History of the Spanish Netherlands

The history of the Spanish Netherlands describes the period from 1556 in the Habsburg Netherlands, when this after the abdication of Emperor Charles V as soon as I got erfgebied to his son Philip II of Spain and the Spanish Netherlands, are called went to 1715 when the remaining Southern Netherlands as Austrian Netherlands came under the authority of the Austrian Emperor.

The one hundred and fifty are moved years in the history of the low countries which the struggle between particularism and centralization was accompanied to a struggle between monarchy and autonomy and the last the overtone pulled out. In the second half of the sixteenth century the Dutch revolt, leading to splitting of the mainly Calvinist become North and South led Catholic remained. From 1581, the northern Netherlands a private course, while the Catholic Southern Netherlands or their institutions and traditions preserved and remained loyal to the Spanish King. In doing so, they largely retained their autonomy, with its own legal system, councils and tax audit. Only foreign policy was mainly due to the Spanish throne determined by the Consejo de Estado. Because they formed a buffer between Protestant and Catholic areas, were the ten southern provinces on the European stage arranged commitment to wars and at the same time, the place where they occurred. The consequence was a constantly pushing the boundaries and often far-reaching Division, with General upheaval as an end result, despite a temporary revival of both arts as commerce and industry and intellectual progress-mainly in the seventeenth century-when the economy began again.

The separation of the northern Netherlands from the southern was initially not culturally determined, but mainly a result of military and geographical conditions. After the breakdown of the religious influence was decisive for further cultural removal in the course of the seventeenth century.

As outcome on the Spanish Succession finally divided the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht from the Spanish heritage of the Spanish Netherlands and the area came under the authority of the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, with which for the southern Netherlands Belgium Austriacum, or the period of the Austrian Netherlands, was initiated. ==Prior[ Edit] == At the end of the Habsburg period formed the Netherlands a relatively prosperous and peaceful colony, consisting of a loose association of provinces, United in the Burgundian circle, with its own representation on the part of the Governor (es) and with participation by the States General of the Netherlands. This centraliseerden the provincial councils to which they the wishes for a bede made known so that frost could decide about that. The delegates of the seventeen regions often use these occasions to made on their part to advocate new privileges .

Philip the fair already had the centralization policies of his predecessors continued, and Emperor Charles V, who would later become Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain before he had the political establishment of the low countries was further developed. So was the High Councilestablished by the first[1]  now divided into three Collateral Councils that Charles sister and Regent Mary of Hungary had to stand aside. With the subsequent Eternal Edict from 1531 was the basis for the legislation of the Netherlands laid. Charles had at the same time the price of dynastic State administration that he of his grandfather Emperor Maximilian I had inherited maintained. This sometimes led to conflicts with the Governor, who had the status of a Viceroy, but also with the population, such as the revolt of Ghent illustrates. Charles also if necessary against the nobility went in. So he proposed a final end to the Gelderse issue, with which the Netherlands were equated to the seventeen provinces. At the head of each he appointed a Governor or Salamat from the local nobility.

Infrastructure works and the creation of defensive work with castles and fortresses, the Habsburg Netherlands the look of a modern State, that there are good international relations as relevant today. As for the Netherlands on 25 October 1548 was the very favorable transaction of Augsburg -with which the seventeen provinces by the Reichstagwere recognized as political unity and factual independence obtained-submitted to the States meeting and adopted without any problems. The Netherlands remained connected with the Empire and paid an annual fee for any support. However, they were not subject to state laws or the Court. The States-provincial in 1549 to the individual pragmatic sanction adopted by them and submitted from 1549 brought internal unit under the Burgundian regions and settled the succession law in male and female line in such a way that they all remained under the same monarch. [2]

The low countries knew in the fifteenth and early sixteenth century a period of considerable wealth, prosperity and peace, all had to be contributed a great deal of money for the wars of Charles. The French King Henry II had it constantly on this regions coined. On 5 February 1556, the King of France and the Emperor eventually the statu quo based on the five-year truce of Vaucelles, after which the Netherlands Charles no longer belonged.

But danger not only from abroad. The smoldering fire of the new Calvinism sought both Charles v as Margaret by all means to avoid divisions within the realm to exorcise. This prompted more than once bad blood and it was uncertain whether the fermenting rebellion could be kept under control, despite the Inquisition established in 1522 and the countless placards that inflicted to the death penalty among other heretics, snaps, sellers and buyers of banned books.

In 1555 Charles V abdicated in favour of his son Philip. Together with his sister, the Regent, he left it permanently to Spain.

 ==Philip II of Spain<span class="mw-editsection" len="366" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Map of the Spanish Netherlands1559-1609<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Crown Prince Philip was unlike his father grew up in the Netherlands, but not in Spain. When he was in 1549 at the invitation of his father in the Netherlands from 17 March to stayed there a while with his future subjects acquainted, he turned out pretty familiar as a northerner from Henri Pirenne (according to to see with blonde hair and beard, blue eyes and white skin, but he didn't speak Dutch and barely French. He was stiff and serious near his Castilian travel companions, among whom were the Duke of Alva. Apparently he loathed the Frank tolerant way of interacting and the liberty of the natives. ' He stood opposite the Netherlands as equally strange at the time when his father had stood for Spain, and for his countries of herwaerts about he would always remain a stranger '. Philip was not only deeply pious, but kept also stuck to the absolutist principles. In front of heretics and rebels he showed himself inexorable.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Habsburg legacy consisted of two branches, the one headed by Ferdinand in Vienna, the other with Philip in Madrid. After his trip to Germany in June 1550 Uncle EmperorFerdinand I and the Princes to obtain the title of Roman Emperor, King Philip of the Reichstag from 7 March 1551 just like recognized heir to the Imperial borrow back in the Netherlands, after which he weerkeerde to Spain. After his marriage in England he came to Brussels in 1555 of his abdicerende father and Emperor the dominion over the low countries in receiving it. On that occasion he also disappointed the official representatives by instituted, just to change asking for the fact that he was their languages not powerful.In his name, he left Charles Granvelle, Bishop of Arras top Advisor, a speech full of promises. If Governor Philibert was designated.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Philip harbored probably plans to create a separate Kingdom of the Netherlands. However, just as new King he spoke with Granvelle, Ruy Gómez de Silva, Bernardino de Mendoza and don Juan Manrique de Lara about his plans. Therefore demanded the Council of State on 18 november 1555, that things that took the regions would be subject to their opinion.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the meantime, prepared the French King Henry II openly for a new war with the support of the Pope. To endure, should large sacrifices be required through higher beds. The immense military expenditure of Charles V the country had already imposed heavy loads and large debts, but the impending fracture of the file of Vaucelles in the regions had earlier displeasure than fear excited. They realized after all, that France had not so much coined on them, but on Spain, and have found it to be unheard of to have to bear the brunt of a war that would participate in them. The States General were assisted by the Council and the Governor, on which the individual provinces to Philip decided to knock and also from Spain also decided to attract big capitals. He had also assured the cooperation of England declared war on France on June 7, 1557.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first skirmishes took place at the border of County of Artois. With the army of 56,000 man, about which Governor Philibert of Savoy on 15 July got the high command, consisted of Spanish tercios, English Corps, German and Walloon mercenaries, and the Dutch ordonnans troops, led by, among others, the great lords from the regions, the Prince of Orange, the count of Egmont, the baron of Berlaymont, the Duke of Aarschot. After a RAID in Champagne and the conquest of St. Quintens, Noyon and Chauny, to attack the army wintered before Paris in the conquered land, while the King looked to restore his finances to resources.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Spain was already as good as bankrupt in June and in August 1557 to Valenciennes were the States General convened soon to Brussels, from where they moved to to keep session until may 1558. The Royal convocation letter made no secret of the fact that the Government shockingly embarrassing sat, because the Treasury was empty and there so no money for pay of the troops was and almost none for the remuneration of the public prosecutors. That knowledge made grateful use of impotence the regions to increase their political input, such as for the purposes of setting up beds more often happened. By Brabant argued they decided their conditions. On 26 november and 17 december 1557 became the Duke of Savoy two bulky bundles discourses offered. It called for the troops to leave for two-thirds of natives now exist, monitoring of the fortresses to the Membrane Knights to leave or to homegrown peers, and the kingdoms of Sicily, Spain, Milan andNaples to relation to the martial expenditure to contribute. Brabant went a step further by protesting against paying the debt made by the King, while Holland's point the religion question and limitation of the power of heretic masters early in accordance with the Canon law. Philip replied kind on him without documents to connect to something and eventually obtained a part of the requested finance provided by the States were administered. The Mayor of Antwerp Antoon Van Jets was appointed General Secretary and Chief intendant for military expenditure. The Armistice of 17 October 1558 brought General relief,-because the French Treasury was empty-and led on 3 april to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis that after half a century of struggle between Habsburgs and Valois brought peace.

Margaret of Parma by Anthonie Mor<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" len="191" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[3] <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Thereupon ruled Philip that his presence was no longer necessary in the Netherlands. Before travelling to Spain, he served to thank the troops and to arrange for good the reign over the Netherlands. But while the provincial States were negotiating on this, their delegates to Ghent on July 31, suddenly called. On 7 August 1559 took Philip solemnly farewell and requested that they would arrange the further disposal of the troops. A few days later he went on to declare his sister Margaret of Parma, Oudenaarde, which in Italy was raised, as Regent of the low countries to. At her side, he appointed his trusted Senior Advisor Granvelle, who also had served under Charles V. Because Margaret in the Spanish Netherlands was born and raised there until the age of ten and also knew the language, seemed Margeretha him: the most suitable and he granted her "as much power as the late Queen of Hungary had possessed". He insisted her on the heart to maintain the Catholic unity and punctually to ensure the implementation of the edicts against the sects, seen, outdoor experience has shown the ondienst, adept against God, that change of religion nothing happens without any other change in the State, and that the poor, sloths and tramps have often operate to plunder the goods of the rich. This manifesto may according to Pirenne "be considered as the first example of the politics of Sham, which often would take refuge later Philip II zoo".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" len="191" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [4]  In the Council of State appointed Philip the diplomat and orator Prince William of Orange, the experienced general lamoral, count of Egmont and the loyal servant Cardinal Granvelle, from then-Archbishop of Mechelen. Prominent jurist was President Viglius van Aytta Secret Council and as President of the Minister by the Governor. Count Berlaymont became president of the Finance Council.

The schepenhuis in Mechelen, seat of the Parliament between 1473 and 1477 and of the great Council between 1504 and 1609<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On the insistence of the States voted Philip strongly agree within three to four months to withdraw the 3,000 Spanish troops, which, according to him, the safety all served in the low countries. This concession he did at the nobility in the favor to come, that his proposal supported. He had for that reason also the Prince of Orange, the count of Egmont and the Lord of Glajon in the Council of State to retain the Governor added, and the reign over the regions are among the most influential nobles divided. Great was his disappointment when it became apparent, that the high nobles showed no sign of gratitude for his grace, but rather even more resistance, and that he made a few days later in vehement terms to the Prince of Orange clear. The same day he received the aanmanend writing the Council of State, the King made a circular letter to all the bishops going around them in almost spiritual terms, in which he pointed out and recommended their rights in education only common catechism to use, albeit somewhat shortened and translated in Dutch and in French.

Belgian dioceses before Super 1559 in order (1559)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">That same day, the great Council of Mechelen and the justice councils in the provinces command to apply the placards in all their rigor: not only the Baptists, but also theLutherans and the sacramentisten had to be prosecuted. He wished further with the approval of the Pope and reform of the Church being in the southern Netherlands in Douai a second University after Leuven. By the bull that he on 12 may 1559 of Pope Paul IV, there were obtained in addition to the five old dioceses outside the independent bishopric of Liège, fourteen new dioceses: Leeuwarden, Groningen, Haarlem, Deventer, Middelburg, Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp, Mechelen, 's Hertogenbosch, Roermond, Saint-Omerand Ypres, (the western part of the previous Diocese of Thérouanne was about the land border to Diocese of Boulogne) and Names. Instead of six dioceses for three million souls, there were eighteen now. By increasing the number of bishops and reducing the size of their diocese wanted Granvelle, who was behind the whole plan was, allow them to work more effectively, the believers in better on the strict conservation of orthodoxy to him in his fight against Protestantism, to help. The King would appoint the new Bishops together with the Pope, and they of his tokens let live pending allocation of their sources of income from abbeys. Some of them were known heretic masters who were rewarded with this Office.Franciscus Sonnius had the new format figured out and was in introducing named Bishop of 's-Hertogenbosch. The new districts came largely with the county boundaries and the limits of the national languages match. They were withdrawn from Reims and Cologne and to the found under three archdioceses Utrecht and Cambrai, Mechelen, which the Netherlands now also would form a spiritual unity in addition to a political.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 27 August 1559 went to Vlissingen maritime Frost, after to have printed the country Queen on the heart especially the opinion of Granvelle, Viglius and Berlaymont in win and he would never again set foot in the low countries. From now herwaerts about ' the low ' were countries of remotely piloted from Madrid or Vienna at the hands of Governors. They would be treated as a strategic colony, a property in foreign lands, of which princes, but for which they carried out the titles and weapons were only as far as international politics or held their dynastic calculations the overtone.

<p len="1111" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;"> ==Margaret of Parma and Granvelle<span class="mw-editsection" len="379" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mechelen-Brussels Belgium located in the current<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Margaret of Parma had to do with the conflicts around the rise of Calvinism in the Spanish Netherlands, against which Emperor Charles V placards had enacted. Margaret asRegent was assisted by a few ministers, which Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle after secret consultations with the King the main role. He held the actual power at the Regent and acted as her Prime Minister. On 26 February 1561 was Granvelle to Archbishop of Mechelen appointed. The discontent that both people as nobility with the reforms of the Church being had, and with the whole politics of Philip, focused from now on this Minister. When the news became known that he with the establishment of fourteen new dioceses also ' primacy ' of the Catholic Church in the Netherlands would be and would sit on the three Bishop-Abbots Provincial States of Brabant, where the Lords of the Council of State had the say, found this the time has come to break openly with Granvelle and joined the people's movement to connect. On 23 July 1561 offered the count of Egmont and William of Orange, United in the League of big ones against Granvelle, the King to their dismissal as Councillors. As reason they released on no longer wanting to be responsible for the consequences of the measures taken by the Cardinal, where they had no defence against, since they were kept unaware of all important matters. This incident reinforced the opposition, who are from now on under the direction of the most prosperous region suggested that both the economic (Antwerp) as the political capital (Brussels) contained, namely Brabant, that most of the heads of the high nobility as a member of its States counted. According to the correspondence of Granvelle to Philip II were indeed "the States of Brabant and authorized in the country in opposition to the new dioceses maintained".

