Mikheil Saakashvili

 Mikheil Saakashvili  (Georgian:  მიხეილ სააკაშვილი , IPA: [mɪχɛɪl sɑɑkʼɑʃvɪlɪ] ; Ukrainian:  Міхеїл Саакашвілі ; born 21 December 1967) is a Georgian and Ukrainian politician.[ 2 ] He is the current Governor of Ukraine's Odessa Oblast(region), and was the third President of Georgia for two consecutive terms from 25 January 2004 to 17 November 2013. Saakashvili is the founder and former chairman of the United National Movement Party.

Involved in Georgian politics since 1995, he became president in January 2004 after President Eduard Shevardnadzeresigned in the November 2003 bloodless "Rose Revolution" led by Saakashvili and his political allies, Nino Burjanadzeand Zurab Zhvania. He was re-elected in the Georgian presidential election on 5 January 2008. He was widely regarded as a pro-NATO and pro-West leader who spearheaded a series of political and economic reforms. In 2010, he had a 67% approval rating[ 3 ] despite being criticized by the opposition for his alleged authoritarian tendencies and electoral fraud.[ 4 ]

On 2 October 2012, Saakashvili admitted his party's defeat in Georgia's parliamentary election against the Georgian Dream coalition led by the tycoon Bidzina Ivanishvili.[ 5 ] He was barred by the constitution of Georgia from seeking a third term in the 2013 presidential election, which was won by the Georgian Dream's candidate Giorgi Margvelashvili. Shortly after the election, Saakashvili left Georgia.[ 6 ] Saakashvili is wanted by Georgia's new government on multiple criminal charges, which he denies as politically motivated.[ 7 ]

Saakashvili energetically supported Ukraine's Euromaidan movement and the 2014 Ukrainian revolution.[ 8 ] On 30 May 2015 Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko appointed Saakashvili Governor of Odessa Oblast (region).[ 9 ][ 10 ][ 11 ] He was also granted Ukrainian citizenship.[ 9 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Some non-Georgian sources spell Saakashvili's first name via the Russian version of the name  Mikhail. In Georgia, he is commonly known as  Misha, a hypocorism for Mikheil.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 12 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Early life
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Mikheil Saakashvili was born in Tbilisi on 21 December 1967, capital of the then Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet Union, to a Georgian intelligentsia family.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-president.gov.ge_13-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 13 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-rulers_14-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 14 ] His father, Nikoloz Saakashvili, is a physician who practices medicine in Tbilisi and directs a local Balneological Center. His mother, Giuli Alasania, is a historian who lectures atTbilisi State University.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">During university, he served his shortened military service in 1989–1990 with the Soviet Border Troops' checkpoint unit in the Boryspil Airport in Ukraine (then as Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic also a part of the Soviet Union). Saakashvili graduated from the Institute of International Relations (Department of International Law) of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (in then independent Ukraine) in 1992. At this university he was friends with later President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 15 ] Saakashvili briefly worked as a human rights officer for the interim State Council of Georgia following the overthrow of President Zviad Gamsakhurdia before receiving a fellowship from the United States State Department (via the Edmund S. Muskie Graduate Fellowship Program). He received an LL.M.from Columbia Law School in 1994 and took classes at The George Washington University Law School the following year. In 1995, he also received a diploma from the International Institute of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France.

