the city, spent one of aspects such as the building of stately buildings in the Centre.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The city was expanded in two ways: by annexation of a number of surrounding municipalities and by the construction of many new areas. The first wave of annexations took place at the end of the nineteenth century with delfshaven (1886), a part of Kralingen, Overschie and Charlois in 1895.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The ports were rapidly expanded, under the influence of people like Lodewijk Pincoffs and G.J. de Jongh. More and more ports were built, such as the Rhine- Maas, and Waal ports. Attracted by the employment resulted, which moved many farmers, especially from North Brabant, to the city. The prevailing agricultural crisis reinforced this effect. For the newcomers were quickly put together rows cheap housing, especially on South, on the left riverbank, which soon was called boerenzij . Between 1880 and 1900 the population grew rapidly from 160,000 to 315,000. In 1920 the population even if slightly above the 500,000 inhabitants amounts. In 1914, after which Hoek van Holland was incorporated in 1933 Pernis and Hamid followed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At the end of the 19th century was one already started the construction of the new districts and the Cool, New West Crooswijk . From about 1914 began the further expansion to the West, with successively Spangen, the white village and Oud-Mathenesse.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Centre of Rotterdam got Meanwhile more and more allure. The ramparts were demolished for some time before that, but the webbing, which likewise were part of the earlier defences, layers there. These were largely muted this time around to make more space, inter alia, for the sharp increase in traffic. One lock would also large pieces ofRotten. Port barons and municipality invested in prestigious buildings. Coolvest was built here after the muting the a wide boulevard with a new City Hall, a post office and thestock marketchic. Modern architects were given a chance. ===Bombardment and occupation<span class="mw-editsection" len="341" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Centre of Rotterdam after the debris clean upThe Brandgrens project<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Everything changed on 14 may 1940. Netherlands was already five days in war. Already on the first day landed there many German paratroopers and airborne troops around Rotterdam-Zuid. Also the North Island was occupied. The Dutch garrison, infantry and landed elements of the Marine Corps, however, kept the river Maas and Maas bridges under continuous shot, making it the Germans failed to reach the city center. After several days of fierce fighting around the bridge on the morning of 14 may the Germans sent a negotiator. There was threatened with the destruction of the city. The Germans turned out to have little patience: in order to break the resistance, decided the nazi's to carry out their threat.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The bombing of Rotterdam, which took place early in the afternoon, lasted only 15 minutes, but the devastating effects, partly due to the fire that arose, was fearsome. More than 24,000 homes were reduced to ashes. About 800 people were killed and 80,000 people were left homeless. When the Germans threatened to in the same way that same afternoon also Utrecht flat to throw, this was reason for the Dutch Commander-in-Chief Winkelman to surrender.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In Rotterdam was virtually the entire Center, the heart of the city, turned into a smoldering mess. At the same time as the occupation also began clearing the rubble. The Schie, at the height of the current schiekade, was muted with the many debris.