Ghent-Terneuzen Canal<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Granvelle had always cleverly took advantage of the communication disorder that from the outset between the Spanish Netherlands and Philip had been created and fueled his fear for a war of religion. In fact, he tried to wipe out the large influence of Brabant and sowed division among the nobles and the regions for this purpose. So he advised the King to the competition between the Antwerp and Ghent port, which by the Sassevaart recently with the sea was connected, to stir up there it makes no difference to which of these two cities the profits of the trade, as long as they remain in the country. Thereupon gave the Brabant States even more on Monday and demanded the appointment of the Prince of Orange as ruwaard of Brabant. In addition, they sought rapprochement with the German Empire, with which the low countries through the Burgundian in Western Germanywere in suzerainty. The marriage of Willem of orange with the Lutheran Anna of Saxony, that on 25 August 1561, against the wishes of the King was carried out, had once described the changed attitude of the high nobility.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The people had previously committed to the events in France, where after the massacre of Wassy-sur-Blaise on March 1, 1562 the first religious war had broken out. Huguenotsflocked en masse to the Netherlands, where they were tolerated. Granvelle feared that they would be instigators of new resistance. By the end of the year, the situation was such that the cardinal evolved the nobility communicated his fears that "everything was lost, if it has the weapons recordings, because even here the religious war then broke out". But the high nobility still had no rotation in mind and was counting on the German track.

Margaret of Parma<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When the cardinal the high nobility got also began openly against itself, Margaret of Parma, which was fed up with the humiliating guardianship of the Cardinal, to change its attitude. It had convened a meeting of the film despite objections of its Knights, Granvelle, Viglius and convening of the estates General on 29 June 1562 had settled in Brussels.And then in January 1563 the cardinal threatened her with his dismissal, she made clear to him that they wished to see him not better then leave. In this climate, could the big ones a new request for withdrawal of Granvelle to the King, and so they did in the form of an indictment. It was William of Orange, Egmont and Horn, which indicated no longer wanting to sit next to the Cardinal and the signed on 11 March, after it (with the exception of Arenberg and from Berlaymont) was approved by all Fleece Knights and stadtholders.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The King answered half a year later, in the hope that the issue all by itself was strained and gave the desire that they would record their function. He sent a letter to Egmond to invite him for consultation. This sent the high Gentlemen through the Regent two new letters to the King. In the first she persisted that she not wished to sit next to Granvelle. In the second it was stated that they mainly this refusal based on the recently arrived from Madrid, the States General injunction not to convene, which according to them, however, was the only way to get out of that ' disaster '.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The threat was acute, when at various places in lower Flanders, Tournai and Valenciennes to Calvinist, a riot broke out. In August 1563 sent Margaret finally Armenteros to Madrid, in charge of the questioning of the resignation of the cardinal. At the end of February this returned back with the message that got temporarily leave and that the great lords Granvelle their posts had to resume to about their complaints against the Minister was decided. Granvelle left the capital on 13 March never to return. From March 1564 now were William the silent and Egmond that the decisive influence exercised on the policies of the Governor.

<p len="817" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;"> ==Emergence of Calvinism and beggars<span class="mw-editsection" len="378" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == The Spanish Netherlands in the sixteenth century.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Calvinism intended, in contrast to Lutherans and Anabaptists, the State in a theocracy to the Church being subordinate to do. Where the hacked, according to Henri Pirenne broke the epoch of the wars of religion to. It spread in the ratio with which capitalism in society penetrated and followed that track. When after the peace with France the southern borders were opened up, became the first large zones industry focal points: Tournai, Valenciennes and Lille, as well as the textile area of Hondschoote and Armentières and Oudenaarde. The ports of Holland and Zeeland followed and finally the economic capital of the Netherlands, Antwerp.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" len="191" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [5]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Margaret of Parma was expecting in August 1560 and Granvelle had a rebellion then the King regarded, that in all regions the religion was destroyed and a miracle if called, that following the French example had had less than here. Margaret was so careful and certain is committed to act as much as the State and the animal countries tolerate this vote.Diligent magistrates they encouraged, and they renewed the edict against the rhetoricians, but it stopped at. In 1561 the restraining the heresy encountered overt opposition everywhere. In Antwerp calvinist was no more maintained. On 27 april 1562 broke in Valenciennes following a fire death a serious riot from, that was quickly suppressed by the Viscount and then was the turn of Tournai, because also there the Calvinists boldly confessed their faith in public. But after the promulgation of the peace of Amboise in France on 19 March 1563 re-took the peace and that took away the Calvinist riots in the Netherlands are elan.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The high Lords, who favour the opposition remained, avoided the fire to cross, and held opposite the Regent appearances on Margaret had apparently did not notice that they are now in the place of Granvelle to her in turn to keep power and in the meantime, to carry out the program of the opposition. The consulta were abolished and the Council of State have been restored, while the disgraced Viglius and Berlaymont powerless had to monitor the win of their enemies. Viglius wrote: '''Here a new Republic and forge a Council of State, which the Supreme control over all affairs. I don't know if this will be able to coexist with the power and authority of Madam Governor and whether his Majesty himself thereby will not be''curbed '. Indeed the members of the high nobility demanded that the Secret Council and Finance Council -founded by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor since they were only of the Governor would be subordinate to them depended on-. They ruled through the Council of State, where they were entirely in the favor.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Meanwhile the stadtholders anywhere could freely go, fourth the nepotism rampant and an increasing number of Calvinists emigrated to England, where they were welcomed by Queen Elizabeth and were assigned a city, Norwich, to name their industrious Arts exercise. The commercial prosperity in the Burgundian provinces crossed Elizabeth long the eyes out. The flight of Calvinists, who were numerous, especially in the industrial zones enriched England and impoverished the Netherlands. Also cities like Sandwich, Colchester, Maidstone, Hampton on the East Coast were swamped, so the cloth industry there suddenly took a high flight. The number of refugees in January 1566 alone was estimated at 30,000 towards London.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When the English Queen raised import duties and the violation of the magnus intercursus saw by the fingers, decided in 1563 the Government in Brussels to a friendship break.The Governor had already banned imports of British goods in the meantime. Elisabeth had for its part that measure answered by its ports for the Dutch ships and in addition, threatened, the staple for English cloth to make transfer from Antwerp to Emden . In 1564 became after intervention of Philip II restored the trade agreement, be it in favor of the English. But the refugees continued, all dared under the influence of the tolerant policy of the big ones the urban governments and inquisitors still hardly to intervene. ===Letters from forest Segovia<span class="mw-editsection" len="369" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">To avoid the utter ruin one had to stop the bloodletting of that uitwijkingen, making the already formidable power of the opponent closer day by day. That could just be by withdrawal, or at least softening of the placards, there was everybody agrees: the people, the nobility, even Granvelle, in Madrid for a careful status ' if the Christians in Turkey ' proposed. But Philip, the Danvers, went right are. After a meeting of the Board was delegated to Madrid with the request for abolition Egmond of the placards, reform of the Council of State, in short ' new and great resources for the reform of the State as ' both for religious affairs. But on 30 april 1565 he came to no avail to have booked back in Brussels. In the letters of the King stated that the Reformation was studied, but that he would prefer one hundred thousand lives sacrificed then to withdraw the placards. Only he that afforded the Governor with the State Councils, some bishops and divines met in order to teach the people the means to plotting to found, good schools, and to chastise theheretics more effective.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">That meeting was held on 1 June. The members of the Council present refused to express their sentiment, the King had asked their not there. The other members were for the preservation of the placards, provided the content was less rigorous.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In response to this Council followed the letters from the Segovia Woods of 17 and October 20, 1565, in which Philip to the Governor expressed his displeasure about what in the Netherlands about the Inquisition the round did, that was necessary now more than ever, and showed a total lack of assessment of the situation. Margaret was very in her stomach with those letters. Viglius was terrified of even the hardness of the King and was considering to lay down his Office. The high nobility gave uninhibited air to his bitterness. William of Orange was only icy calm. From december did against the Inquisition and the King pamphlets with inflammatory testing the round. The pathetic state of the industry, in danger by the deflection of workmen and employers, and especially the extraordinary cost of living of 1566, drove the discontent on the striker.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the stubbornness of the King was there is now a link between the Affairs of State and those of religion. William of Orange, who secretly Catholic, but protestant appearance seemed, was in fact neither, but ruled as a statesman that only save the State on a truce . Without affiliation of Calvinists to his designs, however, remained a dead letter. The ask the German Reichstag to extend God's peace to the Netherlands, would apply only for the Lutherans, who were in minority. Attempts by him to both Protestant denominations to bring each other off ketsten on the stiff headedness of the Calvinists. ===Petition of the nobles<span class="mw-editsection" len="369" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Offer of the petition of the nobles, (Frans hogenberg).<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The minor nobility and the upper bourgeoisie, whose sons had graduated, in Geneva by early 1565 a movement created in order for the Calvinists, where most belonged, an arrangement to the French model to enter for the Huguenots . This resulted in July in a plan devised in secret meetings in the seaside resort Spa, meant to the nobility to join in a ' noble company ' in the nature of that of the Huguenots, namely a 'compromise' against the Inquisition and the placards. The oath was designed to everyone it could find, even non-Calvinists and Catholics. Each expression that the latter could hurt, was carefully avoided. Missionaries left immediately for the recruitment of members and with success: the next few months signed a four hundred nobles. Also Abbots, canons and lower nobles joined, including especially the leaders of de ordonnans troops. They were looking for a skilled chieftain, but William of Orange kept the boat, since the big ones were the among themselves not even about that. Orange, Bergen, Montigny and Horn supported the minor nobility, but Arenberg, stadtholder of Groningen, Friesland and Overijssel, as well as Berlaymont, Governor of Names, and the Duke of Aarschot, along with the Governor of Luxembourg, Mansfeld, and the stadtholder of guelders, Meghem, map, Government continued to play.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On april 5, 1566 offered a procession of two hundred nobles led by Hendrik van Brederode, the Regent to the petition of the nobles . Because it especially members of cash-strapped lower nobility were Charles of Berlaymont, had turned against the Governor-not without any sarcasm-elated with: "Ce ne sont que des gueux" (these are only beggars), with which he wanted to make it clear that they did not have to concern himself with the ' Verbond aristocracy in the United. ===Geuzen<span class="mw-editsection" len="352" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Traditional emblem of the Geuzen with: ' long live the Beggars '.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">in the evening brought a guest times the signatories in the Palace of Pits together mountain and most appeared before the joke with a Turkish beard, a begging bowl and a moneybag. That night was first the cry "Vive les gueux!" chanted, which still long in the low countries would be ringing in our ears, where all misnoegden now this 'beggars' greeted. But the euphoria was short-lived. Among all those who ' Vive les gueux ' had called, were the ones and the others State geuzen religious beggars. The Catholics among them wanted reform of the State, the Calvinists abolition and to start religious freedom and war against the ' Roman ' idolatry, which is not compatible with each other fell.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When Margaret the softening of the placards applied, while her envoys, the baron of Montigny and the Margrave of Bergen is on the way, reluctantly went to Spain interpreted the beggars that if a licence. They came In large numbers everywhere openly on the street to loudly to express their faith. Where they went into hiding three years earlier were still unknown, they now available in multiple regions: in Friesland, Gelderland and even in the country of Liège. Only in the Namur, Luxembourg and in the rural zones of Hainaut and Artois they came not. The Governor, however, had never claimed that the public worship of the Reform was permitted. The Council and by the Secret to the provincial States submitted draft certain just that the heretics would be left aloneas long as they do not beget annoyance will' '. This corresponded entirely to the will of the majority in the country.The opposition of the State changed domain to the religious. No longer the nobility, but the consistories determined the further course. Many Catholics who had signed the ' Verbond, noted that the Covenant merely directed against the preservation of the Inquisition and against the abolition of the privileges of the country and left the company, recognising that beggars who wanted more.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At the end of June entered the Calvinist group of the nobility openly with its main mission in the spotlight: the triumph of the Reformation. The consistories, who omhulden with names like those of the Chambers of rooms, like ' the Button ' to ' the rose ' in Lille, Armentières, ' the vineyard ' in Antwerp, ' the Eagle ' and ' the sword ' in Ghent to Valenciennes were in regards with foreign consistories, exchanged pastors from and received there from Geneva (City), France and England. As counter-reaction a Catholic faction formed under the nobles, with Mansfeld, Aarschot, Berlaymont, Arenberg, Meghem and Noircarmes as leaders. ===Iconoclasm<span class="mw-editsection" len="358" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Iconoclastic in a church, (1630,Dirck van Parts)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the period of turmoil returned to the Netherlands and banished heretics countless fled back. Pastors sermons kept outside the city walls and were ever three star. On 11 August 1566 broke in the impoverished industrial zone of Hondschoote and the Reform, where cities likeacting and talking under the workmen had already been fired, the firsticonoclasts riot from. Both Flemish and French-speaking villages in Flanders were then turn: Houplines, Frelinghien, Erquinghem, Fleurbaix, Chapelle-Grenier, La Chapelle-d ' armentières, Maisnil, Beaucamps Radinghem, etc. The 14th was ravaged, the 15th Poperinge Ieper, while gangs of Ten Duinen, the abbeys Phalempin, of Veurne, by Mac, fromMarquette, Loos, Voormezele and Eversham fired. From then on, the movement rapidly by. She attained the 18th Oudenaarde , Ghent Antwerp the 20th, 22nd, 23rd Tournai ,Enghien the 27th, and then via the North Zealand to skip in Holland and Friesland Leeuwarden, where on 6 september was overwhelmed and on september 18, Groningen. And all without having to encounter the least resistance. Numerous churches, monasteries and abbeys were desecrated and partially destroyed. The Calvinists were in addition of some cities.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Governor appointed count Mansfeld's Pieter Ernst to stadtholder of Brussels, and introduced himself under his protection, but was powerless. The leaders of de ordonnans troops were in the power of the ' Verbond, and German mercenaries troops yards, would immediately have caused a civil war. Fortunately, at Brussels Royal letters arrived, in which Philip II in the abolition of the Inquisition, softening of plaques and General Amnesty agreed. Thus could they respond on the petition of the Confederate forces.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">But those names now no longer settle for the Royal amnesty and the abolition of the Inquisition. The Calvinists demanded assurance that prohibitions were no longer their predicatiën . Margaret knew to conclude an agreement with them about peace. The consistories would oversee stopping the destruction. Was left only a modus vivendi for the coexistence of Catholics and Protestants in the low countries. This is William of Orange beijverden in Antwerp, Hoogstraten to Egmond in Flanders, Mechelen to Tournaiand Hoorne, etc. A placard was issued on 25 August that looters and vandals outside the law suggested. William of Orange to let several execute Antwerp, Tournai in Flanders and the others were put to death. ===Treason accusation and splitting into two camps<span class="mw-editsection" len="401" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Margaret, however, could not tolerate, that Calvinism was put on an equal footing with the ' rechtgelovigheid '. On 6 september, she wrote, that one has to amass "two religions to set next to one another" and added, that they consider it never had promised. It was therefore not surprising that one her appointees were now her former Orange, Egmond, Horn and Hoogstraten accuse saw, "itself, with Word and deed, to have turned against God and against the King". From now on they would only seek support at the Catholic nobility. The faithful Catholic remained Mansfeld was her secret Council. The Berlaymonts, the Aarschots gathered around him, and the Meghems who are the Noircarmes at the first sign of religious commotion atoned with the Government. Thus the nobility itself into two hostile parties broke down and the country was United in the same political demands, which had been suggested, divided into two camps.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Egmond In Flanders did everything possible to no one on the toes to pedal, but disaffected with it all. He saw himself obliged to resort to expedients take half measures and small-minded. The reform of the governance and the convening of the estates General, where he attached importance to, were apparently everyone cold and his popularity sank. In January 1567, he came to the Council of State. A few days later took a new oath of Margaret of the official "absolute obedience" to the sovereign. Egmond subjected itself, while Orange, Horn, Hoogstraten and Brederode refused to bind by a promise of ' unlimited ' obedience. Margaret's ball approach was that the Board had regained confidence guarantee after the fears of the iconoclastic. The Government was going to realize that it is in fact only local minorities had been a lot of bigots that uproar had concerns, but that the majority wanted peace and quiet in the country, now a general rebellion failed to materialize, as well as a feared invasion by Huguenots or intervention by German troops. They had several regiments raised in Germany and now as occupation and sent law enforcement to the most important cities. Tournai and Valenciennes, where the only new learning comes first, refused to allow nested and remained in contact with the French Huguenots. In december 1566 was Philip of Noircarmes, Lord of Beauvoir and captain of the bodyguard of Margaret, this ' Geneva ' Dutch come lay siege, with which the Government demonstrated not to shy away from a war of religion which troubled her earlier so much. ===Geuzen combat with the Government<span class="mw-editsection" len="387" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The reformed had three million guilder veil King had to obtain freedom of worship. They now own a rebel army started to rest. The Calvinist Synod invited Orange to set himself at the head of it out. But he kept the boat still off, because he believed that a rebellion without help from Germany at dead was written down. He tried to reconcile on Calvinists and Lutherans, but fruitless.