<span class="mw-headline" id="Election_to_Parliament" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Election to Parliament
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">He interned at the United Nations.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 16 ] After graduation, while on internship in the New York law firm of Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler in early 1995, Saakashvili was approached by Zurab Zhvania, an old friend from Georgia who was working on behalf of President Eduard Shevardnadze to enter politics. He stood in the December 1995 elections along with Zhvania, and both men won seats in parliament, standing for the Union of Citizens of Georgia, Shevardnadze's party.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Saakashvili was chairman of the parliamentary committee which was in charge of creating a new electoral system, an independent judiciary and a non-political police force. Opinion surveys recognised him to be the second most popular person in Georgia, behind Shevardnadze. He was named "man of the year"<span class="noprint Inline-Template" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;white-space:nowrap;">[<span data-title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2008)" style="box-sizing:border-box;">dubious  – discuss ]  by a panel of journalists and human rights advocates in 1997. In January 2000, Saakashvili was appointed Vice-President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">On 12 October 2000, Saakashvili became Minister of Justice for the government of President Shevardnadze. He initiated major reforms in the Georgian criminal justice and prisons system. This earned praise<span class="noprint Inline-Template" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;white-space:nowrap;">[<span data-title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2008)" style="box-sizing:border-box;">dubious  – discuss ]  from international observers and human rights activists.<span class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;white-space:nowrap;">[<span data-title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)" style="box-sizing:border-box;">citation needed]  But in mid-2001 he became involved in a major controversy with the State Security Minister Vakhtang Kutateladze and Tbilisi police chief Ioseb Alavidze, accusing them of profiting from corrupt business deals.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Saakashvili resigned on 5 September 2001, saying that "I consider it immoral for me to remain as a member of Shevardnadze's government." He declared that corruption had penetrated to the very center of the Georgian government and that Shevardnadze lacked the will to deal with it, warning that "current developments in Georgia will turn the country into a criminal enclave in one or two years."

<span class="mw-headline" id="In_the_United_National_Movement" style="box-sizing:border-box;">In the United National Movement
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Having resigned from the government and quit the Shevardnadze-run Union of Citizens of Georgia party, Saakashvili founded the United National Movement (UNM) in October 2001, a center-right political party with a touch of nationalism, to provide a focus for part of the Georgian reformists leaders. In June 2002, he was elected as the Chairman of the Tbilisi Assembly ("Sakrebulo") following an agreement between the United National Movement and the Georgian Labour Party. This gave him a powerful new platform from which to criticize the government.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Georgia held parliamentary elections on 2 November 2003 which were denounced by local and international observers as being grossly rigged. Saakashvilli claimed that he had won the elections (a claim supported by independent exit polls), and urged Georgians to demonstrate against Shevardnadze's government and engage in nonviolent civil disobedience against the authorities. Saakashvili's UNM and Burdjanadze-Democrats united to demand the ouster of Shevardnadze and the rerun of the elections.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Massive political demonstrations were held in Tbilisi in November, with over 100,000 people participating and listening to speeches by Saakashvili and other opposition figures. The Kmara ("Enough!") youth organization (a Georgian counterpart of the Serbian "Otpor!") and several NGOs, like Liberty Institute, were active in all protest activities. After an increasingly tense two weeks of demonstrations, Shevardnadze resigned as President on 23 November, to be replaced on an interim basis by parliamentary speaker Nino Burjanadze. While the revolutionary leaders did their best to stay within the constitutional norms, many called the change of government a popular coup dubbed by Georgian media as the Rose Revolution.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Saakashvili's "storming of Georgia's parliament" in 2003 "put U.S. diplomats off guard... [Saakashvili] ousted a leader the U.S. had long backed, Eduard Shevardnadze."<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-WSJ_17-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 17 ] Seeking support, Saakashvili went outside the U.S. State Department. He hired Randy Scheunemann, now Sen. John McCain's top foreign-policy adviser, as a lobbyist and used Daniel Kunin of USAID and the NDI as a full-time adviser.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-WSJ_17-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 17 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">On 24 February 2004 the United National Movement and the United Democrats had amalgamated. The new political movement was named the National Movement - Democrats (NMD). The movement's main political priorities include raising pensions and providing social services to the poor, its main base of support; fighting corruption; and increasing state revenue.

