History of the United States of Belgium

The history of the United States of Belgium describes the events in and around the autonomous region that between 1789 and 1795 coincided with approximately the Western and central part of present-day Belgium and has existed under that name in 1790. Before it came in line with most of the Austrian Netherlands.

It came at the end of 1790 under Austrian control, albeit officially again that now by Vienna was granted on all previously stated conditions.

From 1795 it was annexed by the French Republic and ended the autonomy to the area together with the eastern part of Belgium Austriacum Belgium in 1830 would like Kingdom again.



Content
[hide] *1 history  ==For History[ Edit] == Partly as a result of the general climate in Europe, United in the Austrian Netherlands both Conservatives led by lawyer Hendrik van der Noot as progressives led by Jan Frans Vonck in an armed opposition against the Emperor and defeated the Austrian army at Turnhout and then in Ghent. The battle of TurnhoutBattle of the streets of Ghent, november 1789.For the Belgian insurgents, this was not only a military but also a moral victory. The authority of the regiments that had to twice for volunteers was now to zero. The revolutionary spirit that quickly spread all over the country. Also, the Hainaut, Limburg, Namurrioted. Cockades were put back on the hats anywhere, with the red-yellow-black tricolour which Brabant in the hot summer of 1787 was elevated to national symbol already. On 17 november 1789 names the district governors from Brussels, and then immediately began the flight from the authorities, the official supporters of the displacement, still sporadic Joseph directory. Among the troops have increased day by day the desertion. After Austrian commander D'Alton on 21 november the garrison of Bergen op Names did withdraw, struck very Hainaut mutinied. Meanwhile insisted the rebel army under Viswanathan for the second time within the Kempen, while his outposts to Tienen penetrated. In order to stave off the Declaration of autonomy was the responsible Minister Trautmansdorff started on 20 november with all kinds of concessions to do while he was waiting for the sending of additional Austrian troops in vain. On december 2, sent the subpoenas as a parliamentary Colonel de Brou a ceasefire by two months.
 * Sovereignty 2
 * 2.1 appointment of a head of Government
 * 2.2 establishment of the United States of Belgium
 * 2.3 Built-in Division in the unit
 * 2.4 Europe suspicious
 * 3 back under Austria
 * 3.1 Austria revises its attitude
 * 3.2 Looming civil war
 * 3.3 the Empire strikes back
 * 3.4 end of a autonomy in name
 * Annexation to France 4
 * 5 see also

But on 10 december, by way of a start signal, during a service in the Sint-Goedelekerk from the choir by ' Gentlemen ' thousands in the Brabant tricolor cockades down interspersed. They were worn by the city everywhere at once. One hundred and fifty grenadiers left thereupon the barracks to cheers at the Patriots to join. They convinced the guards to hand over their arms to the citizens. The guards were fired upon the next day in the town and retreated at the bulk of the troops gathered in the Park. By the evening the fight was under the ringing of the general alarm bells in the churches and the roar of cannons. The morning of 12 december ordered a distraught d'Alton the retreat. The overijling and panic were so great that not even Trautmansdorff farewell foreign envoys could take. Artillery, army tros, Ammo, to the Treasury far, everything was left behind. All companies deserted in, some even killed their officers. The surplus of the regiments held finally halt behind the walls of Luxembourg. Only on the citadel of Antwerp also still an imperial flag had flown there on March 29, 1790, to the garrison surrendered. On 18 december 1789 did it Comiteit from Breda under General cheers entered the bevlagde with the three color Brussels. This ended in the low countries the Austrian system which had lasted seventy-four years. [1] ==Sovereignty[ Edit] == ===Appointment of a head of Government<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Belgium Austriacum in 1786<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">No sooner was the fall of the Austrian system known, or sent on 14 december 1789 Van der Noot in the name of the States of Brabant and United States messengers to the cities of Antwerp, Brussels, Leuven and to the Manifesto of the Brabant People from to paste and the ones to call, that should be convened, and taxing them to guard on the implementation of its content and on the public peace. In fact, it would be Comiteit of Breda with the complicity of the three main places have devised the design of the vonckistento put overboard by them with an immediate convening of the States in speed and to place them for the fait accompli, even before they could convene a National Assembly. TheStates names on 27 december in hands sovereignty behind closed doors, taking them the ' Nations ' and crafts, by strengthening the third estate that they represented, to itself associations.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">This following example found readily in Mechelen and Brussels in Namur. On 31 december, have committed themselves to the connected States of Mechelen, our holy, Catholic, Apostolic, Roman religion to defend, and will not be eligible to take the proposals, which would stretch to any modification to the constitutions and to the privileges of this province. But it was not sufficient in each province to proclaim the sovereignty of the local States. There had to be a main Government established but one wanted to avoid, especially that which fell into the hands of a National Assembly. The States General of 1790 therefore differed somewhat from the National Assembly of France. The emerging urban elites had had a much smaller share of their appointment.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the wake of Brabant also stated other provincial regions of the southern Netherlands themselves independently. The important States of the County of Flanders issued on 4 January 1790 from their manifesto of the County Flanders . Only the States of the Duchy of Luxembourg held themselves aloof.