Landscape of Lannoy (Charles Cröy, 1623)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Louis, count of Nassau in Germany recruited mercenaries and armed gangs were advancing to Valenciennes to buckle. There were two on 27 and 29 december 1566 by the occupation of Lille and by the troops of Noircarmes to Wattrelos, and clobbered in the Lad . On 2 January 1567 claimed Noircarmes by surprise from an occupation of Tournai.Early February sent Hendrik van Brederode has remained faithful to the compromise in the name of the nobles a protest against violating the agreement of 23 August and begged the Governor to prevent that shed the blood of the poor people would be. At the same time he wrote the besieged by Valenciennes, that help was on the way of Orange, of Horn and of other distinguished characters.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Jan van Marnix, Lord of Toulouse, to oosterweel a camp had stored in a futile attempt to take the island of Walcheren. On 13 March, he was there by the troops of Philip de Lannoy attacked. From the ramparts of Antwerp was the battle of oosterweel and handles the Calvinists there to the weapons to assist their brothers in faith. Orange, on the other hand, around whom the Lutherans rallied round, opposed. He realized that if he qualified for the Calvinists would explain, this would mean the break with the German princes, from whom he was expecting the rescue of the Netherlands. Amid heavy death threats he remained unwavering and kept the city gates closed. And Toulouse was killed within sight of the red light district. ===William of Orange<span class="mw-editsection" len="364" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === William of Orange (William the silent), the most influential nobleman in the low countries.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The rebellion was subdued. Holland's attitude took away the defenders of Valenciennes their last hope, the city surrendered on 24 March 1567 to Noircarmes. On 31 May, the Walloon Protestant theologian Guy de Brès there hanged.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the North was expelled from Meghem by count of Brederode and Vianen to Emden, fled after Margaret, in vain on mediation, Egmonts to have begged for forgiveness. The counts of Horn and van Hoogstraten laid the oath to Philips II af. Orange, however, sent a respectful letter to the Prince and left on april 11, the city of Antwerp, to stand in may in Dillenburg, in the County of Nassau, maintaining.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The roads the refugees after the rebellion was subdued. In april left a third of the population of the city of 's-Hertogenbosch. On May 5, drew a big crowd Ballad and Walloons with wife and child along Delfzijl to Emden. In Emden and Cologne were so many refugees, that sometimes up to thirty in a home resided. Hundreds of disembarked to England.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Margaretha and Mansfeld remained humble under the achieved victory. They realized that the nobility had to be addressed with caution and that the flights had to be stopped that ' this land of trade, industry and shipping impoverishes '. The founders that they to Philip, and to which the Pope added to theirs Granvelle and even to humanity, to call ketsten on a harness of indignation. As a Catholic King he had sworn on the soul of his father Daniel, done by the God will avenge, bloody to iconoclasts. As King of Spain, he decided to put an end to the independence of the Netherlands and they do stoop under his absolutism.

<p len="674" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;"> ==The time under Alva (1567-1573)<span class="mw-editsection" len="379" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == The Spanish road, a route that was used through areas in the hands of theHabsburgs (purple, green and orange) to transport troops to the Netherlands.For areas that are not in the hands of the Habsburgs, were to get closed to transit treaties.Duke of Alva and Margaret<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On december 30, 1566 gave a furious Danvers, the Spanish Duke of Alba, command the regiments that were collected to transport to the Netherlands in Lombardy, although Margaret in the spring with own resources the riots stopped. The teachings which the King gave to his Lieutenant Governor, made this actual on the Netherlands without thejoyous entry or any privilege whatsoever having to defuse. At his coming would be the Governor only seem able to exercise authority. They offered her resignation In her outrage, which was refused by Philip. Implementation of the program he imposed was not her min: the urban privileges, fortresses built-on the cost of the inhabitants-in Antwerp, Valenciennes, Vlissingen, Amsterdam and Maastricht, the urban magistrates by Royal official replaced, raise taxes without the consent of the States and not the least: the homegrown troops scrapping.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the meantime, the Spanish army on mars through the Spanish road slowly by the Vrijgraafschap and Lorraine to pull. Only all the news of this chased everyone in the provinces the dadivas on body piece. Ijlden suspicious figures everywhere to France, England, Duchy of Cleves, East Frisia and Cologne. On 9 August 1567 stepped the forefront of Alba'stercios finally Brussels within. Fernando Álvarez de Toledo came go there with one chunk of resentment and anger and pent up Spanish fulfilled retaliatory urge of King.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">For the time being, the Duke gave the impression to Margaret's discourses to respond and the way of reconciliation in store. So he received to it seemed kinda Egmond and Hoorne, as well as the young count of Buren, oldest son of Orange, who studied in Leuven. Orange Duke had a friendly, albeit hypocritical letter written pour luy dire la bienvenue. Then would soon change the benevolence in both camps. ===Council of troubles<span class="mw-editsection" len="365" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first act of Alva in 1567 existed in the unlawful setting a 'Council of troubles'. This was a kind of military onderzoeksrechtbank which had to consider what and how and by whom it was taken just before and at the time of the ' troubles ', den during the skirmishes in the Netherlands, including the iconoclasm of 1566-67. The Council was right to judgments. The initiative was in itself, but was legally defensible on the basis of Lese majeste. In that board left next to Berlaymont, alternate Presidents, Alva Noircarmes and five famous Dutch lawyers is composed, in addition to his confidants, the Spaniard Juan de Vargas Machuca and the colorless Spanish Dutchman Luis del Rio. When the Duke took knowledge of their findings, increased his anger at its best. In total, a thousand times by the Council to pronounce a death sentence. The value was banned.