<span class="mw-headline" id="First_Presidency" style="box-sizing:border-box;">First Presidency
Saakashvili's inauguration as President of Georgia<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">The 2004 presidential election were carried out on 4 January 2004. The election was an outcome of the bloodlessRose Revolution and a consequent resignation of President Eduard Shevardnadze. It is well known for a very high level of electoral turnout and also for the number of votes cast for one particular presidential candidate — Mikheil Saakashvili (96%). All other candidates received less than 2% of the votes. In total, 1,763,000 eligible voters participated in the election. On 4 January 2004 Mikheil Saakashvili won the presidential elections in Georgia with more than 96% of the votes cast, making him the youngest national president in Europe. On a platform of opposing corruption and improving pay and pensions he has promised to improve relations with the outside world. Although he is strongly pro-Western and intends to seek Georgian membership of NATO and theEuropean Union, he has also spoken of the importance of better relations with Russia. He faced major problems, however, particularly Georgia's difficult economic situation and the still unresolved question of separatism in the regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Abkhazia regards itself as independent of Georgia and did not take part in the elections, while South Ossetia favours union with its northern counterpart in Russia.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Saakashvili was sworn in as President in Tbilisi on 25 January 2004. Immediately after the ceremony he signed a decree establishing a new state flag. On 26 January, in a ceremony held at the Tbilisi Kashueti Church of Saint George, he promulgated a decree granting permission for the return of the body of the first President of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, from Grozny (Chechen Republic) to Tbilisi and renaming a major road in the capital after Gamsakhurdia. He also released 32 Gamsakhurdia supporters (political prisoners) imprisoned by the Shevardnadze government in 1993-94.

Anti Saakashvili poster in Tbilisi, 2006<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">In the first months of his presidency, Saakashvili faced a major political crisis in the southwestern Autonomous Republic of Adjara run by an authoritarian regional leader, Aslan Abashidze, who largely ignored the central Georgian government and was viewed by many as a pro-Russian politician. The crisis threatened to develop into an armed confrontation, but Saakashvili's government managed to resolve the conflict peacefully, forcing Abashidze to resign on 6 May 2004. Success in Adjara encouraged the new president to intensify his efforts towards bringing the breakaway South Ossetia back under the Georgian jurisdiction. The separatist authorities responded with intense militarization in the region, that led to armed clashes in August 2004. A stalemate ensued, and despite a new peace plan proposed by the Georgian government in 2005, the conflict remains unresolved. In late July 2006, Saakashvili's government managed to deal successfully with another major crisis, this time in Abkhazia's Kodori Gorge where Georgia's police forces disarmed a defiant militia led by a local warlord Emzar Kvitsiani.

Presidents Saakashvili and George W. Bush in Tbilisi on 10 May 2005<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">In his foreign policy, Saakashvili maintains close ties with the U.S., as well as other NATO countries, and remains one of the key partners of the GUAM organisation. The Saakashvili-led Rose Revolution has been described by the White House as one of the most powerful movements in the modern history<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 18 ] that has inspired others to seek freedom.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 19 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="Business_reforms" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Business reforms
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Although some of President Saakashvili's social reforms are considered to have been of mixed success, the rate of corruption in the country was drastically reduced and the business environment was improved significantly. According to the World Bank, Georgia is named as the number one economic reformer in the world and the country ranks 9th in terms of ease of doing business- while most of the country's neighbors are ranked somewhere in the hundreds.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 20 ] Doing Business report founder Simeon Djankov has given Georgia as an example to other reformers during the annual Reformer Awards.