<p lang="en" len="606" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 20 december the States of Brabant had the other States invited to unite with them, and the 27th Of Eupen, called ' Secretary of State of the United States ' their delegates to Brussels on 7 January. ===Establishment of the United States of Belgium<span class="mw-editsection" len="401" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Political situation in the year 1790<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the short-lived rebellion was the Habsburg Emperor Joseph II declared void of power. On 11 January, the States, United in a States General, which in this capacity for last met, the deed of Association of the independent United States of Belgium, the articles of incorporation of the United States of Belgium, often also translated as Belgian or United States, French: États United Belgian States-Belgiques-Unis, German:Vereinigte Staaten von Belgien, English: United States of Belgium''. The nine founding members of this Confederation were Brabant, Hainaut, Flanders, West Flanders, Namur, Mechelen, "Belgian" Gelre, Tournai.''

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The centralized State that the provincial particularism fought since the 16th century this was replaced by an allied State of the Southern Netherlands. Each province regionretained his sovereignty, but for all that the common interests concerned was transferred to a sovereign Congress, which, by the way, was composed from the same people as the States General and renewable every three years. To this belonged to the Congress left common interests: fitting-out and maintenance of the army, relations with foreign powers, the coins. It is clear that the United States of America as an example here were taken, including the name ' Conference ', be it to the letter and not the spirit. ===Built-in Division in the unit<span class="mw-editsection" len="392" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The vonckisten started here a frantic fight against. In doing so, they could count on the army, because Vander Mersch belonged to their party. Their ideal was a constitutional parliamentary government, liberal and moderate form of spirit. Supporters of the monarchy and the Austrian system, as well as those who adhere to the enlightened ideas against the dogmatism of the Church, felt attracted to these Patriots . One found them especially in Limburg, also in Hainaut, where to even riot broke out because the inhabitants Molembaix Celles-refused their oath, and also in Flanders it seemed most of the citizenry are favourably disposed to the democratic ideas. In Brabant and especially in Brussels were the hernieuwingsgezinden be in the minority, but the intellectuals represented there and fortunate. Many lawyers and members of the liberal professions shared their opinion. And more precious still was the support that they get from industrialists, entrepreneurs, capitalists, received that eagerly wanted to the end of the handicraft privileges and of the predominance of large landowners, who were in the States master.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Brussels craftsmen mistook on their part this ' merchant's club ' as a nest of conspirators against the people and against the faith. Blue, that the vonckisten and enemies of the States as reunification was now regarded as a substance with riotous color names, and should no longer be worn under the kokarde colors. The Archbishop treated them as ' enemies of religion and State '. Many priests claimed, that the Patriots wanted to revive the Jansenism . Brosius ' Journal philosophique et chrétien, in which Feller and his cronies violently against the philosophy of enlightenment ideas and the political reforms, was officially approved by the States General.