Duke of Alba<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The counts of Egmond and Hoorne unsuspecting were rounded up on a feast on 9 september by Fernando, illegitimate son of Toledo, even before the Council met for the first time. Also Mayor of rays of Antwerp, one of the trusted supporters of Orange, and the Secretaries of the count, Backerzeele and Van Loo made that day were in police custody.Afterwards they were locked up in the gravensteen in Ghent.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Alva was appointed to succeed the Governor in early October. Because everything happened behind her back, she had decided, after fruitless protest and also after warnings for civil war, to leave the country and brought everything in readiness to go to her estate to travel in Italy . Margaret, Duchess of Parma In december left the upcoming battleground, after another expressly to the commitment of the two favors by the King to remember: the General Pardon and the convening of the estates General, but the Duke tinkered this to its military boot.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The "blood Court" as the people called the Council of troubles, worked in express pace through and after the interrogation of the arrested suspects, other graves were other and again interrogated and sentenced. In January, the Orange summoned and his possessions in the low countries fled were confiscated. This was followed by a series of verdicts against Marnix, Brederode and other nobles who likewise with confiscation of their goods were banned forever. Count of Buren, Prince Philip William, Prince of Orange (son of William) was in violation of the University privileges picked up and transported to Madrid via Brussels for an education at the Spanish Court. After fruitless protest grip Orange, which already since May to the family had fled slot Dillenburg in Nassau, to the weapons. In doing so, he was counting on domestic and foreign support for an invasion of the low countries. ===First Lord's Resistance Army Orange<span class="mw-editsection" len="377" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the recruitment of people and resources put on 23 april 1568 William of orange with a liberation army of mercenaries in the attack . Two days later failed at the battle of Dalheim in the Centre of the country, an attack on the Spanish armies. The Lord of Villers, an incident that was defeated by some as beginning of the eighty years ' war is considered. The plan was to take in the summer of 1568 multiple sides simultaneously raided the Netherlands put in it. In the North would Louis of Nassau on the EMS intrusion to Groningen and Friesland to come to Holland, the count of Hoogstraten in Guelders would with a vanguard trying to occupy Roermond on the Meuse to pave the way for the large army of Orange, that over the River to the heart of the country, Brabant, with the help of the population gain would Alva to expel. Furthermore, had made contact with the Dutch team in the sea beggars and provides to Diederik Sonoy and others. They would to the Eemsmonding and on the coast the company of count Louis pulled northward as red herring support. In the Southwest would Huguenots under Mr Cocqueville's car, while an attack on Artois from the sea front on help of the Calvinists fled to England was calculated. But in the absence of support from the population and to money failed the whole intent. ===Condemnation and judgment of Orange, Egmont and Hoorne<span class="mw-editsection" len="398" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Statue of Egmont and Hoorne at Brussels<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The confessions, enforced by the imprisoned John of Villers in the battle of Dalheim, Oranges made plans for Alva clear and inspired him to discourage a terror campaign to the South to revolt. Fueled by revenge for the loss of the battle of Heiligerlee on May 23, 1568 were the processes against the rebellious nobles express and the sentences carried out. Lamoral, count of Egmont and Hoorne were in Brussels on 5 June 1568 led to the public scaffold and beheaded. Two brothers of Willem van batenburg, Dirk and Gijsbert, were tried at the same time. Alva also left the a month earlier at the (second) battle of Dalheim imprisoned John of Villers, Pierre d'Andelot,Jan van Blois treslong, Philip of Wingle, Jacob van Ilpendam, Secretary of Brederode and Artus, his eunuch, beheading. A wave of fear and dismay went through the nation. ===Towards an eighty years ' war<span class="mw-editsection" len="382" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the sentencing in absentia of William of Orange and the confiscation of his property, Alva now departed northwards. At that news Louis broke his siege of Groningen on, but he was on 21 July at Alva by the regular troops of Jemgum caught up and reports. He narrowly escaped himself swimming about the Ems and joined afterwards at his brother. His experience proved, that on popular support in the northeast of the Netherlands had to be not counted. In the South were also the Huguenots at Artoisdispersed and their leader held. And because further from the ferocious sea beggars little good was to be expected, remained in fact isolated about Holland's Army gang.He was hoping for more support in Brabant, where he had organised a propaganda war through pamphlets. William had expected him to be able to better capture the firstLiège -minded, but the scare was too deep in and nowhere were the gates opened to him.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Mid-september he yanked with 13 à 14000 man Germans, Walloons and expatriates, from the Rhine to the Maas and soon came with his first invasion of the Spanish Netherlands near Maastricht. However, his troops were already tuchteloos from the outset and looted villages and monasteries along the way. Is that the army of the Prince or a flight of geese? called the surprised Duke from the message, when he learned that the Orange was that on 7 October 1568 crossed the Meuse in Stokkem . Alva left him hack to Tongeren and Brabant that occupy, with which he threatened the city Maastricht . Alva introduced himself on a hill, after which Orange of an attack would not be involved (see battle on the Lanakerveld). Let the Duke qualify him further to the West, in the hope to be able to deliver a decisive blow. Alva knew of his lack of money and applied a tactic of minor attacks and withdrawal to the case to stretch to the soldiers and mats. He then delivered to the Gette on October 20, heavy battle, Hoogstratenwhich critically injured, The Hames and other nobles were killed, and orange lost. In addition, let Alva now underway windmills break off and burn down villages and take all possible mouth stocks. The mutiny and looting which, despite the Orange to help his soldiers zipped Huguenots outbreaks, forced him when approaching the winter of 1568-69 blow off the whole campaign. A retreat over the Meuse was denied by the Bishop and him now with the troops of Alva on the heels after another bloody skirmish at Le Quesnoy Hainault and he therefore had to cross the French border direction by, which he reached on 17 november and crossed. After the dissolution of its troops there with twelve hundred riders who had declared themselves ready to follow him, and accompanied by his two brothers Louis and Henry of Burgundy, who were destitute, also almost goose westward to join the Huguenots in Gascogne to insert. The enterprise on the Netherlands was completely failed and Alva seemed for good Lord and master of the war and violence-ridden regions to be allowed to consider. The Calvinistic fight was now doomed to attack and defence with pen and paper.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Between 1567 and 1573 mainly some 50,000 people fled the southern Netherlands, while many Catholics left the North in close droves. This happened at some mutual occupations to 1572 together with the subsequentcrackdown by Don Frederick which lasted until the end of 1573. ===Propaganda War<span class="mw-editsection" len="363" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Willem II van der Marck Lumey(1542 – 1578), leader of the sea beggars.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Orange still left countless letters and inflammatory pamphlets in the low countries going around. ' Justifications ' of Hoorne and Villegas followed his. After the swords were now cut the pins in both camps. Jacob van Wesembeke, formerly Pensionary of Antwerp, now also fled to Germany to Wesel, was the responsible for the famous pamphlet La description de l'estat, succès et advenues occurences, au Pais-Bas au f de la religion", that soon was translated in Dutch. It gave a detailed story of what happened in 1566. Also the sharp attack on the Catholic Church of the Marnix van St. Aldegonde fiery calvinist in his Byenkorf der h. Roomsche Veszely', in response to an attack by a French theologian against the Reformation, suggested with vitriolic mockery and caustic sarcasm in fierce hatred the defaults of the Catholic Church to the jaw. At the refugees themselves still remained an important difference of perspective between the 'rekkelijken' of Emden, usually come from Holland, Friesland and Groningen, which Forbade religious denomination were not averse to the connection 's, and the 'preciesen', mostly from the South of the Netherlands come as exiles in the Paltz who with Dathenus and others at the head, of the Lutherans did not want to know and regarded as Luther's Orange were wary at this point.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 14 april 1572 William of Orange did a call to the inhabitants of the low countries to protest against the Board of the Duke of Alva.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" len="191" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [6]  he had in the meantime his brother Louis was appointed leader of the geuzen.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Only the sea beggars still remained under the arms. They , under the banner of ' orange, Blanje Bleu ', constantly trading ships, made the loads spoils, and the North Sea unsafe.They occasionally raided villages on the coast, or on the sea side located churches and monasteries and sold their booty in England or Eastern Friesland, Hamburg or Bremen. ===The grand plans of Alva<span class="mw-editsection" len="374" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Also from the great powers, there was little support for Orange. England gradually started only against Spain to stir, when Philip as proposed by Rome seemed to make the move now to Alva British Kingdom sword to be brought to the Catholic faith and to liberate Mary Tudor.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">But at the Spanish Court itself rees now opposition through Ruy Gomez against the pride of Alva, (occurring in Antwerp had a statue, cast from the bronze of the Jemmingen captured cannons) and also sounded ever louder, the belief that in the Netherlands now but once had to be granted General Amnesty . When in addition, Granvelle and the Pope himself is behind that idea, Philip decided to indeed Alva returned to place there.The Royal Decree was accompanied by a Papal Bull, in which anyone who returned to the Church obtained forgiveness for all the misdrevene. But it was only in July 1569 by Alva te lande proclaimed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On March 26, 1569 he had convened the States-General, because on the continuation of a nine-year-old from the Netherlands to the Spanish Crown had to be decided. Actually he wanted off of the system by thefounders, that he wanted replaced by a fixed tax. He wanted that enter in the form of tiende penning and hundredths. The members were not allowed to present themselves as under Charles V had been the habit, and when he found himself there with the collected States not came out, he started with the provinces to consult separately. He threatened the towns of Flanders, Hainaut, Brabant and the city of Utrecht, which continued to offer resistance, with destruction and looting. After concessions and other refusals, now of Holland, while in Brabant and Flanders were put all kinds of conditions that all endanger everything finally began to get the case on the long course. Eventually a provisional arrangement was approved for two years. The issue of taxes, however, remained a thorny issue. The system of the founders left after all the States every time conditions, giving them a say in the policy regarding their area would fall away at a permanent tax, which retained control.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Alva Hopperus 's had a plan in mind to, under papal and Imperial approval, of the seventeen provinces one Kingdom of the Netherlands to do with Brussels as its capital. It was always been an ideal of the Burgundian Princes to the different regions to unite in a single indivisible monarchy. The Spanish plan provided for a permanent representation by a States-General, composed of three members: clergy, nobility, and the cities and countries. To the privileges and Customs would not be hit and every region would continue to wear his old charges. A later addition of Viglius was a design to uplifting the impoverished Dutch nobility in the troubles, through the creation of some 30commanderies' to ' linked to a decent income to be allocated to different nobles of proven loyalty. Some Spanish statesmen, such as Erasso, were out for completely letting go of the low countries, because they are more likely to suffer than benefit to the monarchy meant.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">But Alva thought with the close commitment to go even further. He also took aim squarely against the adjacent parts of the Reich. This plan was no secret. East Frisia, Jülich, Munster, Cologne, Aachen, Trier encountered the formidable Spaniard already how hard could insist on extradition of runaway Calvinists and suppressing the heresy. Even Dillenburg and the Paltz, felt the threat to Hessen and Saxonia.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the summer of 1570 by the Brussels Government trade relations between Spain and England brought back into balance, in the interests of the trade of the Netherlands. The plans against England had found, even though no progress because there are active job thought seriously about Alva in the low countries to be regarded as completed. Though he let the legal experts of the Council of troubles still make a draft criminal lawthat would serve as a basis for the superb July 1570, to Criminal Insights in the prospect of the new Kingdom the old everywhere to align criminal law.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">But the confidence of the population and the nobility was deeply sunk and the new plan was approached with suspicion. There was again a relapse to the previous period with the whole carousel with measures on the one hand and on the other hand, riot of heresy biddings. The contacts, which many in the land still secretly with orange and other expatriates stoked the fire of discontent still maintained, constantly. The Inquisition was again heyday, and when in may 1570 four pastors were burned alive for heresy in the Hague, made the ' amnesty ' in these circumstances still little impression. Meanwhile, an underground network that via agents contact with orange held abroad. This was still looking for financial resources to weather to gather troops and spijsde are greenhouse even partly with the spoils of the sea beggars, the ferocious pirates to whom he in september 1569 the Walloon nobleman and Lord of Desai, Adriaan van Bergen, had assigned as Admiral.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">​ ==Revolt (1567-81)<span class="mw-editsection" len="364" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Causes and effects<span class="mw-editsection" len="367" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">"The rebellion" that in the Netherlands on the iconoclastic knew followed successive stages, initially only a small area of the seventeen provinces was involved, particularly Holland and Zeeland. There was opposition earlier raised because of the strict application of the placards and of the Inquisition against the rising Calvinism. In the initial phase, there was little or no support for rebellion in the other provinces. And even in the next phase was still very limited to some cities, where small groups of Calvinists had to penetrate to the positions of power, but the population especially in the Northeast and the South of the Netherlands opposed there before, because of the inconvenience of marauding Orange- Nassau armies and and the obstacle to the trade. Only in the last phase, when the Spanish Government in the fight against money distress by the rebellion and as a result, the army could no longer pay, which shall request from the mutiny went and paid themselves by looting, including the Spanish furies, returned the people's rage gradually against the Spaniards. The poverty that was created in the South because of the boycott by Holland and Zeeland of trade and industry and the ineenstuiken of it, with the attempts to impose his tithe of Alva, finally formed a breeding ground for smoldering moving, that short time made common cause with that of the Calvinist revolt. After all, ran parallel the interests against Spain so that followers of both motives formed a United front. Until it turned out that the leadership of the rebellion in fact Calvinism everywhere wanted to officially establish. When hooked especially in the South most of the nobility, the clergy and the Catholic remained population. ===Events<span class="mw-editsection" len="361" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ====Intake of Brielle<span class="mw-editsection" len="367" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== Intake of Brielle, april 1 1572 (Frans hogenberg).<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Intake of Brielle by the sea beggars in March 1572 happened more or less by accident and without the knowledge of Orange. The incident put out the fire for a further revolt.On Walcheren was refused to receive the protective forces Alba to Vlissingen sent, but one left called the geuzen far, soon followed by a number of exiles from England. From Rotterdam, Delft and the Westland buckled many followers of the Prince to Den Briel, as well as French and English volunteers. In Flanders, to Eeklo, they soon as gangs went on, anywhere in the circumference plundering and incendiary. Also the geuzen plundered from Den Briel to far and wide in the perimeter, especially churches and priests had to suffer. Despite the unofficial help from England and French Huguenots insisted Dutch revolt still does not go through than on the neighbouring islands of Zuid-Holland and Zeeland. Supporters of Orange were in the Dutch and other cities still few in number. On 16 June the States gathered in the Hague about the inconvenience caused the geuzen.Louis, which until then had secret negotiations with France, Germany and England lined with the aim after a general rebellion against Spain the Netherlands unprovoked to divide among themselves, had left Paris at the end of May. The 24th he surprised with a hastily pulled together his fellow Huguenot forefront Mountains, the capital of Hainaut, after the day before his friends Famars and Marquette had seized power in Valenciennes . ====Second Lord's Resistance Army Orange<span class="mw-editsection" len="377" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== The raids of the geuzen, and Oranges<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Valenciennes was soon recaptured and on 3 June 1572, Alba's son don Frederick the siege for mountains with an army that up to 20,000 troops was accrued. On July 7, pulled the Prince in a second attempt with 24,000 man at Duisburg Rhine about the river and some days later the French nobleman The Genlis with approximately 7500 Huguenots on the way to Bergen. At St. Ghislain its troops dispersed and he was captured and put to death. From the documents they with them and their confessions was Alva the coherence of Holland's plan clearly. With its army gang raided the Prince on July 23, plundering and incendiary Roermond. He then pulled the same way Brabant by, but could not go because there was no sign of the promised aid from France. The reason for this was that Marshal Coligny, leader of the Huguenot army, was killed during the Bartholomew's night. When Walker brother Louis eventually gave up the siege of Mountains, Orange's plan fell to pieces. At the end of september drew a discouraged Prince with his unpaid mutinous, marauding gangs and back to the river Maas and disbanded its army in Roermond. With some sixty riders decided to go to Holland, where he is at the hands of the sea beggars the chance of battle it was highly. Who were there by the citizenry, who feared for the Tenth penny of Alva, admitted in many cities (the magistrates voted under violence threat or had already fled) to the cities with regular army occupation). In Holland was that the case for Amsterdam and Utrecht and Groningen and Leeuwarden in the North for, in the province of Gelderland for Nijmegen and Arnhem, and in the Zeeland for Bergen op Zoom and elsewhere for Antwerp.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On the first free statescouncil in Dordrecht on July 19, 1572 by nobles and cities of Holland also appeared the Deputy of Orange Philips of Marnix, Lord of Sint-Aldegonde, with a letter in which the Prince for financial support three months early for his army and in return promised security for cities that are typically connected with him. The meeting accepted and recognized the deposed in 1568 and sentenced the Prince of Orange, stadtholder, again as her protector and head. She introduced him as ' sovereign ' over the fleet to Admiral with Lara as his representative, all linked to a guarantee of religious freedom. Not only Calvinists were part of the meeting. Count Louis of Nassau was appointed commander of the sea beggars. At the request of the Prince were in August by the new members of the Court of Auditors States designated, as well as stewards, receivers and three Commissioners for the war. There was also a nomination for new members of the Court of Holland fled to Utrecht composed, from which the Prince would choose. This new Court to Delft would remain until the (five years later) could move to the Hague. In October put the Prince to Enkhuizen in Sardinia. ====Geuzen fleet was destroyed and massacres in Naarden, Zutphen and Haarlem<span class="mw-editsection" len="414" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== Massacre of Naarden in 1572.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Meanwhile, the regular army of the Spanish Netherlands under Alba's son, don Frederick, a March towards the rebellious cities started to break the rebellion. Zutphen, Deventer, Zwolle and Kampen receive, because those cities garrisons were a any help invasion of German troops had to stop for Orange. Zutphen was stormed on 16 november, after, count Van den Bergh at the arrival of the army had taken the flight to Holland. Naarden, which tried to resist, was almost completely massacred. Then it was the turn of Haarlem.Just as it seemed that Alva the geuzen fleet by the ice embedded on the Zuiderzee would get owned without difficulty, but a sudden thaw saved them. They immediately secure their ships in the ports of the Dutch coast until the spring. The siege of Haarlem was deployed on 11 december that lasted half a year. Attempts at dismayed by Lumey and then again on January 2, by Philip Daly ended up with heavy defeats.