<p lang="en" len="381" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Luckily the Maas bridges, consisting of the old and the willemsbrug in addition located railway bridge, not destroyed, so that the road and rail connections between the two boroughs remained intact.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 14 February 1942 was the maastunnel, whose construction was begun in 1937, opened. It was the first cartunnel of Netherlands.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the occupation time also followed the last major annexation round. In 1941, at a stroke, the municipalities were Hillegersberg, schiebroek, the remaining part ofOverschie, Rotterdam IJsselmonde at main centers and attached.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 31 March 1943 the allies mistakenly bombed part of delfshaven, where another 326 people died and 400 were injured. Also the Dutch famine of 1944 (1944-1945) cost in Rotterdam many lives.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The effects of the persecution of the Jews in Rotterdam by the municipal reclassifications, the bombing and the many itinerant refugee figures difficult to chart. It is estimated that of the more than 11,000 ' volljuden ' and ' halbjuden ' that were counted at the start of the occupation, only 1400 the persecution and other acts of war have survived.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" len="161" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [4]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 10 and 11 november 1944 was a large roundups held approximately 50,000 men between 17 and 40 were carried away. On the night before the RAID was Rotterdam surrounded by 8000 German soldiers and were all major bridges and squares occupied and the telephone traffic. An important gathering place was the tub. The RAID was carried out systematically making escape was hardly possible. Of the approximately 20,000 left Rotterdam and Schiedam arrested men on foot in the direction of Utrecht, 20,000 were drained and 10,000 per Rhine Aachen by train. Of them were approximately 10,000 troops serving in the East of the Netherlands, the rest went to arbeitslagers in Germany. ===After the second world war<span class="mw-editsection" len="341" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The reconstruction of Rotterdam with the opening of the new Beehive(1957)The development of Rotterdam-SouthSatellite image of Rotterdam<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the war began the reconstruction along the lines of the basic plan for the reconstruction of Rotterdam. In a desire for renewal and modernisation were not restored, but many damaged buildings demolished, like the building of the hive of Dudok.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the fifties was the reconstruction in progress. Rotterdam got the image of ' city ' work and developed into a model of modernity. In 1953 took place the opening of the lijnbaan, the first pedestrianised shopping street in Europe. The progressive design drew international attention. The new Central Station in 1957 came ready, with next to it the at that time state-of-the-art groothandelsgebouw from 1953. On the occasion of the Floriade one founded in 1960 on the Euromast . together with the famous statue 'destroyed city' ofOssip Zadkine was a symbol of post-war the Euromast Rotterdam. In 1970 the Euromast was increased by to set up a Space Tower, bringing the total height to 185 meters came.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">To the housing shortage stomped the municipality at high speed some new districts with lots of flats from the ground, such as Pendrecht, Zuidwijk, Lombardijen, Ommoord andzevenkamp.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At the same time with the recovery of the ports developed one also plans to city and port area disconnect. This was achieved by new port areas to apply toward the sea.Successively laid one South of the Nieuwe Waterweg, Botlek areathe Europoort and the Maasvlakte, with huge tank storage capacity for crude oil. In Pernis, rozenburg and risen large refineries further West. The port operations now grew so fast that the port of Rotterdam in 1962 was the largest port in the world.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1960 started the construction of the metro, which opened in 1968 as the first metro in Netherlands. This were the districts ' on South ' connected to the city centre. In 1970found near zuidplein Ahoy-the opening of the new halls place.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Partly due to the development of the Weena Rotterdam in the 1990s got a skyline with various skyscrapers. The Delftse Poort Building was with 151 feet the tallest skyscraper in Rotterdam. In 1993 disappeared by the opening of the rail from the willemsspoortunnel Centre of Rotterdam. With the completion in 1996 of the Erasmus bridge Rotterdam a new symbol. ==Geography<span class="mw-editsection" len="325" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Topography<span class="mw-editsection" len="326" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">''Topographic map image of the city of Rotterdam, dec 2013. Click on the map to enlarge.''

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rotterdam is centrally located in the Rotterdam urban region and borders clockwise to the municipalities Westland, Maassluis, Vlaardingen, Schiedam, Midden-delfland, Delft, Pijnacker-Nootdorp, Lansingerland,zuidplas, Capelle aan den IJssel, Krimpen aan den IJssel, Barendrecht, Ridderkerk, Spijkenisse, Albrandswaard, Bernisse, Brielle and Westvoorne. Few places in the area include: Dordrecht, Delft, Zoetermeer. The metropolitan area has about 1,600,000 inhabitants. That is a tenth of the total Dutch population. ===Maasstad<span class="mw-editsection" len="324" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rotterdam is often referred to as maasstad, and in the city there are many references to the river Maas (Meuse, MaasMaas boulevardbuilding, bridge, Maas Tower). These are historical references because the Meuse flows at Maastricht, which no longer flows through Rotterdam. Until about 1870 the Meuse flowed through what is now the Afgedamde Maas to the Waal at Woudrichem, so together to form the Merwede . The Merwede flowed through the down-Merwede to Dordrecht and broke down there in North, Oude Maas and the latter is later together with the Leak the Nieuwe Maas. West of Rotterdam came (and) old and new Mesh together to so via a double mouth around the island of rozenburg as Tear and Brielse Maas to come in the North Sea . The water then flowed through the center of Rotterdam, contained more than half of the total Maas water and can call themselves best Rotterdam Maas city. In the period 1861-1874 was the new Merwede dug for better drainage of the Waal, and with it went most of the water of the Merwede, and so of the Meuse, no longer through Dordrecht and Rotterdam to sea, but via the haringvliet. The Nieuwe Maas was freight of the Lek. Eventually it was related to the Land of Heusden in 1904 the Bergsche Maas Maas between Heusden and the former dug and Woudrichem dammed. This allowed in principle the Maas water Rotterdam anymore and is since then the Nieuwe Maas Rhine water fed only by, while the Maas water whole via the haringvliet to sea.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" len="161" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [5] ===Administrative divisions<span class="mw-editsection" len="337" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rotterdam existed until 2014 from 272 districts with 14 members and 49 also chaired the joint directors, but due to a change in the law are these – just like the boroughs in Amsterdam – after 28 years raised in the context of bringing back the "administrative pressure". In its place are 14 field which the Municipal Council committees advise on outdoor space, security and facilities in the district. The committees have a limited budget to residents to support initiatives. The area committees are elected by the City Council at the same time as the voters in the area. ==Demographics<span class="mw-editsection" len="326" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rotterdam has, after the addition of rozenburg, 619.879 inhabitants in 2010. In addition, the municipality of Rotterdam also hear at Hoek van Holland, at the mouth of the seaport. After the opening of the new waterway in 1875 began the heady growth of the port and population of Rotterdam: in 25 years, the population grew by approximately 200,000 inhabitants. Most "dockers" came from North Brabant, Zeeland andBelgium to work in the rapidly growing port. In the 1960s and 1970s many immigrants came from Italy, Spain, Morocco, Turkey, Yugoslavia and Greece. Also living there is a very large population of Chinese,Surinamese, Antilleans, people of the Greater Antilles and Cape Verdeans in the city. A total of 46% of the Rotterdam population exists from residents of immigrant origin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-COS_6-0" len="165" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [6] ===Origin population<span class="mw-editsection" len="334" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The inhabitants of Rotterdam form a fur variegated culture: for instance, there were 51.885 people registered on 1 January 2008 with a Surinamese, 45.699 with a Turkish, Moroccan, 19.562 37.476 with an Antillean and 14.971 with a Cape Verdean cultural background.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-COS_6-1" len="165" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [6]  In 2009 173 different nationalities lived in Rotterdam. A large part of the inhabitants with a Dutch background, Brabantse ancestors; This drew from as early as the 19th century as workers to the port of Rotterdam. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Source: Neighborhood monitor Rotterdam ===Age Groups<span class="mw-editsection" len="333" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Source: Neighborhood monitor Rotterdam ==River Crossings<span class="mw-editsection" len="334" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Back and forth IIIThree famous Rotterdam bridges: the willemsbrug and Hef, Erasmus bridgeThe Erasmus bridge (the Swan)===Ferry Services<span class="mw-editsection" len="329" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Already in the Middle Ages was transferred by means of ferry services, rowed and sailing. Founded In 1901, two shipping companies, which provide the connection to steam ferries went:

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">However, allegedly took this company so closely with the care of the ships and the financial regime. In 1909, the rent Bohré license revoked and per 1 January 1909, the services and the 10 ships of Bohré retrieved and added to those of the Rotterdam municipal shipping company. The ships received the names back and forth IV t/m XIII. The municipality had three foot feathers build with the names back and forth XIV to XVI and five car Springs. The first two, from 1911, proved not to work well and there were three better built.
 * the Rotterdam municipal Reederij back and forth with the foot feathers back and forth I through III and
 * the company k. Bohré & co. Transfer services to Rotterdam, to exploitation of Society with the foot feathers Padang 1 to 10.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the war, the steam ferries were modernized and there in Alphen aan den Rijn diesel engines in placed. Back-and-forth boats that sail there still are:

<p lang="en" len="52" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the city itself, they would have known, among other things, the ferry services
 * the back and forth III, as guard ship Fram for Scouting in Barendrecht;
 * the back and forth X, as guard ship Buccaneer for Scouting in Rotterdam;
 * the back and forth XV, if living ship Cormorant in Zutphen.

<p lang="en" len="29" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">and so on until Maassluis.
 * Trees-Antwerpsehoofd-Nassaukade;
 * Willemsplein-Prinsehoofd-Wilhelminakade/Frontage Road;
 * Veerkade -Queen's Head-Linkerveerdam

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Rotterdam metro was opened on 9 February 1968 and replaced the springs and the tram lines across the Maas bridges. The municipal feathers were lifted and the ships that day imposed in the dock port, Charlois.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Modern ferries sail with many times faster ships. That's in Rotterdam the Aqualiner, which establish a connection between the city and the heijplaat provides. Iconic on the River are the water taxis and water buses. Also the ships of the Spido and Royal Rowers Vereeniging Eendracht and if necessary bring people across the river. ===Bridges<span class="mw-editsection" len="324" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Initially the building bridges avoided related to the inherent pollution of shipping. In 1870 became the Queen's bridge over the Royal port laid out. Only in 1878 became the first River crossing over the Nieuwe Maas opened: the (old) Willems bridge. Until the construction of the Erasmus bridge, over a century later, there were no bridges over the Nieuwe Maas to the West of the location of this bridge. In line with the old Walker burg, just east of the Queen's bridge, was (and is) also The Lifting, originally opened in 1878 but in the 1920s the next century thoroughly renovated. Other bridges over the Nieuwe Maas are:

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">About the Oude Maas is the Botlekbrug. The current bridge dates from 1955, but it is intended that a replacement bridge will be opened in 2015. ===Tunnels<span class="mw-editsection" len="324" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ==Culture<span class="mw-editsection" len="324" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Art and culture<span class="mw-editsection" len="333" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ===Nightlife<span class="mw-editsection" len="330" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The nightlife has many cafes, mainly around the Town Hall square, the old port, the Witte de Withstraat and the schouwburgplein. In addition, there are a number of clubs and discos such as the Hollywood Music Hall, the Thalia Lounge, Club Vie, Offcorso, Outland and Factory10. Outside these fixed locations, Rotterdam is a real event city and repeatedly declared events city of Netherlands. Information is being tracked by websites like the Rotterdam Uitburo<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" len="161" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[7]  and We Own Rotterdam.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" len="161" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [8] ===Media<span class="mw-editsection" len="322" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In Rotterdam there is regional radio and regional television as Regio TV Rotterdam, RTV Rijnmond Region TV, and. Local radio is made by the Mega City FM and radio city youth channel FunX.
 * the Van Brienenoordbrug (opened in 1964, doubled in 1990 );
 * the ' new ' Walker bridge (opened in 1981, the opening was the first official act of Prince Willem-Alexander. The bridge is just east of the location of the ' old ' Willems bridge, which was demolished after the opening of the new bridge);
 * the Erasmus bridge (1996, architect Ben van Berkel).
 * Maastunnel (built 1937-1942; open during the German occupation)
 * Beneluxtunnel (in use 1967, 2002)
 * Botlek Tunnel (commissioned 1980)
 * Mayor Thomassen tunnel (in use 2004)
 * Metro tunnels (in use from 1968)
 * Willems Railroad Tunnel (commissioned 1993)

<p lang="en" len="61" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">There are in addition the following newspapers located in Rotterdam:

<p lang="en" len="423" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">To december 2012 heard there also the national newspapers NRC Handelsblad and [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=nl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNrc.next nrc. next] at. ==Architecture<span class="mw-editsection" len="329" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Wilhelmina pierKop van ZuidThe skyline of RotterdamBuilding Delftse PoortEuromast and maastunnelventilation buildingLibrary (vacuum cleaner), Blaak Tower (the pencil) and the cube housesFace on the new building in Rotterdam-SouthFormer Head Office Holland America line (now Hotel New York) with next to it the skyscraper MontevideoLaurentius and Elisabeth Cathedral<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Because the center of Rotterdam on some historical buildings after World War II was largely destroyed, and there is a lot of room for new construction. Rotterdam is therefore, unlike many other old Dutch cities, a modern city. The city advertises itself as international architecture city with many skyscrapers, also referred to as Manhattan on the Maas.
 * Rural
 * Algemeen Dagblad
 * Regional
 * AD Rotterdams Dagblad
 * Maasstad
 * The Harbour Pilot
 * The Botlek
 * Rotterdam Metro Edition
 * The Echo
 * The Old-Rotterdammer

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rotterdam is the only high-rise city in Netherlands with a real skyline. Rotterdam is along with Frankfurt, Paris, Madrid, Moscow, Warsaw and London in the European Summit of cities with high-rise buildings.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">There is still being built in the area around the Nieuwe Maas. An example of this is the ' Kop van Zuid ' including the Wilhelmina pier. At this place were the tallest skyscrapers of Netherlands realized: the New Orleans residential tower (160 m) and the Maas Tower office building (164 ft). In 2013 should also the Baltimore (171 yards), Havana (154 meters) and The Rotterdam (149.1 yards) rise. Right next to the New Orleans come three 70-metre-high residential towers: San Francisco, Philadelphia and Boston.
 * Kop van Zuid

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Also in Rotterdam-Centre will resurrect new skyscrapers, according to the plans. Of 2005-2014 is, after the old station was demolished, built a new central station. The first part, the travelers passage, was put into use in november 2012. The rest of the station was beginning 2014 ready (officially opened by the King on March 13, 2014).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" len="161" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [9]  In the vicinity of the future train station are the schiekade block, the Weenapoint and some complexes planned. They are expected to take towers are the height of which can amount to about 230 metres.
 * Rotterdam-Centre

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the shopping centre is built to a 70,52 Line course feet tall 16-storey office building. In the Centre of Rotterdam next to the hive at the foot of the koopgoot and the lijnbaan is the 70 metre high B'Tower. On the corner of the Coolsingel and the Kruiskade comes a 156-metre-high eye-catcher, designed by the French architect Christian de Portzamparc, called Coolsingeltoren (156 meters). Apart from a medium-sized Theatre the Tower offices, parking and catering. The final design of the Tower will by developers, potential tenants and the municipality be established.
 * Lijnbaan and Coolsingel

<p lang="en" len="345" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On the right river Maas are plans for a Salmon port (complex) (185 meters). ===Streets, squares, neighbourhoods and buildings<span class="mw-editsection" len="356" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the great damage that the city in the second world war has accumulated, in the Centre, Rotterdam has few historic buildings. (Virtually all areas and neighborhoods to the city on the other hand, have a lot of historic buildings) On the other hand, the city has many recent, modern sights. The following places and buildings are decisive for the townscape of Rotterdam or otherwise important for the city.
 * Salmon Harbor