Charles Joseph, 4th Duke of Ursel<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Belgian Republic started thus surrounded by unleashed passions. But for the smooth running of a generally recognised Government was necessary. One persons with moderate therefore aimed to attract patriotic ideas as an Advisor, as Cornet de Grez, a known supporter of the convening of a National Assembly, to ' with his knowledge "be helpful, especially in managing the finances. And on January 25, got Charles-Joseph d'Ursel, the Duke of Ursel, the Presidency of the General Department of war. Nor as Cornet de Grez, favored those distinguished nobleman the "reactionary" and "particularistisch" said politics of States. His ideas were similar to those of a small elite of the French high nobility who dreamed of a constitutional Liberal government. His brothers-in-law, the Duke of Arenberg and famous friend of Mirabeau, the count of La Marck, which was zipped from Paris to Brussels, he shared his opinion and verhulden any more than their affection for the vonckisten. With the aim to establish an independent nation they would, by the gloss of their name, and their social influence on national reconciliation above the party quarrels are exalted, uitgeweest. Their attitude indignant the rare surviving stalwarts of Austria, which the House Arenberg even accused to the supreme power, perhaps to the King Crown for aiming. ===Europe suspicious<span class="mw-editsection" len="371" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The foreign courts were especially concerned about the rapprochement with France and Belgium by a national Constitution has become a feared one. For economic and political reasons they gave preference to the continuation of the provincialism, that the conservative forces of the country dispersed and cripple. The northern Netherlands is alleged to take the opportunity to parch the southern trade and industry, and to return to the time of the Barrièretractaat. Moreover, the Hague statesmen preferably also the Belgian Patriots in their freedom curtailed, to the Dutch Patriots, who could not suppress their failure of 1787, depriving all desire to recommence. But they had to add now to European politics.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">England remained some aloof, but as the Prussian enmity against Austria sharpened saw von Hertzberg for achieving his plans more advantage in the revolt of the Netherlands.The Prussian troops were marched into Liège on 30 november 1789 under the pretext of mediation, in reality rather to the intervention of the emperor there impossible. On 8 February, Van der Noot the States General to instruct the regiments to the Prussian general Schoenfeldt fireplaces. The Department of war had just yet as the lower officers to be appointed task. ==Back under Austria<span class="mw-editsection" len="377" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The inner political divisions and the fact that the Government not appointed with the support of the ' progressives ' was convened were undermining factors for the authority of the new system. Austria was waiting for the first opportunity to take again the Habsburg heritage. But Europe had in the meantime decided that a Belgian buffer State was absolutely necessary. The freedoms in which Austria had to agree to the autonomy of Europe made to ensure that the United Belgian States eventually disappeared in name only. ===Austria revises its attitude<span class="mw-editsection" len="386" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 20 February 1790 Joseph II died. His brother Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany, had his death not awaited to determine his attitude to the Belgians. Equally fervent supporter of enlightened despotism as Joseph myself on the other hand, he was in the highest degree, possessed the political insight, the art of with people to go and the flexibility, which the Emperor had been so completely foreign. No sooner was it also died or Leopold put Albrecht and Maria-Christina, who had wanted a place to stay in Bonn, a draft Manifesto for that in all points to the former requirements of Belgian negotiators responded. He went in it so far as to the Governors the newly on March 2, with some minor changes to the States General sins. But who laid it aside, even though there were signs of the desire for reconciliation with the Austrian system.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The country would undoubtedly have adopted immediately. The States of Gelderland asked already to stand with Leopold, who now prepared turned out to be the flag to iron out, communicate. Jean-François Gendebien, representative of the Hainaut third estate, considered the proposals so beneficial as the Treaty of Arras in 1579. And the ' constitutionalisten ' of the Group Cornet de Grez, vonckisten, asked that the patriotic negotiated without delay, because the manifest in the program of a main draw substantial parliamentary system sketched. They believed that with the help of the public opinion not to require the frost would be difficult to go one step further and the States General and the Congress to replace it with a representative body that was elected by the nation and would exercise the legislative power in his name.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">That, however, was sufficient to Van der Noot, from Eupen and their supporters, made the decision to save their offer. And that attitude did the exasperation at the Patriots then again at its best rise. The Duke of Ursel had the command ' their ' army accepted. The Duke of Arenberg and the count of La Marck there were ' dekenen ' of. On March 9, they refused the States with their companies to swear the oath of allegiance. Clergy, who the Patriots of betichtten and Christian persecution of slavish imitation of the despotism, encouraged the population to revolt against them. Their homes were marked for looting. Because they did not wanted to get involved in street fighting, they are vergenoegden with a petition in which of the States was required to establish the nation as to the form of the Government would be consulted. ===Impending civil war<span class="mw-editsection" len="377" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">But the fence was of the dam. On 16 March dragged speed capons (port dock workers) amok making the Imperial address behind him, Patriots and maltreated and offended them, arrested under acclaim due to the members of the States, which from the Windows of the Town Hall encouraged the Goons. The Government restored order on 19 March in Brussels, but at the same time the gatherings ban suggested by Patriotic Company out of combat.