Battle of Haarlemmermeer, (1621,Hendrick Cornelisz. Vroom).<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After a harsh winter In May were the emerging Dutch ships by the ship's power of Boussu from Amsterdam overcome at the battle of Haarlemmermeer. De geuzen fleet was as good as destroyed. Thereupon prevailed in the North a climate of general confusion and chaos. In addition, the tension between the Catholics and the Calvinists visibly in the insurgent camp. In general it turned out that the Calvinists in the cities, the Regents were given power that they don't sell trusted, Catholic churches and monasteries in attachment names and the public Catholic worship forbidden, on which countless Catholics had to clear the place, often in the direction of South.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">An army of 5,000 men that orange at Leiden had managed to get together at the beginning of July, was shortly afterwards knocked apart at the Manpad. On 12 July, Haarlem surrendered. Ripperda, Lancelot van Brederode and other officers, partly former sea beggars, were beheaded. It seemed the rebellion for the time being been contained. But the lengthy and difficult conflict had considerably affected the power of the Government forces. ====Dire lack of funds both camps<span class="mw-editsection" len="378" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The English Queen Elizabeth turned out, after Alba's victories and the many failures of Orange, traditionally not inclined her ambiguous attitude to tip in favor of the geuzen. Also of the German princes showed little support to expect. Only France, the long-standing enemy of the Burgundian House, seemed to give the Prince still hoping for help. Lack of money was constantly not only Orange for his campaigns, including for the regular army of the Spanish Netherlands was dire lack of financial power supply occur. The shipments from Spain were almost entirely stopped and even get no more money was in Antwerp.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In contrast to the citizenry, who wished peace, wanted the returned exiles still support Orange in his fight against Spain. The returned exiles existed mainly from Calvinist preachers, which-although still relatively small in number-were the year before came in possession of government power in the Dutch cities. In april-may 1573 openly about William of Orange went to Calvinism. ====Alva resigns<span class="mw-editsection" len="365" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== The Dutch revolt in 1573<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Alva also licked his wounds. He had after all his negative experiences with the low countries the country want to repel several times, but when guardianship Medina-Celi finally by Philip was to take over the managing of Alba, found those that had to set this House in order first in his rebellious North and suppress the rebellion as a whole. According to him, a new system of Government could be introduced to the family, that gave way to the grievances of the Netherlands cater. In Spain rees the desire to the low countries in future with gentleness instead of with violence to approach. But the plan failed in that sense to a young Archduke Ernst of Austria, and son of the Emperor, with a daughter of Philip II to marry and give the Governor-generalship in the low countries, when in the summer of 1573 Ruy Gomez, Alba's biggest opponent, who promoted this plan in accordance with Hopperus, quickly died. Alva hit on it more and more in embarrassment. Not only the problems with the troops and the tough revolt of the provinces Holland and Zeeland, as well as the distrust of the Government in Spain verbitterden him finally. When he once again insisted on dismissal, it was granted him on 19 October. Don Luis de Requesens y Zuñiga, Governor of Milan, was appointed as successor. ===Under the administration of Requesens (1573-1576)<span class="mw-editsection" len="390" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1574 the Luis Zúñiga y Requesens abolished as new Governor of the low countries the tenth penny and off the Council of troubles of Alba and offered the 'Amnesty' to all rebels who declined a further revolt. Seated in custody gave the Philips of Marnix, Lord of Saint-Aldegonde the Prince to give his recommendations in writing to fight on as Alva, now was gone, on the natural clemency of the King could be counted. But the Court of Holland orphan, in consultation with the Prince, that option of the hand.Hate and mistrust were at them so deeply rooted that, despite continuous urging of Requesens in 1574, no question of reconciliation and peace. Orange was in Holland and later again by the rebels as their stadtholder of Zeeland appointed, and if only religion was Calvinism recognized.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On January 29, the geuzen, had under Louis Boisot's the Spanish fleet, which from Antwerp to Middelburg buckling, destroyed at the battle of Reimerswaal. Thereupon had the Prince a Council composed of representatives of the cities Middelburg and Zierikzee, Veere and Vlissingen, where he also added that in addition to the Admiral and a representative of Holland the day-to-day management and the leadership of the martial matters would perceive. As in Holland this Council was made up of trusted friends of the Prince and adherents of Calvinism. Zuid-Beveland and Tholen would try to take one also. But by the siege of Leiden came across this city slowly but surely in the PAS.Requesens was forced by the circumstances to continue the war. ====Third rebel army of Orange<span class="mw-editsection" len="383" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== Battle of Moockerheijde<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Prince of Orange had in the meantime Holland sat isolated and his brother in Nassau for a new campaign to liberate asked. In February 1574 the population of the Meuse region for the third time suffered a unordered plundering and brandschattend Orange-Nassau army, this time led by count Louis of Nassau, who accompanied by his brother Henry and the young Duke Christopher of the Palatinate Chris tried to withdraw northward direction. Churches and monasteries had to suffer again, but Maastricht and Roermond North were well defended. At a meeting at the end of March it had to collect some important army ' defeats ' Nassau. Then pulled the rebel army quickly in the direction of Nijmegen and Valencia, where the Prince of Orange had contracted its troops to join them. On 14 april d'Avila brought them at the battle of mookerheyde a crushing defeat, with the image of St. Chris and his brother Henry Nassau General Duke fell by the wayside and their liberation army was dispersed. A bitter Prince left come to Holland, where the regular troops had taken their redoubts around Lead again.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In may 1574 the States-General in Brussels called Requesens gather for financial support for the regular force. So flagged because the talks after violent opposition from the regions, who were more concerned with the unaccountability of the troops and the devastation in the countryside, then with the victory at Mook. The only thing they desired was the arrival of the King, return to the State under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, removal of the foreign mercenaries and peace with Holland and Zeeland to trade to revive again and to lift the economic boycott. After negotiations with the individual regions gave Hainault, Artois and names to the bede of Requesens. It turned out to be a drop in the ocean, when the other regions refused and Brabant and Flanders followed. Incitement and magnifying the differences openly by the rebels of Holland and Zeeland made the condition even more worrying. This turned out that had to be broken off negotiations with the Prince never wholly continued what his political position strengthened. It was found that even on the sensitive point of religious freedom concessions to the Protestants had to be done. Notre Dame choir school, an old friend of the Prince, was sent as a representative of Requesens to Holland to wrists and to mediate in the negotiations of Breda. ====Leids ontzet<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== Lead appalled (1574).<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Also in the predominantly Catholic city under siege Lead went more and more calls to negotiate with the enemy. The Catholics counted on the General Pardon and laughed the promised help for dismayed by the Calvinist William of Orange Avenue. The siege of Haarlem had repeatedly demonstrated, how little the geuzen t opposite the southerners meant. In August 1574 was a desperate attempt to scare the army through the locks to open, but Valdez kept the dikes at Leiden occupied and the water could not penetrate over the height-of-land. City and surrounding area and paths towards Haarlem, Utrecht and the Hague remained dry. The Haggard Prince of Orange was sick and there was feared for his life, so that the message of his death was spread. When he learned that the city of some members still stand from Lead held, summed up his courage. And after a north-westerly storm on 29 september increased the water level such that the flat bottoms of the geuzen could sail slowly northward.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On October 2, waving the orange flags on the city towers indicating that Lead despite all the misery, to the plague far, persisted. On 3 October the orphan on an alert that noticed siege had left power in silence her objectives; they left for the eastern border. The geuzen could relieve by boating and the city.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The next day came the Prince from Delft to Leiden and stayed ten days surrounded by the heavily-ridden bourgeoisie, which arrange him as Savior and revered him everything left. So he brought the vroedschap of the City Government of forty back to sixteen members and suggested new mayors and aldermen to. In recognition of allegiance got the city on 8 February 1575 a college. The relief was a turning point. If the city had given up its resistance, was in the hands of the Governor very Holland cases, but Amsterdam hesitated themselves on the side of William of Orange to hosts. Ago and the war damage was very high. In november the Republic for his repeated threats to leave Orange, like him not with the means to continue the armed struggle and its authority was not honoured, which the States of Holland recognized him as the highest authority on 12 november. So was he for this period the de facto sovereign Lord of Holland and Zeeland, although his title of Governor. For the King and he undertook to outside the States nothing of interest, so that between him and the people remained in a band stand of shared responsibility. ====William of Orange more power supply only negotiations Breda<span class="mw-editsection" len="413" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">But also for Requesens was the financial situation precarious, as for the Spanish Government. He already had several mutinies must resist, such as just after the relief of Leiden. The economic situation in the low countries stagnated for quite some time and after all the devastation there were hardly for the Treasury yields. All income together for Philip II amounted to 10 million crowns. The cost for the army and fleet in the Netherlands alone came in the time of Requesens settled on 8.5 million crowns while at Alba's departure six million crowns is lagging behind on paying the wage was. This explained the Spanish fury that advance to the Leids ontzet was broken loose. Similar scenes played themselves as in Mechelen in Bruges, Ghent and off elsewhere in the Netherlands. The Meierij of 's-Hertogenbosch was not confined to German, but also plundered by Spanish and Italian troops.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The four-year closure of the Scheldt by the geuzen, the piracy by Dutch and Zeeland Zeeland on the Flemish coast, the barrier to trade by all kinds of prohibition measures on both sides, the, now also from Holland in Brabant, did in the King faithful regions the poverty and misery in the countryside and in the cities to rise, along with the general discontent. Both in the cities and in the countryside made hurdles beggars Brabant, Flanders, Hainaut and Artois unsafe. Monasteries and remote farmhouses were attacked and villages were threatened by beggars. Citizens and farmers In Flanders and Brabant began to arm themselves against looters and took the law into their own hands. The Governor could there due to lack of money little to fix it. The situation in the Netherlands hit into a downward spiral. The States refused money to the Governor in order to preserve their own power, but lack of funds could the Governor keep the army out of control and looted by mutinous soldiers were the States. Poverty and unemployment rose. In the aftermath of what happened, could a general rebellion under the Nr tired people not long longer.

The situation in the Netherlands between november 8, 1576 (pacification of Ghent) to 23 July 1577 (end of the first Union of Brussels).<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">For the year 1575 were reopened the Negotiations of Breda, where two famous Dutch Rasseghem and Notre Dame choir school for Requesens next to legal scholars emerged, Sasbout and Sally, while for the Prince and his friends his stalwarts Marnix, Paulus Buys, Willem van Zuylen van Nyevelt and several others occurred. The far-reaching concessions that Requesens wanted to do, were not endorsed by the King and, as usual, the negotiations were broken off by the Governor early, even if not applicable because the Prince to the delegates of the loyal States to stir up against him, and in fact this only strengthened his political position.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">It was discussed a Union in June between Holland and Zeeland, albeit after a lot of gehaspel, on the areas of competence of William of Orange who claimed more and more governmental powers, which he-theoretical for the duration of the State of war-got. He was allowed to change the governance of the cities if necessary. The States and beyond the ' officers, magistrates, schutteryen ende municipalities in all cities and spots would make him the oath of obedience ', while a country Council would stand aside him. This was in August, but did not entirely to the liking of the Prince only limited power, because the States themselves wanted to retain influence on all kinds of things. A disagreement between the Prince and the States held a final settlement and in the autumn the land advice was again abolished. It was actually even more Orange sovereign than before. ====Atrocities Sonoy on West-Frisian Catholics<span class="mw-editsection" len="390" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== Diederik Sonoy<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">For the year 1575 was the fight, which was suspended during the negotiations, in full intensity continued. The stadtholder of Utrecht and Gelderland, Hiërges, which is now also officially with the reign over Holland and Zeeland was charged in april with a considerable army, did power from Haarlem a loss on Kennemerland to Diederik Sonoy geuzen leader from the North to expel. Exasperated by the opposition of Catholic farmers in West-Friesland against its measures and in response to rumors about plans to arson in various important villages completely unaware of what was a conspiracy among them, made the latter is guilty of atrocities as bigoted calvinist, that are not obtained to those of the Inquisition. Council Sonoy's ' blood ', never hit from the reminder of the continued West-Frisian Catholics.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Hiërges drew by Utrecht to the Betuwe and conquered Neighbors, and Oudewater, and then they stationed for schoonhoven, which also fell in August. An attack of Requesens separated on september 28, almost the whole of Zealand of South Holland. 1500 elite soldiers under Ulloa pulled along a narrow vanguri above the treacherous shoals of the Zijpe, right between the ships by country and by Boisot, between St. Philip Duiveland, where Charles the Boisot upon their arrival was shot dead and his gangs the flight names.The preservation of Zierikzee was important for the insurgents, after Bommenede was fallen. ====Imminent default<span class="mw-editsection" len="370" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Philip saw himself, due to the heavy expense of the Dutch war that had cost him more than 42 million ducats after he in the last years large scale sale and pledging of State domains had ordered, as well as by income still available from his Spanish Empire to bankers in Genoa, Antwerp, Augsburg and elsewhere, no other outcome from the rising financial need than a formal default. The bankers suggested increasing demands. In the Interior was out of money and the interest of the State debt alone, now 34 million Ducats, devoured at a rate of more than 2 million more than 12 percent of the entire State revenues of the Spanish monarchy.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 1 september 1575 suspended a decreto all payment to the creditors of the State, with a severe financial crisis as a result. Fearing for the even greater evil of general military mutiny voted except the rebellious one after one the Dutch provinces in paying a loan of 1.2 million guilders to pay to pay in a timely manner, such as Requesens to the regions had asked under threat of military intervention. This worked like a hot breath in the neck of Holland and Zeeland and the Prince began again to see foreign troops to help out.

