Austrian Netherlands

The Austrian Netherlands (Latin: Belgium Austriacum) is the collective name for the ten to eleven provinces that formed when the Southern Netherlands between 1715 and1790 1795 except from the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg. The southern Netherlands were an autonomous part of the Habsburg monarchy. Sometimes also talks of the Imperial Provinces, to make the distinction with the Republic of the seven United Provinces. 

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[hide] *1 Austrian Habsburgs  ==Austrian Habsburgs[ Edit] == During the Spanish Succession war the Spanish Netherlands were in hands of troops of the Republic come. However, both the Netherlands were not reunited. With theTreaty of Utrecht of 1713 they were assigned to the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg and the actual transfer took place in 1715. The United provinces initially retained some military control by garrisons in the barrier cities. But under Emperor Joseph II was decided to sloping of the fortresses of the Netherlands, with the exception of those of Antwerp and Luxembourg, and the imperial troops took over power.
 * the territory 2
 * 3 Reforms
 * Brabant revolution 4
 * 5 Austrian restoration
 * 6 For reflection of independent Belgium
 * Areas 7
 * 8 see also

The transfer to the Austrians was done primarily at the urging of the Republic and Great Britain, allies of Austria, which wanted to maintain a buffer between France and the Republic. The Habsburgs themselves had little interest in the region, except during the creation of the Ostend Company by Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor.

The Austrian Netherlands retained a far-reaching autonomy in the increasingly centralizing Habsburg State. Austria tried to Exchange several times the southern Netherlands for Bavaria, with the elector of Bavaria King of the Netherlands or of the Belgians would be. [1]  all these attempts failed. ==The territory[ Edit] == On 2 november 1714 was Joseph of Königsegg as Minister Plenipotentiary for the reign over the Austrian Netherlands in charge in the name of Charles VI take possession of the regions by the Treaty of Utrecht assigned as soon as the Barrièretractaat (15 november 1715) they would put at his disposal:

Maximilian Emanuel had no problems created and smooth both provinces of their oath of allegiance fired, and there are troops cleared away. The United provinces would until February 1716 Brabant, Flanders, Mechelen and cede Hainaut again and, the month afterwards, Roermond with the part of upper guelders that they had in their possession. West-Flanders and they even cleared the Tournai on 22 August 1719. ==Reforms<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p lang="en" len="828" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A new occupation by French troops during the war of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) and the political Barrier of the United provinces remained in the Southern Netherlands the aversion against the neighbours maintain and strengthen internal solidarity.
 * Limburg (already controlled by Austria),
 * Brabant and Flanders, Mechelen (controlled by the Conference of the naval powers),
 * the Luxembourg and Namur (controlled by Maximilian, Prince),
 * the by the United provinces occupied Hainaut,
 * the ceded countries by Louis XIV, the Tournai and West Flanders,
 * Austrian Guelders, the remainder of the divided Spanish Guelders.

<p lang="en" len="302" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In this century of the Lights, the politics of the Austrians in these regions be summarised as follows:

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">While the first two Austrian princes, Charles VI (1685-1740) and Maria Theresa (1717-1780), have made their cautious reforms gradually, explained Joseph II (1741-1790) are radical measures in express pace. Joseph II began after his accession to the throne in 1780 the Habsburg empire on enlightened way to drive. The other one followed after 1781 edict on.
 * They competed against the local and provincial particularism and aimed at a greater centralization and unification of the institutions.
 * In economic terms they endeavored to restore the prosperity and encouraged agriculture, industry and trade.
 * They competed against the first illiteracy and developed an educational network.
 * They pushed for the laity conception of the State and the abolition of the privileges of the clergy.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">First were the turn of religious issues: in 1781, the tolerance and the independence of the southern Netherlands monastic orders opposite Rome proclaimed, in 1783 followed the lifting of 163 monasteries. In 1786 toLeuven and Luxembourg were general seminars founded, where anyone who wanted to be included in the spiritual state, had to study. The old Episcopal seminaries disappeared. Also the State administration was reorganized. ==Brabant Revolution<span class="mw-editsection" len="352" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Against the little diplomatic action by Joseph II in July 1789 broke the rebellion of the Brabant revolution, which indirectly also was a response to the abolition of the States and the repeal of the joyous entry. The rebellion was mainly worn by the conservative statists (with Hendrik van der Noot and Johannes van Eupen) and found support within the clergy, the nobility and the crafts. For a harder line chose the progressivevonckisten by Jan Frans Vonck and Jan-Baptist Verlooy. Armed vonckisten United even in the Pro Aris et Focissecret society. The insurgents also got support from the Liege, where resistance was created against the power of clergy in the Principality.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When a Patriotic Army of 2800 men under the command of General Jan Andries van der Meersch on 27 October 1789 to Turnhout, achieved a modest victory over the Austrian troops flared high on the national solidarity on January 11, 1790 , American example was the United States of Belgium , or the "Etats belgiques-unis-" proclaimed, with Hendrik Van der Noot as Prime Minister. The Austrian army to suppress the rebellion, however, knew and the southern Netherlands came back firmly under imperial governance.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">However, the differences with the we appeal again got the upper hand and the "Democrats" by Jan Frans Vonck had to even land excuses. In great contrast to the revolutions, which at the same time in France and in the Principality of Liège were underway, was the conservative revolution in this area. Austria was even negotiated with some form of autonomy. ==Austrian restoration<span class="mw-editsection" len="355" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In February 1790 Leopold II became emperor after the death of his brother Joseph II. In november of that year, after troops had become vacant following the end of a war against the Turks, were both the Austrian Netherlands as the prince-bishopric of Liège by the Austrians recaptured.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The statisten, including their leader Van der Noot, largely fled to North Brabant and the vonckisten took advantage of an amnesty. On the other hand, the royalists were rewarded for their loyalty with various functions.The statisten were only partly happy. In practice, after all, the royalists had the power in their hands.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The period that followed (January 1791 to november 1792) became the first Austrian called Restoration. The situation of before Joseph II was again restored. The radical Democrats saw their distrust in Vienna confirmed and retreated to France, where she a Comité des Belges et Liégeois Unis (United Dutch and Shutters Creole) formed. This Committee proposed a centralistic Constitution project: one room, made throughuniversal suffrage, with ample power and control opportunities within the Executive branch. ==For reflection of independent Belgium<span class="mw-editsection" len="372" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">How short are also called essential, however, these revolutions for the Belgian nation-building. For the first time in history had the inhabitants of the various principalities, including the Principality of Liège, joined forces and politics mobilized under the slogan of popular sovereignty (Comité des Belges et Liégeois Unis).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The party formation had happened along lines that would be extended in the nineteenth century: a church party and anticlerical party. Also the repeated attempts at coalition of memory would live on and vonckisten statisten. By connecting the Brabantse (black-yellow) and Hainaut (yellow-red) weapon colors was a flag composed, the forerunner of the current Belgian flag.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Were the Austrian Netherlands In 1794 during the first coalition war by the first French Republic conquered and annexed in 1795 . Austria recognized this loss with the peace of Campo Formio in 1797. ==Areas<span class="mw-editsection" len="339" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==
 * Artois
 * Brabant
 * The Limburg and Overmaas countries
 * Tournai
 * Austrian Guelders
 * Hainaut
 * Luxembourg
 * Mechelen
 * Names
 * Lille-Flanders
 * Flanders
 * West-Flanders