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the meantime, however, the army mutiny was struck and the civil war was near. Because along with Vonck had Van der Mersch to Names in order to muitend the opposition army under the protection of this set. And the Prussian Schoenfeldt, those at the Republic had engaged and at the head of a new generation of recruits just received the capitulation of the Austrian garrison of Antwerp had reached, now of the States got command against Van der Mersch to March. On april 6, pulled out to meet on the road to Brussels Vonck Schoenfeldt contended with him and to justify his attitude, but eventually agree, provided that promise of amnesty for his troops, to appear before the States for explanation. He got temporary arrest in the citadel of Antwerp. Then he took the district to France, as all leaders and convinced supporters who left the country.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Faded away over time, the objectives and the names vandernootisten and vonckisten gradually disappeared, to be replaced by new, which only the opposing fundamentals: aristocrats and Democratsday suburb that bears. This Belgian Revolution, who initially corresponded with the French Revolution, turned rather out on a continuation of the old system, with the exception of the monarchy. Closed off from the input of the ' progressives ' they wanted to keep, however, the Government was only to friend soulless and without gusto. The Treasury was empty and had to be filled urgently with new taxes, but not this Government that dared to. It was just what emotional appeal to patriotism done for donations, which in retrospect turned out to be completely inadequate. The army Meanwhile remained a mixed bag of ongedrilde volunteers, with which the last fortress of the Austrians Schoenfeldt impossible to Luxembourg could buckling.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Meanwhile, the Democrats are by no means to the fight. They had decorated their centre to Lille where a worrying activities on the day was laid. The flow of dishonorable pamphlets, cartoons, songs, who constantly from the secret printing presses of Lille and Brussels came did not in terms of quantity for the polemical writings of Paris under to do. La Fayette, which send their Constance sent as early as February, suggested interest in their case and encouraged them to. Rebellion broke out in Flanders at the end of may on the behest of the Comiteit of Lille. But Congress could take measures in time. The movement failed and was followed byrepression.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">But Prussia and Austria were now drawing closer to each other at the search. Negotiations between the aristocrats and the Democrats that were found to be necessary to Douai ran to nothing. The Austrian, however, resulted from negotiations with Prussia on 27 July on the Treaty of Reichenbach. Frederick William II of Prussia had the Belgians now if pressure means no longer necessary, and let them fall. From Vienna to set up the regiments came thereupon command to Luxembourg. ===The Empire strikes back<span class="mw-editsection" len="382" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On August 23, was strengthened in Brussels a ' Conference ' opened, that to old habit with closed doors and the situation was regarded. The Austrians had already in Limburg a victory and on 13 August, the Patriots from Herve driven out when Congress called a volunteer army under the arms. About mid-september were about 15,000 joined the Patriotic Army man around what was left. Their campaign, started on 22 september under Schoenfeldt ran on a pitiful failure from. To resist the regiments that marched to the Danube's Belgium, remained between Huy and Dinant on a line of a few thousand men. The defeat was all the more disastrous, as they brought a humbled position vis-à-vis the powers in Congress. One had not to respond to a proposal for the Armistice of the ministers met in the Hague.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Now it was Leopold, meanwhile, become emperor on september 30, 1790, that the conditions suggested that led back to the Austrian restoration . Of the Fiery liberalism that his manifesto of March no word back was now featured in the "explanation" that he proclaimed on 14 October and in which he himself as a generous Frost pointed to his factious nationals, but with an ultimatum to for 21 november to lay down their arms in Exchange for amnesty. The ' progressives ' were furious and the statement was publicly burned at the Large Market under the supervision of the police. When the ultimatum passed and the forefront of the Austrian troops had already reached, called the Luxembourg Congress on 21 november in the evening, at the walmend lamp light, surrounded by the wild bluster which is below its Windows raised, the third son of the Emperor, Archduke Charles, to hereditary Grand Duke of Belgium from. This was the end of the ' work ' of Congress. On 24 november the Austrian troops without a fight within States and the Names of Names had to recognize the old authority. Two days later subjected the States meeting of West Flanders itself. The rest of the country was recaptured without much violence. Brussels was occupied on 2 december, the 6th, Gent, Antwerp and Mechelen 4th the 7th. Mountains was already occupied since 30 november.