The Dutch revolt in 1576 (until november)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Queen Elizabeth of England had sent an Envoy to the Prince because they hurt the influence of France on Holland and Zeeland saw increase. They asked to be allowed to manage, but also Orange Walcheren to Requessens she had someone sent to mediation for resuming the failed negotiations at Breda to offer. Her attitude remained ambiguous and watchful waiting.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On March 4, 1576, when both parties in London to Brussels negotiated, died unexpectedly of Requesens. It took a whole legal Council of State governance in hands, but was taken hostage by Oranjegezinden in september, after which the States General the Government took power. ===Under Don Juan of Austria (1576-1578)<span class="mw-editsection" len="388" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The general pardon had many Calvinist exiles returned to Flanders and Brabant, who wanted nothing more than to join the Prince and expulsion of the Spaniards. In Brussels the population become hostile by rumors, inspired by secret riot actions of the Orange-trailer, about a supposed attack by Spanish troops. In August 1576 took the fermentation, especially in Brabant and Flanders, where the threat was the greatest because of the mutinous martial people. ====William of Orange to power,<span class="mw-editsection" len="376" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The young baron William of Heeze, godchild of Orange, by the end of August was Colonel of engaged German States of Brabant and Walloon defence forces. Soon he was Governor of Brussels and introduced himself in connection with influential citizens and convinced supporters of the Prince: including Hendrik De Bloeyere, lawyer liesveld and Daffodils. The intention was-by putting them in touch with the Prince-let them to establish negotiations. On 4 september 1576 names suddenly the conspirators led by LieutenantThe Glimes Heeze's virtually all members of the Council of State in custody. The Prince, who was behind the plot, wrote in the influential Ghent Jan van Hembyze ships to join him to join, as well as other distinguished nobles from Brabant, Flanders and Hainaut. He himself remained to Middelburg, fearing to, by a too rapid intervention, in the South to arouse the envy of the nobles.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In Ghent he immediately got a result, with a request for protection force. The Prince sent eight vendels under Colonel Olivier van Tympel, which by the orangist François van Kéthulle, Lord of the Nigeria Union of teachers, and his brother, Lord van Assche, under people's cheers by the gates were let in. The resident in Antwerp during the military coupDe Roda stated Meanwhile itself, if any member of the Council, not held hostage to emergency driver of the country for as long as the hostage crisis dragged on, which incidentally was generally disapproved, also in Flanders and Hainaut. The States of Brabant denied any part in the Act of violence. Because they got the wind against the insurgents after Sasbout Vosmeer Viglius also smoking, and kept only the most loyal supporters of Spain, Berlaymont and Mansfeld captured, while Del Rio even more severe was handled. Orange wanted to use his platform as the States General ideas on the future of the Netherlands and if possible by pressing.But most provinces were against.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On september 22, called the partially restored State Council at the request of the States of Brabant and at the instigation of Orange the States General met, something normally only at the initiative of the King was possible. The delegates of Brabant, Flanders and Hainaut met three days later in Brussels, but the others were not there. The members acting in capacity as the States-General appointed count of Lalaing (RA) to command the armed forces under the control of military affairs by Vaid, and the necessary troops to collect petitions.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 17 October the situation was clarified in a letter to the King and diplomatic legations were sent to England, France, Germany and Rome. On 27 september, in writing, to orange the States turned to him and the States of Holland and Zeeland to invite for negotiations in Ghent as venue for that meeting, which he eagerly agreed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The States General objected to this restless town where in addition, Orange already had troops, but with the message that the designated by the King Don Juan as a new Governor was on his way, it was decided to make haste and were sent delegates. The negotiations began on 19 October 1576 and went quite smoothly. It was among other things agreed on the necessary removal of the mutinous Spanish and the enforcement of the old privileges. On the recognition as Governor of Don Juan, and at the point of the religion, had by the negotiations in a fix, because Holland and Zeeland no Catholic worship on their territory wanted to admit. This point was moved to a subsequent meeting. Where the agreement was completed on 28 October and transferred for approval. ====Spanish Fury<span class="mw-editsection" len="360" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The badly paid Spanish soldiers went to mutiny. On 4 november 1576 Antwerp had a Spanish looting of the city. She was shot at from the citadel, after which the Spanish garrison from Aalst there adding on. The troops of the States, a total of 8000 man, were overpowered after violent street fighting, the young Earl and others imprisoned, while Champagney and Havré is hardly on the ships of the Prince in the Scheldt could in itself, after which mutinous soldiers safety for their paid three days overdue payment with murders and plunder. Aalst and Maastricht also had to undergo a similar fate. ====Pacification of Ghent<span class="mw-editsection" len="367" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== Pacification Hall Ghent City Hall<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As a reaction to the mutinous Spanish army widely decided on november 8, 1576 amok started to make the representatives of the States General convened to the so-calledpacification of Ghent. That amounted to an agreement between the regions of the Netherlands to join the insurgent Holland and Zeeland to plug in a so-called General Union. This political success of William of Orange was now possible thanks to the Spanish fury, that among all denominations in the low countries suddenly had excited a strong anti-Spanish mood. Very Gent was taken over by supporters of Orange. By the pacification of Ghent took the States of Brabant, Flanders, Artois and Hainaut with the States of Holland and Zeeland to the Prince of Orange as their stadtholder. The recognition of the King of Spain as sovereign was not in question, but William of Orange would act as head of Government in the Netherlands next to the Governor. And only someone who endorsed the Pacification, should follow up the States of Requesens.Meanwhile, Juan I of Austria was Philip II already designated. In response to the Spanish fury and encouraged by a in extreme turmoil brought population also had Antwerp itself connected. The largest city in the Netherlands was after the proclamation of the Republic in Antwerp in 1577 the next nine years the center of the Calvinist resistance.The pacification was that throughout the country the Spanish troops had to be removed, in Holland and Zeeland only Calvinism was recognized, and that in the other fifteen provinces religious tolerance would prevail. ====Installation of the new Governor<span class="mw-editsection" len="382" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== Don Juan<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the meantime, the new Governor on 3 november 1576, just a little too late, arrived in Luxembourg. There he received envoys from Brussels to him of the recent situation at the same time to inform and to communicate his plans. In an instruction letter of the King that he had received at the last minute, it was found that these now, including the General Pardon, just about to meet requirements from all former the Netherlands wanted to come. Only exceptionally for William the silent and there was no pardon.But in the meantime, keep the Governor in Luxembourg had to stay, while the Prince left his palace in Brussels to refurbish. The offer of the Roda to himself at the head of all in all ten thousand men, the German rental troops included, to go to Brussels, be Requesens af. It went against his plan to bring peace in the Netherlands and then to England in order to free the imprisoned by Elizabeth Maria Tudor (and to marry), and in that country as a champion of the Catholic faith to act. He stated that he was even ready to arrange the withdrawal of the Spanish troops, but the estates General wanted even more. He had to recognize the pacification of Ghent, which is also in the eyes of the King entered straight against the Spanish and religious interests. In addition, it was inconceivable that the latter would assign an official function the rebellious Orange.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The negotiations of the States General were with the new Governor through envoys by the Prince sent in the war by all means, but still decided to do the negotiators and shifted the location of Brussels to Namur, where Don Juan also was invited. Meanwhile, a representation in Brussels remained active, where Orange go immediately sent observers of Holland and Zeeland. Discussions in stranded, when Don Juan Names had to learn that Brussels is now also on 7 January 1577 through the Union of Brussels, a slightly more Catholic-minded confirmation of the pacification of Ghent connected at the latter. Don Juan could not fail to accept more than this. He would take away the Spanish and German troops from the Netherlands, but also the rebels had to do concessions and accept that the States would ensure the enforcement of Catholicism, which is now also in Holland and Zeeland had to be free. This agreement was laid down on 22 February in the Eternal Edict of Marche-en-Famenne.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The power of Orange took increasing as more regions Willem supported, such as Groningen and Friesland in the meantime did, after which he claimed for itself also Utrecht, relying on an old Union of Holland and Utrecht from 1534, and his own former appointment which dated from before the death sentence. It would be a few more months to drag on after its appearance in Utrecht in August, before the States General and the Council of State in October the city ownership of Willem officially recognized.Don Juan of Austria should Brussels not within, as long as there were Spanish troops had moved for the time being and country taken in Leuven. At the end of March already cleared the Spanish soldiers the citadel of Antwerp and other cities and in april they left the country, after receipt of the payment promised by the Government in their Edict. ====Union of Brussels<span class="mw-editsection" len="363" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On april 6, Philip II signed the Union of Brussels, the peace treaty of all regions of the low countries after negotiations between William of Orange and Archduke Matthias of Austria, which in the meantime by the States for formal appointment as Governor was asked. On May 1, 1577 did Don Juan then finally made its appearance in the capital Brussels and brought the ratification of the Edict by the King, which he handed over to the States. In a letter to the King he pointed out, however, that as long as the Nederlandeners according to their privileges were ruled there was no resistance to fear, but that the same privileges to the Regal power whole laid so that finally the Governor was a puppet in their hands, and consequently, he wished to make his Office available. This was not a task for a man, he thought, a woman would be able to fulfill that better. After all, his ambition was further and reached down to England. But without Spanish troops he could make this not true. And convenient lagadapati was this fiery Ruff with his institution of a late medieval knight also not given. But the King accepted his resignation not. But first he had to ensure peace with Holland and Zeeland, and preferably so that the Prince left the country and his oldest son could take its place in the Netherlands.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Negotiations with the Prince, who on behalf of the Governor was asked by the diplomat Notre Dame choir school, ran soon fixed. They led only to the annoyance and auction of requirements, including surrender of Amsterdam, Utrecht and its own city of Breda, and of course religious freedom throughout the Netherlands. This week Orange off of the perpetual Edict. Especially what state of mind he wanted Holland and Zeeland no enforcement of Catholicism. The King thereupon ried Governor proved to be useless at the end of May to the path of peace and gentleness to leave and once again his proposed way of the war to follow, since after all, the Prince of Orange in Holland and Zeeland went on to arm themselves and to extend its authority throughout the North. On 11 July he left Brussels, where Don Juan around his palace was threatened by Orange supporters, to establish themselves in Mechelen. But also there reached him posts by possible attacks, plans to deliver about him to the Prince of Orange, of secret cooperation between the latter and the States General, which indeed were not plucked out of the air.

Don Juan<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 24 July 1577 he United himself with the German troops, did a surprise attack on the city Names and left at the same time Antwerp attacks, with which to end the Union of Brussels . The brittle confidence and the little credit that he had managed to build this was now at a stroke wiped out. In all, except in Luxembourg, citadels were names and put its troops at the door. After his attack Don Juan no longer recognized the regions as their Governor and Matthias of Austria asked to take his place (which by Philip II was rejected). Then decided the States General for the Protestants more tolerant to the second Union of Brussels. The Prince took the outrage at the loss of Don Juan to coax use to Gelderland. And the Queen of England now openly showed support for Orange by her agent William Davison, convinced opponent of Spain, to send to Brussels, which is not left to Orange in a favourable light to the population of Brussels, to his aid at the States General attention.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The armed citizenry of Brussels now controlled the States General. On her insistence names that on 6 september by majority vote the decision to bring the Prince to Brussels and ask him to put himself at the head of the country in defense against the Spanish tyranny and to restoring order and peace. The predominantly Catholic citizenry of Brussels did have a condition: the free exercise of faith also in Holland and Zeeland. This was difficult for the Prince and he proceeded first to Antwerp, where a strong Calvinist Group had the power, and already there was festive won. The hesitation of the Prince in Brussels led to sending envoys to Names to still with the Governor is required. Because it is the failure to his brother requested by Spanish troops stood between two stools, he decided to give in to the demands. When the delegates of Zeeland and Holland arrive saw that the agreement would be ratified with the Governor, they urged the Prince to go to Brussels to itself. The eve of the signing on 23 september arrived it also with a private army of 300 man from Antwerp and was now also in Brussels by its sympathizers festive won. There he managed to the Council of State to annul the agreement made earlier to speak the Governor, based on procedural errors. When this was reported on 8 October to Don Juan with the clause that he no longer was recognized as Governor, this was as good as a declaration of war and he called the Spanish soldiers back.

1577-1578 Calvinist coup<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Meanwhile, Orange was the most powerful man in the Council of State, and for the time being as ' the Brabant region ofruwaard', as long as there is no Governor would be. This was stipulated under condition of approval of this promotion by the Member States of the special regions, and of the preservation of peace and the Catholic religion. His opponent,Vaid, who in september to had been appointed stadtholder of Flanders, was meanwhile in Ghent to the States of this region to move their approval on the ' elevation ' of Orange to refuse. The successful him also a decision to that effect by pressing and also the recognition of the now requested to continue as Governor-General Matthias of Austria.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">It became under the Ghent population on 28 October a riot organized by orangist ' Patriots ', as had happened in Brussels, and also followed a reorganization of power that even went so far as that led by the radical Calvinists Jan van Hembyze and François of Nigeria Union of teachers control of Flanders was seized by the proclamation of the Republic in Ghent. At the urging of the States General had to be released again, the imprisoned Vaid but the distrust of many against Orange was there very by stirred up. On 3 november was still by the sea beggars ordered by the Council of State to take Amsterdam by force in an attempt, which failed. The high nobility with Egmond, Lalaing, and even of Heeze began to stave off more and more of the Prince, averse if one was of the more and more first Calvinist Prince so closely associated democracy with which turned out. In it they found allies in the clergy, who was apprehensive about the growing heresy among the population, where Calvinism by return of the exiles had become all but larger since 1566.Finally also the patrician Government feared sexes at the rising of the democratic movement for their rule in the cities. These three elements together contributed to the emerging opposition to Orange that the States General into two camps divided. ===Under Matthias of Austria (1578)<span class="mw-editsection" len="383" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 8 december 1577 the States-General declared don Juan to country enemy and requested they Archduke Matthias at provisional title for approval by the King to act as Governor-General. On 18 January 1578 did the provisional new Governor are Joyous Entry in Brussels and appointed Prince thereupon prompt to his Lieutenant-General. With the inexperienced Archduke, mockingly called his ' Registrar ', Orange was the actual head of Government on the basis of the renewed Union of Brussels which was also cheaper for the Protestants. From now on he would be the Netherlands, United on the basis of the Pacification, lead in their fight against the Spaniards who had broken out again now.

Also bring in Bruges Calvinists monks at the stake<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The spirits were not ripe for tolerance. In Holland and Zeeland wanted the most spacious in demanding the Catholics do allow freedom of conscience, and that same gold regarding the Calvinists in the other regions, but complete religious freedom turned out to be in practice too. In addition, in the North of Spain along with all those Catholic was suspicious. In the course of 1577 was Calvinism there anywhere in the Netherlands strongly improved. Also in Flanders and Brabant returned, where the troops of the Prince immediately Calvinist exiles from the years triumphed, 1566-67 back as they were in Holland in 1572 returned, whether they arise from their hiding places, possibly a Catholic mask now shedding. They soon took the upper hand In Ghent on the population. Also in Friesland to penetrate strongly and now Calvinism began in Amsterdam on 26 May 1578, that passed to the Prince, the Catholic majority there could still hardly resistance to offer, nor in Groningen and the Ommelanden.

South-Flanders and Valenciennes in the Departments and districts in the current region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">For the year 1578 modified Raby, itself, however, the Government in many Frisian cities remaining, Catholic, admitted that the Catholic members of the Court were put Spaansgezinde Frisian caught and even took the Bishop of Leeuwarden in custody, while his garrisons all over the new State maintained. However, In Utrecht was according to the agreement with the Prince of February 1577 the reformed doctrine still expressly excluded and established the rights of the Archbishop remained unaffected. Also in Gelderland made the new learning little progress, despite the returned graves Floris van Culemborg in the Betuwe and Willem van den Bergh in the County of Zutphen. The very numerous Catholics In Holland and Zeeland could only murmur because they no longer were allowed to openly experience their ordinary religion. Interestingly could Calvinism now also in Artois, Valenciennesand South-Flanders, where the first ever penetrated, not more on large following bows since the radical exterminations by Lamoraal van Egmond, Noircarmes and Alva.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The issue of cooperation between Catholics and Calvinists in the Netherlands was still unresolved, and attempted via the Council of State for year 1578 failed due to violent protest, with an even greater polarization as a result. This was exactly what Orange always had wanted to avoid, but now he could not but let the ever-trickier becoming issue on her course. He saw that his ' Pacification ' as the basis of cooperation between the regions because of that religious disputes threatened to lapse.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Meanwhile, rees the nagging question what one opposite the considerable military force could argue, with which don Juan the Dutch regions threatened from the South. In Holland and Zeeland were still 45 vendels foot people and 30 large ships over, with which Amsterdam blocked and Utrecht also were monitored, while in Flanders some fortresses were occupied. Against don Juan were thus only the troops that the States Generalhad raised a total of 50 available, Germans vendels foot people and Walloons, and 1500 riders, led by Maximilian of Hénin-Liétard (Boussu), Earl junior and other nobles. They formed a little coherent whole and were stationed in the perimeter of Names on the Maas, poorly paid, inadequately fed and therefore unreliable. Holland and Zeeland shared according to the provisions in force concerning the subscription for little more than 14% (11% for Holland and 3% for Zeeland) the joint costs. Flanders, that for 33%, and Brabant, that for 25% was registered, defendants not falsely about their excessive valuation and also used on the need to have to provide for themselves. Similarly Artois and Hainaut, both of which were about 5.5%, and even the bishopric, which traditionally had to pay no more than 2%.

Citadel of names today<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">England became so requested and in a Convention of 7 January 1578 it was decided that Elisabeth with Don Juan would try to mediate, but if this failed (which happened), the Earl of Leicester that they with 5000 infantrymen and 1000 riders would send and deliver a ton of gold as an advance, provided that Vlissingen, Middelburg, Bruges and Grevelingen were given in her property. It was eventually Johan Casimir, Duke of the Paltz and fierce calvinist, came to be at the head of 4000 bulkheads and a few hundred riders reinforced by a number of Huguenots. Don Juan had, for its part, except about his German and Walloon troops in the citadel of Namur, Luxembourg and the last days of december also has come from Italy, just received the promised 3,000 Spaniards. A reinforcement was sent to him by the French Catholics have increased his army with another 4,000 men. Despite the message that the King finally consented in his withdrawal and again appointed as Regent Margaret of Parma, made Don Juan is now ready for the war in the low countries. Her son, Alexander Farnese, the later famous for her went and signed up at don Juan. ===Battle of Gembloux and the consequences<span class="mw-editsection" len="380" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Battle of Gembloux.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Don Juan that he issued a manifesto from the low countries in the spirit of the emperor would authorities and privileges provided that obedience to the King and religion remained intact. He promised disciplinary among its soldiers and mercy for the cities opened their gates. Thereupon he yanked with approximately 16 000 men to the Meuse, urged States Army back and chased it on 31 January 1578 at Gembloux, South of Brussels, located in the very northern tip of County of Namur, completely apart.This defeat showed the incompetence of the leaders of the Dutch States Army and led to Philip de Lalaing and several of his colonels, which during the battle on a wedding party in Brussels, were accused of treason. Just about the whole of South Brabant, Leuven, Diest and then fell to the victorious again and Brussels soon managed to save narrowly. Orange took together with Mathias and all the States General the district to Antwerp. In Brabant and Flanders, while the biggest confusion prevailed in Ghent and Brussels was rejected the authority of the King. Under the Republic of Ghent were the radical Calvinists, led by Jan van Hembyze and François of Nigeria Union of teachersshowing looting began in the abbeys and churches. This happened afterwards also in Bruges, Kortrijk and elsewhere, so that the whole of Flanders that spring fell into the hands of the Calvinists. This increased at the 'malcontents' their dislike of the 'Patriots' of Orange and chased the Catholics in the camp of Don Juan, where they finally hoped peace and order. The States General powerless to save that erupted.