<span class="mw-headline" id="Economic_policy" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Economic policy
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Georgia has become involved in international market transactions to a small extent, and in 2007 Bank of Georgia sold bonds at premium, when $200m five-year bond was priced with a coupon of 9 per cent at par, or 100 per cent of face value, after initially being priced at 9.5 per cent and investors pushed orders up to $600m.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 21 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_relations" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Foreign relations
Mikheil Saakashvili with George W. Bush<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">President Saakashvili sees membership of the NATO as a premise of stability for Georgia and offered an intensified dialogue with the de facto Abkhaz and Ossetian authorities. Until the 2008 South Ossetia war, a diplomatic solution was thought to be possible. Saakashvili's administration doubled the number of its troops inIraq, making Georgia one of the biggest supporters of Coalition Forces, and keeping its troops in Kosovo andAfghanistan to "contribute to what it describes as global security".<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 22 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Saakashvili's government maintains diplomatic relations with other Caucasian states and Eastern Europeancountries, such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine. In 2004, Saakashvili visited Israel to attend the official opening of the Modern Energy Problems Research Center, and Dr. Brenda Schaffer, the director of the center, described Saakashvili as the Nelson Mandela of the 21st century.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-fjc.ru_23-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 23 ] In August of the same year, Saakashvili, who holds an honorary doctorate from the University of Haifa, travelled to Israel to attend the opening of the official Week of Georgian-Jewish Friendship, held under the auspices of the Georgian President, for which the Jewish leaders were invited as honoured guests.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-fjc.ru_23-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 23 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">On 12 October 2007 Saakashvili officially visited Åland Islands, an autonomous region of Finland, and was informed about how the autonomy is organised.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 24 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Relations with the United States are good, but are complicated by Saakashvili's "volatile" behaviour. Former and current U.S. officials characterize the Georgian president as "difficult to manage". They criticize his "risky moves", moves that have often "caught the U.S. unprepared" while leaving it "exposed diplomatically".<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-WSJ_17-2" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 17 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Saakashvili's ties with the U.S. go back to 1991 (see Early life and career). Biographies of Thomas Jefferson and John F. Kennedy can be found in his office, next to biographies of Joseph Stalin and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and books on war. Seeking U.S. support, Saakashvili went outside the United States Department of State and established contacts with Sen. John McCain and forces seeking NATO expansion.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-WSJ_17-3" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 17 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Saakashvili believes that the long-term priority for the country is to advance its membership in the European Community and during a meeting with Javier Solana, he said that in contrast with new and old European states, Georgia is an Ancient European state.

<span class="mw-headline" id="Assassination_attempt" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Assassination attempt
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">On 10 May 2005, while U.S. President George W. Bush was giving a speech in Tbilisi's Freedom Square, Vladimir Arutyunian threw a live hand grenade at where Saakashvili and Bush were sitting. It landed in the crowd about 65 feet (20 m) from the podium after hitting a girl and did not detonate. Arutyunian was arrested in July of that year, but before his capture he managed to kill one law enforcement agent. He was convicted of the attempted assassinations of Saakashvili and Bush and the murder of the agent, and given a life sentence.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-sentenced_25-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 25 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="Law_and_order" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Law and order
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">On 27 March 2006 the government announced that it had prevented a nationwide prison riot plotted by criminal kingpins. The police operation ended with the deaths of 7 inmates and at least 17 injuries. While the Parliamentary opposition has cast doubts over the official version and demanded an independent investigation, the ruling party has been able to vote down such initiatives.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 26 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="2007_crisis" style="box-sizing:border-box;">2007 crisis
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">The late Georgian businessman Badri Patarkatsishvili claimed that pressure had been exerted on his financial interests after Imedi Television broadcast several accusations against officials. On 25 October 2007, former defense minister Irakli Okruashvili accused the president of planning Patarkatsishvili's murder.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 27 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 28 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 29 ]Okruashvili was detained two days later on charges of extortion, money laundering, and abuse of office.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 30 ] However, in a videotaped confession released by the General Prosecutor's Office on 8 October 2007, in which Okruashvili pleaded guilty to large-scale bribery through extortion and negligence while serving as minister, he retracted his accusations against the president and said that he did so to gain some political benefit and that Badri Patarkatsishvili told him to do so.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 31 ]Okruashvili's lawyer and other opposition leaders said his retraction had been made under duress.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 32 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Georgia faced the worst crisis since the Rose Revolution. A series of anti-government demonstration were sparked, in October, by accusations of murders and corruption levelled by Irakli Okruashvili, Saakashvili's erstwhile associate and former member of his government, against the president and his allies. The protests climaxed early in November 2007, and involved several opposition groups and the influential media tycoon Badri Patarkatsishvili. Although the demonstrations rapidly went downhill, the government's decision to use police force against the remaining protesters evolved into clashes in the streets of Tbilisi on 7 November. The declaration of state of emergency by the president (7–16 November) and the restriction imposed on some mass media sources led to harsh criticism of the Saakashvili government both in the country and abroad. Human Rights Watch criticised the Georgian government for using "excessive" force against protesters in November and International Crisis Group warned of growing authoritarianism.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbc_georgiatimeline_33-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 33 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Patarkatsishvili's opposition television station Imedi was shut down in November 2007 after the authorities accused it of complicity with the plot to overthrow the elected government. The channel resumed broadcasts a few weeks after the incident, but did not cover news or talk shows until after the election.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 34 ] Subsequently the station was sold to supporters of the Saakashvili government<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 35 ] and some Georgian journalists have called for the station to be handed back.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 36 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">On 8 November 2007, President Saakashvili announced a compromise solution to hold early presidential elections for 5 January 2008. He also proposed to hold aplebiscite in parallel to snap presidential elections about when to hold parliamentary polls – in spring as pushed for by the opposition parties, or in late 2008. Several concessions in the election code were also made to the opposition.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-civil.ge_37-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 37 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">On 23 November 2007, the ruling United National Movement party officially nominated Saakashvili as its candidate for the upcoming elections. Pursuant to theConstitution of Georgia, Saakashvili resigned on 25 November to launch his pre-election campaign for early presidential polls.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 38 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Saakashvili came under criticism for dispersing with rubber bullets and tear gas hundreds of protesters who were blocking Tbilisi's main transport artery, Rustaveli Avenue.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 39 ] The demonstrations started as protest against the arrest of two well-known sportsmen accused of blackmail but soon grew into a demonstration against the central authorities. 25 people were arrested including five members of opposition parties.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 40 ] Another series of demonstrations forced Saakashvili to reset the pre-scheduled presidential elections to 5 January 2008.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-civil.ge_37-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 37 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="Second_Presidency" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Second Presidency
Graffiti in Tbilisi===<span class="mw-headline" id="2008_presidential_election" style="box-sizing:border-box;">2008 presidential election === <p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">On 5 January 2008, an early presidential election, was held nationwide with the exception of a highland villageShatili, where the polling station was not opened due to the high levels of snowfall. In a televised address, President Saakashvili had proposed to hold the election earlier than called for by the Georgian constitution in order to resolve the political tension surrounding opposition-led demonstrations, their suppression by the government on 7 November 2007, and the closure of the most popular opposition television network, Imedi. Saakashvili said in his presidential address that "these elections will be held according to our timing, and not that our ill-wishers."