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The image of the center of the city is determined by a number of major streets and squares, especially the Hofplein, Coolsingel, the the schouwburgplein, Weena, thelijnbaanshopping centre, place de la Bourse , Considersthe with the koopgoot. In this area include the Town Hall and the exhibition at the Coolsingel and the Laurens Church at the Binnenrotte.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Delfshaven is one of the remaining pre-war picturesque neighborhoods including the Zakkendragershuisje, Piet Hein 's birthplace and museum the Dubbelde Palmboom. From the old or Pelgrimvaderskerk to the port of delfshaven left the first settlers, via England, to the North American continent. In delfshaven is also the westzeedijk with the Museum park.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Other neighborhoods/areas like Cool, the scheepvaartkwartier, the old and new West, Kralingen, Crooswijk, the old North and Hillegersberg are also still largely pre-war districts with many pre-war buildings and building area. The scheepvaartkwartier and Kralingen are the most elegant areas of the city, with large, richly detailed historical buildings or (Office) villas.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Along the banks of the Nieuwe Maas are the Maasboulevard, the White House and the Old inner harbor.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Nieuwe Maas is bridged by some large bridges, of which the best known is the Erasmus bridge . There is also a one and a half kilometer long tunnel, the Maas tunnel, which connects both banks. Also the Nieuwe Maas itself is an important arterial roads, for cargo and passenger ships. Tourists can take advantage of the Spido-port rondvaartboten. These depart from the Willemsplein in the maritime quarter to sights in the entire port area.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On South, on the other side of the Nieuwe Maas, is the football stadium De Kuip. Early 1930s decided a group of businessmen that had to possess an own stadium Rotterdam, in response to the Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam. For a construction was finally chosen in which the second ring with seating to a steel structure hung. Thus, the stadium was Feyenoord the first stadium in Europe that this new building applied. The Stadium served as an example of the American New York Yankees baseball club.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Further South lie on the zuidplein shopping centre, with public transport node, and the oranjeboomstraat, a main traffic route from Station Rotterdam Zuid until the Maas bridges.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the busy city are some big and smaller parks: The Euromast park, the Kralingse Bos with the Kralingse Plas (North); the zuiderpark (South), Vroesenpark (Northwest).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Certain parts of Rotterdam are declared protected cityscape: Blijdorp/Mountain polder, delfshaven (with expansion), Hart-Mathenesserlaan, Kralingen-Middle, the shipping quarter, the North Island tuindorp Vreewijk, and Water project. ===Memorabilia<span class="mw-editsection" len="328" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ===New construction in Rotterdam<span class="mw-editsection" len="339" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rotterdam is a city with a lot of high-rise buildings. After the German bombing in 1940 was the center of the city largely destroyed, after 1945 came there a widely projected new city heart to booth, where until the present day to work. ===Future high buildings<span class="mw-editsection" len="342" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ===Fire border of Rotterdam<span class="mw-editsection" len="341" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">It's because of the German attack and subsequent burn-devastated area is in Rotterdam known as ' the brandgrens '. Rotterdam has chosen for renewal of the town after the war and not for reassembly. For a long time in Rotterdam celebrated the reconstruction on 18 may, the day on which was started with debris clean up. To look forward and not look back was the motto.
 * The image of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt in front of the Town Hall.
 * The image of ice Daniel, port Builder of Rotterdam (1845-1917), in the Museum park.
 * The image of Erasmus, or "Erasmus of Rotterdam", near the Laurens Church, the oldest statue of a secular person in Netherlands.
 * The picture of Piet Hein in delfshaven.
 * The sculpture "the destroyed city" by Ossip Zadkine, commemorating the bombing.
 * Shed 24, Stieltjesstraat, Rotterdam-South, an old, walled port shed where from 1942 to 1945 more than 12,000 Jewish Rotterdammers were brought together to campWesterbork to German concentration camps to be compromised.
 * The Executive Board architect j.j.p. OudShack, representative of the style at the white village, a well-known example of the social housing from 1922-' 23.
 * A reconstruction of the Delftsche Poort in steel at the pompenburg.
 * Marines monument, East square, commemorating the fallen Marines in the battle of 1940.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The old town is gone and unlike in most cities the band with the past barely visible in the built environment. Who wants to tell the story of the city, to old and new Rotterdammers, lacks a clear point. Therefore, the Municipal Council decided in 2006 that the fire in the coming years is durably marked border using beautifully designed lights in the pavement: the fire boundary as lieu de mémoire. For the tag was a contest which was won by Adriaan Geuze and his Office West 8. In May 2009 is the first part of the marking was completed. In May 2010 it was over 12 km long Ribbon completed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Earlier, in 2007 and 2008, is the brandgrens occasional lit with huge floodlights, an initiative and project of Mothership. More than one hundred lamps seemed up and the skyline of Rotterdam gave an extra dimension. Thousands of people gathered to commemorate this moment. This project will no longer be repeated.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The exact route of the brandgrens is mapped out by ir. Chose H and the research is recognised in the publication ' Rotterdam of 14 May 1940 The brandgrens ' (Veenman Publishers, 2008).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" len="163" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [10] ==Economy<span class="mw-editsection" len="325" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Aerial view of the port of RotterdamMarket on the Binnenrotte===Port<span class="mw-editsection" len="322" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rotterdam is central to the hinterland and partly because of this may develop into the largest port city of Europe in the field of transshipment of bulk handling mass goods, also called called. Petroleum takes first place in. Further, Rotterdam is by far the main container port in Europe. The port activities are gradually shifted to the banks of the Nieuwe Waterweg and the Maasvlaktein particular; Since 1985, they are no longer in the center of the city. The port of Rotterdam authority is independent.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rotterdam is its position as the largest port in the world lost since 2004. The explosively growing economy of China Shanghai brought on Singapore on number one and number two. The position of Rotterdam against competitors Antwerp and Hamburg as 'Gateway to Europe', however, remained largely unaffected. The port handled a record amount of 354 million tons in 2004, 8 percent more than the year before. Shanghai took out 380 million tons and Singapore 370 million tonnes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" len="163" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [11]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At the time the Second Maasvlakte is developed, because in the existing port and industrial area is no place for new large-scale activities. To create new land in the North Sea, the port of Rotterdam can evolve, which is important for regional and Dutch economy. ===Business<span class="mw-editsection" len="330" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rotterdam is the home to a large number of companies, of which the best known are: Mittal Steel, Unilever, Nationale Nederlanden and Robeco. Related to the port there are trade centers aimed at one country established as Korean Trade & Distribution Center. The resettlement of the European China Centre is built in 2011 at the Rhine port. ===Shops and markets<span class="mw-editsection" len="335" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the Centre of Rotterdam is a large shopping area including the koopgoot, the lijnbaan, the Hoogstraat and Shopping Center Plaza. Furthermore, Rotterdam zuidpleinshopping centre in the South of Rotterdam Alexandrium, the shopping and woonmall in Prins Alexander and many smaller shopping centers spread across the whole city.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The sale evenings are on both Thursday and Friday. In the Centre of Rotterdam are the shops open every Sunday afternoon.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In Rotterdam are 14 weekmarkets. The two largest are the Rotterdam Centre Market on Tuesday and Saturday at the Binnenrotte in the Centre and on Wednesday at theafrikaanderplein in Rotterdam-Zuid. In June 2014 at the Binnenrotte also a covered market hall be opened with 110 stalls. On the first two floors of the market hall are catering and shops. Of the second floor to the eleventh floor there will be luxury apartments. ==Education<span class="mw-editsection" len="326" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Building of the Erasmus University<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Studying in Rotterdam can on different levels of education. It ranges from MBO, HBO to University. 58.668 students studying In Rotterdam.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Snelvergelijker_Studiesteden_12-0" len="192" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [12]