State of 24 July 1577 till the end of 1578.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Orange aimed now with the Calvinist fervor on Monday to cool down through his discourses, but it had long been a member of the boiler. Because the discontent of the Catholics took over his leadership increasingly serious forms he saw himself in his regard to endangered. His position midway between the two parties, which had formed itself ever by his actions, became ever more. Despite its measures to soften the impact of the defeat did not back the sense of security under his wing. He did again rely on foreign countries.Taken place there is the necessary intrigues between England, France and Germany, each of which has its interests with regard to the situation in the Netherlands aimed at.Elizabeth pointed to a provision in the Treaty negotiations closed with her outside her to with a strange Frost were prohibited. Saw his hope to Anjou as patron of the low countries to act blur, but in Hainaut, he enjoyed the support of the high nobility, including the influential count of Lalaing, stadtholder of the Region itself, who decided on their own to negotiate with France.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Strongly backed by Huguenot La Noue and other captains began to troops in the North of France Anjou now collect. On July 12, he suddenly showed in the Hainaut capital mountains, through Lalaing with open arms and soon followed by his troops. That had accrued to a 15 000 men and sought to wrest the Spaniards a few small fortresses immediately. About the same time popped up saying English interests, likewise the Duke Johan Casimir, in the low countries on, accompanied by a with English money touted, almost exclusively Protestant even Calvinist army. He fell along the Rhine in early July in the area are inside, where gangs Zutphen Anon deerlijk, for instance. The following month also pulled this army to Brabant, on his passage to the detriment of the good disposition of the population again robbing and plundering. Especially churches and monasteries had to suffer again.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Calvinists in Flanders greeted his arrival with cheers. In August suffered a defeat at Rijmenam Don Juan against the army of the States that now just about from 40,000 men and pulled themselves back in the Namur region back. But the army fever, which made many victims in the camp at Names, also spared the General not. For Don Juan was the battle of Gembloux the last big win. He died on October 1, 1578. Prince Alexander of Parma was on his deathbed by the Governor with the Supreme command and provisional Governor-generalship in his place in charge, and was confirmed by the King in that position in november. ====Leading up to the Union of Arras (6 January 1579)<span class="mw-editsection" len="395" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== New Governor Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma. Otto van Veen<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the loss of the battle of Gembloux Dutch States Walloon troops were on the border between Flanders and Hainaut neglected left behind under the Lord of Montigny, the younger brother of Lalaing. They were thereupon go mutinied and plunder in the South of Flanders. Because the Catholics were the Calvinist troops from Ghent against them came into action and created a true guerrilla.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Ghent Calvinists were no longer so Orange-friendly, because they found that the Prince had betrayed them to let religious freedom by Catholics. They chose the English army captain Johan Cassimir as leader and acted openly in opposition to the Government in Brussels.

Intake of the malcontents Believe in 1578<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The "Malcontents" under Montigny on their part sought to join Commander La Motte in Grevelingen, which long had conducted with Don Juan in secret negotiations. Also the Catholics of Hainaut and Artois took from them the ranks against the Calvinist movement in Flanders. Under the influence of nobility and clergy in the South of the Netherlands, who earlier wanted to remain in line with the KingGeorge van Lalaing, was at the head of this rising Union. La Motte had, in consultation with Alexander Farnese, all secret agreements with the commanders of cities in the circumference (Saint-Omer, Hesdin, Sint-Winoksbergen, Ariën, Arras, Béthune, Kortrijk, Lille), and soon also with officers of Montigny.

The typical Flemish main square (Grand'Place) in Arras.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Prince of Parma, now in the camp of Visé aan de Maas a prepared attack on Maastricht, wanted to ensure the success of the negotiations with Hainaut and Artois for support in the Southwest, after which he would begin his heroveringstocht to the North . At the end of december had Montigny agreed with La Motte, openly to the authority of the King to submit. His brother Lalaing and also Heeze, who felt let down by Orange, locks itself there along with other nobles to. On 6 January 1579 came to become the long coveted Covenant between Hainault, Artois, Arras, Lille, Douai and Orchies to stand, called the Union of Arras . This meant an actual afstandsname of the States General and of the North, now urged the creation of a private Union felt as antithesis to hasten. ====Reaction with the Union of Utrecht (23 January 1579)<span class="mw-editsection" len="396" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== Unions of Arras and Utrecht (1579).<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">But some are also in the North had not busy left with attempts at forming a private Calvinist tinted Union, however, with a view to the final detachment of Royal authority. In that spirit, there was already the Confederation of Holland and Zeeland formed in the Covenant of the Union of Dordrecht. This wished in the Southeast were a buffer of like-minded regions that came with them. Utrecht itself was once before to the axis Holland-Zeeland joined.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Jan van Nassau, a younger brother of William of Orange, saw opportunity to Groningen and Friesland to such collaboration to move. He also was counting on Drenthe and Overijssel. In the North the stadtholder count rennenberg did much to promote the influence of the States. Meanwhile, even though Camps he had conquered. Only there was still resistance of Deventer. And also promised Gelderland difficulties. Mid-June were the first proposals to the Gelderse Landtag at the same time in Utrecht and Overijssel brought. In doing so, raised very serious objections on the part of the Catholic high clergy. That invoked on the pacification and the Union of Brussels, both the domination of Catholicism outside Holland and Zeeland ensured, and did not want to know of a new Union as the Prince meant. Also in Gelderland wanted the clergy, the powerful nobility and the patricians of the religion not know peace. The example of Amsterdam, where the Catholic Government three months after the annexation for a Calvinist should have take the district, was illustrating for them. They made themselves very uneasy about the way Johan of Nassau proceeded. Gelderland culprit there is more about, that Holland the old-Gelderse citiesValencia and Neighborshad fought against Spain, which with that region, seemed to want to incorporate, and the nobility was apprehensive about loss of influence. Dan replied evasive on the discourses of the Gelderse States.

Spanish erfgebied.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">But besides the Catholic resistance there was also that of the other provinces, which in too close alliance with Holland and Zeeland saw a threat to their regional autonomy. They feared that with the inevitable war with the King that there was to arrive the burden on them as ' for wall ' of the rebel regions would end up.

Raby, right, pictured on horsebacktakes Deventer in.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Deventer In Overijssel still had Royal Garrison and that fortress was with the use of armed force by Raby in november 1578 curbed. Groningen also felt reluctant to enhanced binding to the imperious Holland. Count Johan of Nassau managed to refute the objections in June 1578 in a proposal for 'Naerder Union and Confederation"in the States of Holland brought up. Although greeted with sympathy as expected, also stumbled across it there still on resistance of certain cities. But on August 29, declared a majority is committed to prepare. The new concept was sent and there went immediately to Gelderland on by. Count Johan made the case again at the beginning of september Gelderland convened by him pending in the special meeting of the States of this region, which includes five members of the Pensionary of Rotterdam, Holland, Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, appeared. Although he had by his troops occupy Arnhem to the States to intimidate found his plan remained little support and the deliberations once again onvruchtbaerlyc.Heavy name-calling and contentions between the Catholics and the Calvinist there had become Earl of Culemborg, which just as count Johan itself afforded to their address, after which violent scorn this menacing left the Council Chamber. In the time that followed unruly magistrates were replaced. But also in the other provinces and in Holland itself remained one extended debate, without jury

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">However, when it was noticed that the business in Hainaut and Artois on a reconciliation with Spain were found to will turn out, was at the instigation of the Prince everywhere the Union-initiated plan again. Holland and Zeeland were there soon for won and by the end of the month was a Convention organized by deputies from different regions. On 6 december, the plan appeared here for the time being by the deputies of Holland, Zeeland and Friesland with the States of Utrecht signed, and it was decided to meet again on 10 January for a final decision. In addition to the Stadholder and the Ommelanden Raby now manageable Gent for their agreement, but the city Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel in the siege continued to refuse, Lingen while Vaughn following was made to apologize.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Gelderland remained the largest cross-beam and the entire month of december was especially the case continuously on the agenda here. When the Conference met on 10 January 1579 in Utrecht, had one in Gelderland equally advance finally decided-albeit at narrow majority-to send some members of Parliament to hear the results. Some members of the chapter in Utrecht that even a conspiracy against the Union-had launched plans, were captured. Middelburg and Goes in Zeeland opposing view as well, because of the loss of their rights. The harsh winter in Friesland called to send any emissaries, but here had the Prince of Parma are following. Also the increasing lukewarmness of rennenberg after his trip to the South end 1578, where he had seen enough to reasonable doubts as to the success of the rebellion, and by his relatives in Hainaut set up against the Prince of Orange, supplied here work again. In the city of Groningen hatching Catholics on plans to replace the Dutch again by a Spaansgezinde. And even the Prince of Orange himself was little welcomed the plans in their current form, because that deviated too much from its original design. But Johan knew them to float and to be approved in this form.

Last page of the Union of Utrecht with signatures by signatories to the Convention.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On January 23, 1579 was then signed the Union of Utrecht by the count as stadtholder of Gelderland because of this region, and by the envoys of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht and the Ommelanden. This would strengthen and Calvinist-inspired Union building new fortresses, cities may the evaluate, decide and occupations in finance the cities, while the soldiers on Union, city and County had to take the oath, and all the inhabitants of 18 to 60 years for calling in defense of the area were enrolled. Would Holland and Zeeland area can act on religion in its sole discretion, while in the other regions had to be taken to ensure that law and order on a settlement ' guaranteed '. The stadtholders in addition to all magistrates and head of officials of province, city or member, also all Sable rows and guilds, had to take the oath on the Union, while according to the last article 26 the stadtholders and the main cities of the regions and its members would do solemnly seal and sign. After hesitating to trade the Brabant cities Antwerp, Breda and Lier, and the Flanders Ghent, Bruges and Ypres the Union of Utrecht at.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">But for William the silent was the "General Union", to which he had undertaken a first attempt failed, so he finally saw his actual dream go up in smoke now. It still took quite some time before he (only on 3 may 1579), though he had signed the Union of Utrecht by the Calvinist baptism of his daughter Catharina Belgica in Antwerp in July 1578 already expressed a clear preference. Rennenberg signed a month later, with the addition of a clause that the rights of the Archduke Matthias not deficit would be done by the Union. ====Battle between the Prince of Orange and the Prince of Parma (1579-1581)<span class="mw-editsection" len="414" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p lang="en" len="334" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1579, there were in the low countries so in addition to the Pacification and the Union now have two distinct Associations, as germs of two separate state connections.

Huis van Parma in Oudenaarde<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After yet another riot in Ghent, where Catholic priests and worship it had to suffer, complained the malcontents joined La Motte about non-compliance with the Pacification and showed themselves willing to work with him. Therefore signed the Declaration of Montigny La Motte to the troops back to place under Royal authority. The Treaty of ' reconciliation ' with the King was on May 17, 1579 in Arras in the Abbey of St. Vaast signed by the States of Hainaut and Artois, as well as those of Lille, Douai and Oorschie. The pacification with the Union of Brussels and the Eternal Edict while maintaining Catholicism and loyalty to the King while retaining the privileges were confirmed through. At the same time that the Spanish and German troops out of the country had to be replaced by a national army, to which would be transferred other citadels and fortresses. And after six months the country according to the treatise would guardianship of a ' Prince of the blood ' over the seventeen provinces onset.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">This example was in the course of the year by the city of Mechelen and Nivelles in Brabant, and Aalst, G mountains, Bourbourg and Belle followed in Flanders. Although the directors of Flemish and Brabant cities, the side of the Northern Union of Utrecht chose, was the schism of the Netherlands now started, with a revolutionary and strove for independence of Northern Spain that a reactionary southern that loyal to the King and to the Catholicism wanted to keep ulcers. This was compared to the States General in the de facto separation of these regions and cities and the other who, by their accession to the Union of Utrecht, prepared to continue the rebellion had stated.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The fierce disagreements between Calvinists and roomsgezinden had for the time being, the fear of a general rebellion against Spanish rule in the Netherlands do districts.Alexander Farnese was also diplomat except soldier and statesman. He knew the attachment of the Dutchmen to their privileges and to take into account their self-government he settled permanently in Ireland, whereby he even enjoyed a lot of support in the North, though the rebels there for the time being Lord and master. The Union of Arras he had with the agreement that the Governor would be a Prince of the blood, that the foreign troops had to leave the territory, the Council of State only by indigenous people was compiled, and that beds had to be allowed by the States . 's-Hertogenbosch and the stadtholder of Groningen locks on.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Farnese had a practical view of the situation and knew with diplomatic sophistication on the one hand, and accomplished martial sense, on the other hand, the hated Prince of Orange left one after the other to do his theses. And if he had enjoyed full political freedom because of the King and the resources may have, he would soon the Dutch revolt whole have been vanquished. But he was hampered by the King.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 23 February 1579 delivered the new General at the Antwerp Borgerhout battle against the Dutch started as a diversionary tactic and from there he went along they stationed his troops Visé, where he, to Maastricht to this city from 12 March to 1 July to lay siege to and take in. The following year was the turn of Kortrijk where he the Dutch States army led by François de la Noue defeated. He returned with the Spanish elite troops would recapture all Flemish cities.

Rennenbergs treason opened a new Northern front; the predominantly Protestant Union of Utrecht lost him a major Catholic ally.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Meanwhile also had George van Lalaing (count of rennenberg),-by the Dutch started to stadtholder of Friesland and Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel appointed, but by his noble relatives in the southern Hainaut constantly consulted to faithful to the King, and still pulled this last card, Catholic-finally. He was to this largely by Alexander Farnese, and influenced by the Northern Catholics and numerous to Groningen, at the head of King-men whom he on 3 March 1580 spoke publicly for submission to the Royal authority. This was in the North, particularly in the case of the Calvinists, sensed as the betrayal of rennenberg. After all, it was feared a further knock-on effect. It was not a secret, that not only in Groningen, but equally well in Friesland, Drenthe and Overijssel, very many Catholics has long been looked to the arrival of the fervently by the Prince of Parma every time promised troops, which them under their old stadtholder, Caspar de Robles would deliver from the yoke of the Calvinists.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In Zwolle and Deventer, Twente and Salland were indeed numerous embittered King-men, the 'Desperaten', in rebellion against the depredations of the Dutch States gangs. And finally by Alexander Farnese afgezonden army under the dreaded German Maarten Schenk van Nydeggen condottiere came to them via Lingen Overijsel support. Hohenlo to raise against it but was tried on 17 June on the Heath at Hardenberg reports. Thereupon fell Coevorden in the hands of Farnese. A State paralyzed by contentions among commanders army for Groningen Salas at the arrival of S apart so that RA itself from Delfzijl and some sconces at Groningen could seize. From then began the violent guerrilla between Calvinists and Catholics, which these zones to the Achterhoek and southern Friesland plagued when fourteen years. After Oldenzaal to have been also tried Raby to Zutphen to penetrate in order to lure the King-men in the rebellion, but he was repulsed at Doetinchem to the Oude IJssel and mid-October he armed for the strategically important Steenwijk, that controlled the way of Friesland to Overijssel . Schenck will thoroughly clean house in the meantime kept Twente.