<span class="mw-headline" id="Changes_in_the_Cabinet" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Changes in the Cabinet
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Saakashvili publicly announced about his plans of modernising the Cabinet of Georgia well before Georgian presidential elections. Shortly after being re-elected, the president formally re-appointed the Prime Minister of Georgia Lado Gurgenidze and asked him to present a renewed cabinet to the Parliament of Georgia for final approval.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Gurgenidze changed most ministers, leaving Ivane Merabishvili, controversial Minister for Home Affairs, Defence Minister David Kezerashvili and Minister of Finance Nika Gilauri on their former positions. Gia Nodia was appointed as the Minister of Education and Science. Zaza Gamcemlidze, former director of Tbilisi Botanic Garden, took over the position of the Minister of Human Resources and Nature Protection. Famous archaeologist, and already the eldest minister in the cabinet, Iulon Gagoshidze was appointed on a newly designated position of the Minister of State for Diasporas.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Parliamentary elections held during Saakashvili's second term were condemned by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election monitoring mission for being marred by ballot stuffing, violence against opposition campaigners, uncritical coverage of the president and his party from the state-controlled media, and public officials openly campaigning for the president's party.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 41 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">On 28 October 2008, Mikheil Saakashvili proposed Grigol Mgaloblishvili, Georgian Ambassador to Turkey for the premiership. According to the President, Gurgenidze had initially agreed to serve only for a year and that Georgia was facing new challenges which needed new approach. The Parliament of Georgia approved Mgaloblishvili as the premier on 1 November 2008.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">In 2009 (2009 Georgian demonstrations), 2011 (2011 Georgian protests) and 2012 (2012 Georgian protests) protests against Saakashvili spread across Georgia.