<p lang="en" len="62" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The educational institutions that can be found in Rotterdam are:

==Health and sports<span class="mw-editsection" len="341" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Health Care<span class="mw-editsection" len="332" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ===Sports<span class="mw-editsection" len="322" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Stadion Feijenoord <p lang="en" len="72" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rotterdam organises some important sports tournaments and events
 * Scientific
 * Erasmus University Rotterdam
 * Higher and special education
 * Academy of architecture
 * Rotterdam Dance Academy (Codarts)
 * Euro College College
 * Inholland University Of Applied Sciences
 * Tio University
 * Hogeschool Rotterdam
 * Royal Auris Group (Institute for research and special education for the deaf and hard of hearing)
 * Rotterdam Conservatory (codarts)
 * Thomas More College (pabo)
 * Willem de Kooning Academy (Academy of fine arts and part of the Rotterdam University of applied sciences)
 * Other well-known educational institutions
 * Albeda College
 * Gymnasium Erasmianum
 * Grafisch Lyceum Rotterdam
 * Royal Auris Group
 * Marnix Gymnasium
 * ROC Zadkine
 * Shipping and transport College

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rotterdam is also home to a lot of well known and lesser known sports clubs. Especially in the Football League divisions, Rotterdam is well represented with three clubs.
 * Rotterdam Marathon
 * Rotterdam on Wheels
 * ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament
 * World Port Tournament (Baseball)
 * Port of Rotterdam Tournament (Football)
 * Bavaria City Racing
 * Red Bull Air Race Rotterdam
 * Start of the Prologue and first stage of the Tour de France 2010
 * EK 2011 women's boxing in the topsportcentrum Rotterdam. This is the first International Boxing event in Netherlands.