<p lang="en" len="725" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the last session of Congress on 27 november with the most compromised hurried statisten leader Van der Noot and his counsel Of Eupen to generality lands to flee and remained the vonckisten upset behind.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Köhler had the last remnants of the Patriotic Army brought to Flanders. The men were in Aalst scrapped. Leopold II encountered no opposition that way because of the bulk of the population, who chose eggs for money.On 2 december 1790 could occupy the imperial troops again Brussels.

<p lang="en" len="108" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The new emperor applied the reforms milder than its predecessor, but was never really quiet. ===End of a autonomy in name<span class="mw-editsection" len="387" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the Convention of Reichenbach of 27 July 1790 was the Prussian support to the young Republic expired. On 10 september that year, representatives of the Emperor, Prussia, Great Britain and the United Provincesa Convention in the Hague that the conditions laid down for the recovery of the imperial authority, provided that almost all the reforms on religious, administrative and judicial area were to be repealed. The Emperor had so opposite the powers to respect the constitutions. He fulfilled his obligation on 10 december and even did more than he had promised. He not only guaranteed a Government such as that had been under Maria Theresa, as well as the preservation of the national institutions, but in addition, he promised to never enter the draw in Belgium, will consult the States and the courts regarding all laws of general interest and in particular those laws that would contain amendments to the customs tariff, the Minister and the Commander-in-Chief of the troops under the authority and the dependence of the Governors will set to and, finally, ' the dubious, difficult to solve cases ' standing at the implementation of the constitutional requirements will arise to leave it to the decision of the States designated by him and by referees.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On June 15, 1791, the Governors back. But they prepared a people to that in spite of the particularism, of the conflict of interests and of the difference of languages, since so many centuries in the midst of so many vicissitudes and systems,-under the medieval princes, under the Dukes of Burgundy, under Charles V, Philip II and below under Josef II-its Princes have the right to have them challenged over itself and to treat them as nationals. And so were the developments in France with great interest. All our wederspannelingen, writes Maria-Christina on August 3, flatter itself with the possibility of a new rotation. And everyone is unwilling, it adds, the States and now the Democrats acting against the new Government. The police dared not to act against the secret came from Paris the people offered that abet. Théroigne de Méricourt begat In december when they came to Vienna Brussels much annoyance by her attitude as Amazon der revolution. They are famous there, that they had spoken with the Emperor and him ' converted ' to its basic principles and feelings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" len="200" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [2] founded In French Flanders, now old-vonckisten and Democrats, United with Liège Patriots, in Lille supporters clubs that recruited and under the protection of the Legislative Assembly of Paris confirmed that they would soon overwhelm Belgium to dislodge the Austrians look like.

Archduke Charles, new Governor of the Southern Netherlands.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Leopold died on 1 March 1792 and his successor emperor Francis II was for choosing asked: to provoke any new rotation either the Belgians their meaning, or else they brutally suppress. But because Austria on 20 april 1792 the war was declared by France, there was no more time to choose. At the end of november fled the Austrian Governors of Brussels for the victorious army of Dumouriez, after Maria-Christina still overall restoration of the Joyous Entry had promised, a promise to reconcile the statisten with Austria.Back in the States called that promise to take possession of the ' sovereignty ' which they claimed and under the nominal authority of the emperor it really get authority back in the hands, which they had seized during the Brabant revolution . But the Emperor regarded the country only as a base of operations in the war against France. He had just received aChancellery for the Netherlands to Vienna and in charge thereof dedicated to Trauttmansdorff, which obviously meant that this is a tool of centralization and absolutism would be.So generally distrust returned again.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rather than the now hated Maria Christina returning to Brussels, however, the Emperor appointed that same Archduke Charles to Governor, to whom the States during the last legs of the Brabant revolution had offered the sovereignty over Belgium. He was, as Minister Plenipotentiary, count von Metternich-Winneburg added, which general trust. Their appearance in Brussels on 26 March 1794 was a triumphal March.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Emperor Francis I on 9 april 1794 itself came to Brussels for the start of the new campaign against France to attend. He left there on 23 april in the open air on the place Royale inaugurate as Duke of Brabant and Limburg. ==Annexation in France<span class="mw-editsection" len="379" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From dissatisfaction with this State suggested the statisten their hopes of revolutionary France. Those hopes clouded when it became clear, that a French military victory would usher the annexation of the territory.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In november 1792 French troops, including 40,000 men were refugees from 2500 the Austrian Netherlands and the prince-bishopric of Liège with the battle of Jemappes) already have a first time invaded and expelled again after four months in the battle of neerwinden. By January 1793 to June 1794 were the southern Dutch again under the Austrian control and worked all governing bodies as before, both in the Central, provincial and local levels.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">But on 26 June 1794 forced count Jean Baptiste Jourdan, French Marshal during the battle of Fleurus, with the first coalition war the Austrians to the low countries to leave for good. This marks the beginning of the French period in Belgium. While the Patriots were very active everywhere, French revolutionary troops conquered it likewise the Batavian Republic.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 1 October 1795 the French National Convention voted in with the annexation of the southern Netherlands and the Principality of Liège. The latter was by the revolution against the Prince-Bishop also ready for assimilation with the French Republic. The territory of Liège was also state from then on merged with the other Belgian provinces.