<span class="mw-headline" id="Georgia.E2.80.93Russia_relations" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Georgia–Russia relations
Meeting with Vladimir Putin, 22 February 2008<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">On 22 February 2008 Saakashvili held an official meeting with the President of Russia Vladimir Putin, in his residence in Novo-Ogaryovo. The presidents discussed the issues of aviation regulations between the two countries.<span class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;white-space:nowrap;">[<span data-title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)" style="box-sizing:border-box;">citation needed]  This was Putin's last meeting in his second term as the President of Russia, being succeeded by Dimitry Medvedev shortly thereafter.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">However, a series of clashes between Georgian and South Ossetian, Russian military forces intervened on the side of the South Ossetian separatists in response to the Georgian attack on Tskhinvali and invaded Gori in Shida Kartli. The two counterparts were led to a ceasefire agreement and a six-point peace plan, due to the French President's mediation. On 26 August the Russian president, Dmitry Medvedev, signed a decree recognizingAbkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states. On 26 August 2008, in response to Russia's recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, Deputy Foreign Minister Grigol Vashadze announced that Georgia had brokendiplomatic relations with Russia.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev holds Saakashvili responsible for the 2008 South Ossetia war, and states that Saakashvili is responsible for the collapse of the Georgian state.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 42 ] Medvedev has stated "(a)s soon as Georgia gets a new leader we will have every opportunity to restore ties."<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 43 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="2009_opposition_demonstrations_and_armed_mutiny" style="box-sizing:border-box;">2009 opposition demonstrations and armed mutiny
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">The pressure against Saakashvili intensified in 2009, when the opposition launched mass demonstrations against Saakashvili's rule. On 5 May 2009, Georgian police said large-scale disorders were planned in Georgia of which the failed army mutiny was part. According to the police, Saakashvili's assassination had also been plotted.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBCSecond_44-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 44 ] Opposition figures dispute the claim of an attempted mutiny and instead say that troops refused an illegal order to use force against opposition demonstrators.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 45 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="Trip_to_Polish_presidential_funeral" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Trip to Polish presidential funeral
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">On 18 April 2010, despite an ash cloud from the Eyjafjallajökull volcano which caused the closure of airspace over most of Europe, Saakashvili made his way to Polish president L. Kaczynski's funeral. Dozens of foreign mourners had had their flights cancelled. Mikheil Saakasvhili was flying from the U.S. and first landed in Portugal, then Italy, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania and finally Kraków airport (Poland), just on time to meet the funeral conduct walking to Wawel Cathedral.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 46 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 47 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="Prison_conditions" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Prison conditions
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">In September, 2012, during Saakashvili's presidency, a video taken inside Tbilisi prison Gldani #8 showing prisoners being beaten and sodomized was released to the public.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 48 ] Georgian Minister of Correction, Probation and Legal Assistance Khatuna Kalmakhelidze was forced to resign over the scandal.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 49 ] Human rights organizations including the U.N. Office for the High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a statement expressing outrage over the video.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 50 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 51 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="End_of_presidency" style="box-sizing:border-box;">End of presidency
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">On 2 October 2012, Saakashvili admitted defeat in Georgia's parliamentary election against Bidzina Ivanishvili in the election the day before.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_5-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 5 ] He was barred from seeking a third term in the 2013 presidential election. Saakashvili left Georgia shortly after the election.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbcn1615sio_6-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 6 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">In December 2013 Saakashvili accepted the position of lecturer and senior statesman at Tufts University in the United States.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 52 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="Governor_in_Ukraine" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Governor in Ukraine
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Saakashvili energetically supported Ukraine's Euromaidan movement and its 2014 Ukrainian revolution.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-nwsgor_8-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 8 ] On 7 March 2014, Saakashvili authored an op-ed piece entitled "When Putin invaded my country", in the context of the turmoil in Ukraine after the ouster on 22 February of President Viktor Yanukovich and before the 16 March referendum in the 2014 Crimean crisis.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 53 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">In September 2014 Saakashvili moved to Williamsburg, Brooklyn.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 54 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">On 13 February 2015 Saakashvili was appointed by the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko as head of the International Advisory Council on Reforms—an advisory body whose main task is working out proposals and recommendations for implementation and introduction of reforms in Ukraine based on best international practices.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-civ28044_7-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 7 ] On 30 May 2015 Poroshenko appointed Saakashvili Governor of Odessa Oblast (region).