<p lang="en" len="85" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Further, Rotterdam is also well represented with other sports on a national level.
 * Eredivisie club Feyenoord - Stadion Feijenoord, also called "the tub" called.
 * Dutch Eerste Divisie Stadion Woudestein - Excelsior.
 * Dutch Eerste Divisie Sparta Rotterdam - Sparta Stadium, also called "the Castle" called.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In december 2008 the Mayor Opstelten unveiled plans for a "new Cockpit", a project that was drained in 2013. There are also plans for a new Sparta Stadium. This should come in the Spaanse polder, an industrial area, but these plans are not yet concrete. ==Traffic and transport<span class="mw-editsection" len="335" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Road Traffic<span class="mw-editsection" len="327" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p lang="en" len="225" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rotterdam is accessible from several motorways, such as the
 * ARSR Skadi, successful Rowing Club with multiple Varsity victories and (inter) national look knew rowers.
 * DOOR Neptunus, successful baseball club based in big league baseball, also applies to Sparta/Feyenoord.
 * VC nesselande, successful men's national volleyball team at the men, but also women, competing in the A-League.
 * Hockey club HC Rotterdam, with both men and women represented in the big league hockey.
 * VOC (sport club), football and cricket club whose cricket team performs well in the Big League cricket.
 * Rotterdam Trojans, American-football club Club in the top division.
 * Rotterdam Challengers, basketball team currently playing in the eredivisie basketball.
 * Feijenoord van Teylingen, multiple Dutch champion table tennis.
 * Rotterdam Athletics, Athletics Association successful in the eredivisie at both men and women.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Since 2010, the municipality concerned with the realisation of City routes in Rotterdam and surroundings. ===Airport<span class="mw-editsection" len="327" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p lang="en" len="330" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rotterdam also has its own Airport: Rotterdam The Hague Airportzestienhoven, popularly, the polder in which it is located. ===Public transport<span class="mw-editsection" len="333" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The Rotterdam metro<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The RET operates suburban services company (since 1927) in Rotterdam e.o. trams and buses and subwaysalso since 1968 . The metro has five lines: A, B, C, D and E. This last line travels through a drilled tunnel and the former Hofplein line between Rotterdam and the Hague Central station and is part of Light Rail.
 * <span style="white-space:nowrap;padding:2px1px;margin-right:1px;background:rgb(193,18,28);"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;color:rgb(247,251,245);padding-right:2px;padding-left:4px;border:1pxsolidrgb(247,251,245);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">A13Rotterdam - Delft - Den Haag - Amsterdam (via <span style="white-space:nowrap;padding:2px1px;margin-right:1px;background:rgb(193,18,28);"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;color:rgb(247,251,245);padding-right:2px;padding-left:4px;border:1pxsolidrgb(247,251,245);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">A4)
 * <span style="white-space:nowrap;padding:2px1px;margin-right:1px;background:rgb(193,18,28);"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;color:rgb(247,251,245);padding-right:2px;padding-left:4px;border:1pxsolidrgb(247,251,245);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">A15Rozenburg - Rotterdam - Ridderkerk - Nijmegen
 * <span style="white-space:nowrap;padding:2px1px;margin-right:1px;background:rgb(193,18,28);"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;color:rgb(247,251,245);padding-right:2px;padding-left:4px;border:1pxsolidrgb(247,251,245);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">A16Rotterdam - Dordrecht - Breda - Antwerp (via <span style="white-space:nowrap;letter-spacing:1px;color:rgb(42,45,47);padding-right:2px;padding-left:4px;border:1pxsolidrgb(42,45,47);margin-right:1px;background:rgb(247,251,245);">A1)
 * <span style="white-space:nowrap;padding:2px1px;margin-right:1px;background:rgb(193,18,28);"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;color:rgb(247,251,245);padding-right:2px;padding-left:4px;border:1pxsolidrgb(247,251,245);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">A20Hoek van Holland - Rotterdam - Gouda - Utrecht (via <span style="white-space:nowrap;padding:2px1px;margin-right:1px;background:rgb(193,18,28);"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;color:rgb(247,251,245);padding-right:2px;padding-left:4px;border:1pxsolidrgb(247,251,245);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">A12)
 * <span style="white-space:nowrap;padding:2px1px;margin-right:1px;background:rgb(193,18,28);"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;color:rgb(247,251,245);padding-right:2px;padding-left:4px;border:1pxsolidrgb(247,251,245);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">A29Rotterdam - Dinteloord Hellegatsplein -

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Tram: RET has 9 tram lines. 2, 4, 7, 8, 20, 21, 23, 24 and 25. The lines 20, 21, 23, 24 and 25 are tram plus lines, these are faster and trams run mostly on free courses.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By train to reach directly from various stations is Rotterdam. Direct destinations include Hoek van Holland, Den Haag, Leiden, Haarlem, Amsterdam, Schiphol, Utrecht,Groningen, Enschede, Leeuwarden, Dordrecht, Breda, Eindhoven, Venlo, Roosendaal, Flushing, Antwerp, Brussels and Paris.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">It is also possible to use the daily Thalys to Paris to travel. in summer it is also possible to direct services to destinations such as Avignon and Marseille to travel. in winterBourg-Saint-Maurice directly accessible. These destinations are in the said period to reach once a week on Saturday with the Thalys.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From Rotterdam also drove the Fyra in the directions Amsterdam Centraal and Schiphol - Breda.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Most train traffic comes to and from Rotterdam Central station to the station square. Rotterdam Central station was between 2007 and 2013, replaced by a new public transport Terminal. In this public transport Terminal come together all kinds of public transport, namely tram, bus, metro, light rail and train. The new terminal is built for the expected guests number of 300,000 by 2030. Other stations in Rotterdam Blaak,Rotterdam Alexander, Lombardijen, North, South and the Rotterdam Stadium stop (only for events). Within the Rotterdam municipality borders are also the stations Hoek van Holland Haven and Hoek van Holland Strand. ==Politics<span class="mw-editsection" len="325" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == The Rotterdam city hall===City Government<span class="mw-editsection" len="329" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The City Council of Rotterdam consists of 45 members. Leefbaar Rotterdam is the largest political party in Rotterdam with 14 seats. The labour party has 8 seats. D66 has six seats; the VVD and CDA each have 3 seats.Green Left and Nida Rotterdam each have two seats; the SP five seats and CU/SGP and party for the animals each have one seat.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The college van burgemeester en wethouders exists since 2014 from Leefbaar Rotterdam, D66 and the CDA. Ahmed Aboutaleb (PvdA) is Mayor of Rotterdam since January 2009. ===Town Twinning<span class="mw-editsection" len="329" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rotterdam is very active in the field of partner cities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" len="163" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [13]  <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" len="163" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[14] <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">13 sister cities

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">14 twin towns — sister cities
 * Baltimore (United States), since 1985
 * Burgas (Bulgaria), since 1976
 * Constanța (Romania), since 1976
 * Dresden (Germany), since 1988
 * Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg), since 1958
 * Gdańsk (Poland), since 1977
 * Havana (Cuba), since 1983
 * Cologne (Germany), since 1958<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" len="163" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[15]
 * Liège (Belgium), since 1958
 * Rijsel/Lille (France), since 1958
 * Shanghai (China), since 1979
 * Saint Petersburg (Russia), since 1984
 * Turin (Italy), since 1958

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">4 sister ports
 * Antwerp (Belgium), since 1940
 * Basel (Switzerland), since 1945
 * Budapest (Hungary), since 1991
 * Bratislava (Slovakia), since 1991
 * Buenos Aires (Argentina), since 1990
 * Duisburg (Germany), since 1950
 * Durban (South Africa), since 1991
 * Istanbul (Turkey), since 1935
 * Jakarta (Indonesia), since 1983
 * Hull (United Kingdom), since 1936
 * Nuremberg (Germany), since 1961
 * Osaka (Japan), since 1984
 * Oslo (Norway), since 1945
 * Prague (Czech Republic), since 1991

<p len="17" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;"> ==Notable Rotterdammers<span class="mw-editsection" len="338" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ==Awards<span class="mw-editsection" len="333" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ==Naming<span class="mw-editsection" len="327" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the current Street language is known as Rafiq or Rotterdam Rotto. Of earlier date is Rotjeknar. This gave rise to the (mainly by non-locals used) somewhat condescending ' website.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" len="163" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [16]
 * Busan (South Korea), since 1987
 * Kobe (Japan), since 1967
 * Seattle (United States), since 1969
 * Tokyo (Japan), since 1989
 * the Van Oldenbarnevelt penning, is the highest municipal Award for people who have had very great merits for the science, the economics, the arts and culture or for the Board in Rotterdam. This Medal is awarded once a year at most.
 * the Wolfert van Borselenpenning is intended for individuals who have undertaken activities in a management position in different areas of the Rotterdam society.
 * the Erasmus pin can be awarded to individuals who are long time on social, cultural, economic or sports achievements for the Rotterdam society.
 * the eye of Rotterdam can be awarded to people who have contributed to improvements in the safety and quality of life in Rotterdam. They should have taken action to prevent others from suffering and without endangering himself. Also the action in Rotterdam on the street have happened. The candidates must not agent, firefighter or ambulance officer by profession.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rotterdam is Rotterdam name giver of the places (New York, United States), Rotterdam ( South Africa,Limpopo) and Rotterdam (Eastern Cape, South Africa). Also, the place name Rotterdam in West-Suriname exist.However, the place is flooded and disappeared into the ocean; later is 30 kilometres further South Nieuw Nickerie built.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Rotterdam is one of the largest and best known ships of the Holland America line, came into service in 1959. Since 1899 had the S.S. Rotterdam transported for many hundreds of immigrants to America. Since 2008 the ship lies moored in Katendrecht to among other things as a hotel to serve.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The HMS Rotterdamis one of the two Lpds would transfer (Landing platform dock) held by the Dutch Royal Navy. The ship is used for embarkatie of units of the Marine Corps. With its 166 metres and 10 cover is the one of the larger ships of the Dutch fleet.