<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Radio_Free_Europe.2FRadio_Liberty_9-2" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 9 ] On the previous day, 29 May 2015, he was granted Ukrainian citizenship.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Radio_Free_Europe.2FRadio_Liberty_9-3" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 9 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 55 ] A month before this appointment Saakashvili had stated that he had turned down the post of First Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine because in order to fulfill that post he would have had to become a Ukrainian citizen and renounce his Georgian citizenship.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-nwsgor_8-2" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 8 ] Saakashvili stated on 1 June 2015 that he had now changed his mind to avoid "guaranteed imprisonment" in Georgia and to defend Georgian interest through his governorship in Odessa.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbcn1615sio_6-2" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 6 ] Also on 1 June 2015 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia stated that the appointment of Saakashvili would not have a negative impact on the relations between Georgia and Ukraine.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 56 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_prosecution" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Legal prosecution
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">On 28 July 2014, criminal charges were filed by the Georgian prosecutor's office against the former President Mikheil Saakashvili over alleged "exceeding official powers" during the 2007 Georgian demonstrations as well as a police raid on and "seizure" of Imedi TV and other assets owned by the late tycoon Badri Patarkatsishvili. Saakashvili, then being in Hungary, responded by accusing the Georgian authorities of political score-settling and attempts at appeasing Russia.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 57 ] The United States expressed concerns over the case and warned that "the legal system should not be used as a tool of political retribution".<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 58 ] The European Union stated that it took "note with concern" and it will "closely monitor these and other legal proceedings against members of the former government and current opposition in Georgia".<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 59 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">On 2 August 2014, Tbilisi City Court ordered pre-trial detention in absentia for Saakashvili, as well as for the co-accused Zurab Adeishvili (chief prosecutor in 2007) andDavit Kezerashvili (defense minister in 2007), with a preliminary hearing appointed for September 2014.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 60 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Saakashvili stated on 1 June 2015 that he had given up (three days before) Georgian citizenship to avoid "guaranteed imprisonment" in Georgia.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbcn1615sio_6-3" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 6 ] The Constitution of Ukraine forbids to extradite Ukrainians to another state.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 61 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Personal life
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Saakashvili is married to Dutch linguist Sandra Roelofs, whom he met in Strasbourg in 1993. The couple have two sons, Eduard and Nikoloz.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 62 ] Eduard claimed, in June 2011, the world record for speed typing on an iPad.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 63 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Apart from his native Georgian, Saakashvili speaks fluent English, French, Russian and Ukrainian,<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 64 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 65 ] and has some command of Ossetian and Spanish.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 66 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 67 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism_and_approbation" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Criticism and approbation
Sandra Roelofs, Michelle Obama, Mikheil Saakashvili andBarack Obama in 2009<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">In the 2010 study Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War, political scientists Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way cite various media and human rights reports to describe Saakashvili's Georgia as a "competitive authoritarian" (i.e., a formally democratic but essentially non-democratic) state.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 68 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Saakashvili's government has been lauded for making "striking improvements" in the fight against corruption.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 69 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 70 ] In addition, the U.S. State Department noted<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 71 ] that during 2005 "the government amended several laws and increased the amount of investigations and prosecutions reducing the amount of abuse and ill-treatment in pre-trial detention facilities". The status of religious freedom also improved due to increased investigation and prosecution of those harassing followers of non-traditional faiths.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-HRW2005_72-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 72 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 73 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">The scrupulousness of Patarkatsishvili's political opposition toward the Georgian president has been questioned by the Jamestown Foundation's political analyst Vladimir Socor who attributed the businessman's discontentment to Saakashvili's anti-corruption reforms, which "had severely curtailed Patarkatsishvili's scope for doing business in his accustomed, post-Soviet 1990s-style ways."<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 74 ] Patarkatsishvili—who had fled the Russian authorities after allegations of fraud—was called "a state criminal" by Saakashvili, who accused him of treason while refusing to admit to any of his accusations.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 75 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Saakashvili was portrayed by Cuban-American Hollywood actor Andy García in the 2010 Hollywood film 5 Days of War by Finnish-American film director Renny Harlin.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-imdbUntitled_76-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 76 ] The film tells the story of Saakashvili and the events during the 2008 South Ossetia war.