The situation in 1581.<p lang="en" len="147" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1580 was now also in the city of Utrecht prohibited the overt exercise of Catholic worship such as was the case in Holland and Zeeland.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 15 August, in the battle of baasrode, this important inner port of Antwerp after a two-hour fight conquered by troops of Farnese, after which the malcontents fired the entire village centre. William of Orange managed just in time to its maritime escort to flee, which to the port lay at anchor.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the meantime, he continued to insist that only military aid from France could take care of the necessary resistance to Farnese and push back. Together the members of the late 1580 States General, for the last time in Antwerp, on the election of the Duke of Anjou, brother of the French King, as Prince and took counsel about a way to the cancellation ofPhilip II to the throne to justify. Because he the stay of its central national Government in the city meanwhile to unsafe was made it to the Hague, Willem decided in Holland to do move. On October 6, names the States General a Council decision to that effect, that still was carried out at the end of november, but then with the choice on Delft. Archduke Matthias also followed the States to the North and safer location. One met in Amsterdam In may 1581, and on 25 June became the seat of the Dutch national Government transferred to the Hague preferably. ===Split by the northern provinces (1581)<span class="mw-editsection" len="396" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The Spanish Netherlands in the sixteenth, and the Southern Netherlands with Seven provinces in the north end of sixteenth to seventeenth century (from 1581).<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In Spain one had its hands full with the Portuguese succession war and thereby was what of the Netherlands the attention strayed. In the meantime, were both restored as Granvelle Alva from Italy returned and served the King of advice. This was still of the opinion that the way of softness in 1579 and considered to be walked all served to Margaret of Parma as Governor to send to the Netherlands again. On september 30, was requested to do so. But her 35-year-old son, Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma, was not very pleased with this settlement and the country itself was applying for custody.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When Margaretha in July 1580 in the Netherlands again appeared and could ensure themselves of the situation on the ground was the aging noblewoman of the opinion, that the situation as it had become indeed better now also further by a man could be controlled. The simmering rebellion and civil war in the Interior and the impending invasion of France had to be addressed as a matter of priority, and without her son she would the forces unleashed here no longer cope. Also she stated now that a powerful padded war was needed to subdue the situation. Margaret remained until the end of 1583 to then finally to the estate in Italy to leave, where they lived for three years.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Granvelle had the King in Spain In 1579 convince that a curse — coupled with a outlawing of the Prince of Orange in 1568, already sentenced to death a possible outcome offered from the impasse in the North, where the tension between Calvinists and Catholics around this rebel ever escalated. Put a price on his head would also hasten an occasional execution can, for example, a method that was widespread in Italy, thus Granvelle. In addition, he guaranteed the exporter thereof full debt relief. When the Prince of orange the Catholic Anjou as King of the Netherlands recognised the King Orange decided indeed wanted outlaw to explain.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Yet the him the Prince of Parma hesitated in may 1580 to disclose and was there to Royal banvonnis sent repeatedly to be put on, before he finally in July and August the piece, printing and distribution. The perpetrator of the Act received forgiveness for all crimes, elevation to nobility, if he belonged, and not yet 25 000 gold crowns. The piece contained a detailed justification on the rise to the ban and was dated: Maastricht, 15 March 1580. The Northern States-General prepared in response the revocation of the King of the throne for.

François, Duke of Anjou. (Michiel Colijn, 1616)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the Treaty of Plessis-Les-Tours of 29 september they raised (with the exception of Holland and Zeeland, whose vote against by the veto of Orange was, however, offset) the Duke of Anjou to ' prince et seigneur ' of the Netherlands as his predecessors had been out of the House of Burgundy . The document contained very few limitations future sovereign power for the benefit of the regions, which in fact were governed by Orange. The final version was only ratified by the Duke on 23 January 1581 in Bordeaux.

Map of the Habsburg Netherlands(seventeen provinces) of 1543 until 1585 with the separation of the northern Netherlands in red line of the southern.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the final statements of Anjou in March with Marnix and returned the signed agreements from France, was the case initiated on 22 July 1581 was powerful and the final decision taken for revocation of Philip II. Four days later she was pronounced in a meeting of the States-General of the Netherlands in the Hague. The Act of abjuration in which they laid down on 26 July 1581 meant the actual Division of the northern provinces of the Spanish Netherlands to the South, although this was in Holland's optics still intended for the whole of the seventeen provinces.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In anticipation of the arrival of the new Danvers was now the de facto Government in the northern regions finally in the hands of the Prince of Orange and its States. For the time being Governor General for the States General, ruwaard of Brabant, stadtholder of Utrecht, Friesland and the still free part of Flanders, high Government of Holland and Zeeland, influential in Gelderland, Overijssel and the Ommelanden, his authority was more than enough to overshadow that of the States. The gratitude Anjou him as editor of his elevation was required, the dependence, in which the new monarch would stand against the most powerful man in the land, would allow him to continue the role also under Anjou, which he had played, as Lieutenant-General under Matthias to the fact to his tool to make new Danvers.

Entry of the Duke of Anjou in Antwerp.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Matthias themselves more and more as the fifth wheel on the car began to consider his resignation, finally gave in June 1581 to the low countries in October to leave in silence.The promise to him compensation of 50 000 florins per year was never carried out.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the South was the fight now especially to Cambrai and Tournai, conducted the only Walloon town wedding was remained to the Renewed States General of the Netherlands.Anjou managed to save this first city still but had to dissolve his army from a lack of funds, which got the hands free and here on Farnese 29 november could conquer, Tournai while small army of States under the Prince of Epinoy, still pretty much the only of the South Dutch greats who had to ensure their side, idly. The surprising capture of Breda by Calvinist Antwerp Farnese's forces brought even more closely and prepared the conquest of the whole of Brabant by the Prince of Parma for, while those of Tournai had allowed him the opportunity to penetrate deep again to Flanders.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On February 10, 1582, the Duke of Anjou with a splendid procession French and English nobles, among whom Elizabeths favorite Leicester and the later in the Dutch Wars famous Philip Sidney, Willoughby and others, to Vlissingen, with great honors received by Orange and the Prince of Epinoy. On February 19, kept the French monarch his solemn entry into the still important Antwerp, where he was honored as Duke of Brabant and provisional residence chose. The beginning of March the States-General summoned here hailed their new Danvers. But on the day of his birthday, February 18, had a failed attack on William of Orange place by Office clerk Jean Carry, making him dangerous in the left cheek and the palate was wounded, a wound that healed very slowly. Countess of Schwartz burg, his sister, and his wife Charlotte, were day and night in the loom to him to take care of, even so that Charlotte would die from exhaustion and span at the beginning of May. In Spain it was thought that Orange itself had died and his son knew Granvelle are civil to already to think of.

<p lang="en" len="278" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When Anjou only since a few weeks in Antwerp was also called the Calvinists, culprit, which is hard in the exercise of his religion did, and those of his Catholic result only with the greatest difficulty, for which he could get designated a church building.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Meanwhile, Alexander Farnese his offensive continued unabated. He got In Brabant Lier in hands and Oudenaardein Flanders, after which also Ieper in danger came. This allowed Anjou itself only in August in Ghent as count of Flanders inaugurate let. But the Catholic French landlord was also there by a predominantly Calvinist crowd cool reception and began to question the meaning of his appointment. He was not loved by the people, all the more so because the few troops he had now brought by illness and lack of martial disciplinary plundering the Flemish countryside afstroopten. They were not allowed In the cities and farmers wapenden itself against them. In 1582, on the other hand, the army of Flanders progressed all the more, in Flanders and Brabant. They managed apart from Aalst Kortrijk and also Dunkirk, Nieuwpoort, Menen, Veurne and Diksmuide to recapture.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">William of Orange was all this time been appointed or requested to conduct by the States of Holland and Zeeland about them to adopt the title of count. But at the time are not to compromise negotiations with Anjou, he had that rejected. Now Anjou well and good if landlord established seemed, was on August 14, 1582, the time has come to accept in principle the count's dignity, all this had to remain secret for the time being so as not to arouse suspicion about his intentions Angevin. But Danvers has long realized that he was handed over to the power of Orange and was hoping there own hands soon change that.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In January 1583 succeeded Anjous French troops managed to Dunkirk, Menen, Diksmuide, Aalst, Dendermonde and finally to invade, he also Vilvoorde influence wanted to strengthen in the Southern Netherlands . A RAID by him in Antwerp on 17 January turned out to be an explicit handle to the power, but failed. William of Orange, the city had already left after the death of his wife, to his fourth wife, Louise de Coligny, French Huguenot leader 's daughter to marry. But residents, who are still the Spanish fury of reminded several years ago, went to the French armed aggression itself now in street fighting body, which from now on this all in the so-called French fury were killed. Confidence in Anjou was totally gone, and even abroad are Antwerp coup was frowned upon, so that he also suffered considerable loss of face there.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Despite the General outrage tried to turn to William of Orange consultation with Anjou. The good rapport with France remained important in his optics, which knew no alternative.He urged the States General to a moderate answer, despite resistance by many of his friends against him that as long as Brussels consultation with Anjou, not inside the ramparts wanted to for the time being under the protection of a French garrison in Vilvoorde left off. Also moving to concessions Anjou and Orange itself sought to convince him to give back the occupied cities. It was not entirely imaginary that Anjou was to conclude an agreement with the Prince of Parma, as secret relations between both for the year 1583 meanwhile was known.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On June 28, returned back to France for the time being, followed by Biron Anjou and other associates. He gave as a reason that the States-General of the Netherlands, supported him not enough that Cambrai threatened to fall into the hands of the Prince of Parma, and that he had to commit consultation with his mother Marie de Medici and his brother, the King of France, on further measures to be taken. No month later left on 22 July William the silent after criticism of his life threats under the French administration and Antwerp, where he had spent a long time in the Citadel. He moved, after just about his whole life in the southern Netherlands having lived together with Louise de Coligny taking his possessions on eight ships, to Middelburg where he between 1574 and 1583 as count of Zeeland was already regularly resided. From the end of 1583 William of Orange Delftfinally moved. Had there Balthasar Gérard(Gabriel) from Franche-Comté itself under a false name in may 1584 as Francois Guyon, son of a victim of the Catholic persecution, access the Prince hofprediker, Villers. On July 8, popped up in the Prinsenhof in the monastery of Saint-Vaddi. Tuesday afternoon July 10, he turned with an excuse up to the Prince and fired two bullets at him in the lungs and stomach, then quickly died. ===Heroveringsperiode under the land (1579-1588)<span class="mw-editsection" len="414" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma and the head of the Belgian region.The siege of Maastricht in 1579.

Faminio Strada: De Bello Belgico.Political situation in 1585.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The separation of the northern Netherlands from the southern was initially not culturally determined, but the result of military and geographical conditions. After the Division became the religious influence determines the drifting apart politically and further cultural removal between North and South in the course of the 17th century. But there is still a lot to area designation was first done.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1579 was by the land the heroveringsstrijd started with some regions covered by William of Orange in the hands of the Calvinists had come and who loved to nine years . After first near Antwerp with the Dutch started to have delivered the same year battle had Parma Maastricht and the following year, Kortrijk. By his actions had in 1580 Raby the whole area of Groningen and Coevorden was taken to him transferred again. And in August he had with the battle of baasrode recaptured the main inner port of Antwerp.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Meanwhile, the Prince of Parma went unabated with the recapture of other cities to the central authority slip. Lier In Brabant he got in hands and Oudenaardein Flanders, after which also Ieper in danger came. In 1582 the army of Flanders progressed both in Flanders and Brabant even more and succeeded in recapturing of Dunkirk, Nieuwpoort, Menen, Veurne and Diksmuide, as well as a berenning of Steenwijk. On 23 June 1585 the Dutch troops at the battle of Amerongen enter Utrecht. And after the end of the Republic Ghent(17 August 1584), where about 4,000 most Protestant Ghent smoking retreat to the North got, was soon Antwerp 's turn. The Antwerp besieging troops of Parma locks with dozens of ships off the Scheldt, which supplies had become impossible. It was agreed in negotiations that the Catholics in Antwerp with the Governor had demanded and which were conducted by Marnix, Lord of Saint-Aldegonde in the Spanish headquarters in Beveren where this signed the surrender of the city. After the Peis (peace) was declared on the Grand place, left many Protestant merchants and intellectuals under safe conduct North. Hollandic and zeelandic ships barred thereupon the Scheldt estuary and locks in turn the presently being city under Spanish rule of the overseas trade (though The flourishing trade, culture and science in the Dutch "golden age" also further develop). Ten days later on 27 August took the City garrison of the Army of Flanders in. The Catholic religion was required.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The loss of Antwerp was a big blow for the rebels, they feared that without that city the rebellion was lost. Already on August 18, the year before they had a Council of Stateformed in the northern Netherlands, consisting of four members of Holland, Brabant, Zeeland and Friesland three out, two from Flanders and Utrecht, and one member from Mechelen, which together had decided to continue the fight so that the northern and Southern Netherlands would remain together. That Board took the Board where with 17-year-old Maurice of Orange as President, also on 1 november 1585 became stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland, as well as, through the intermediary of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Governor, Captain-General and Admiral. With the intake of the largest and richest city in the low countries, Parma now his biggest success, but it also unintentionally forced a final separation of the northern Netherlands from the remaining Southern Netherlands.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" len="191" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [7]  Despite the large Antwerp cultural centre remained the secretion that it always had been. The city experienced a golden age own with figures like the busier Chris Christopher Painter, (which the monopoly for including breviaries and missals Edition for the countries under the Spanish Crown acquired), and the Baroque painters such as Peter Paul Rubens reached worldwide fame. The Flemish polyphony, which already in the second school was represented by Josquin Desprez experienced a last appearance with Roland de Lassus, which made 2000 compositions. To the world literature contributed authors such as Anna Bijns and Philips of Marnix, Lord of Sint-Aldegonde, and the latter stimulated even the Reformation. Also the revival of the North was partly to pictures from the southern Netherlands to thank (such as the Antwerp Kabila Vondel, the Banu Gomarus, Willem Usselincx, designer of the WIC, a majority of shareholders of the DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY, and more than half of Amsterdams main merchants in 1611).

<p lang="en" len="766" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">For the States General was now the meeting place of the Hague only the seven northern provinces of the Union of Utrecht, while the Central Government of Brussels quasi unnoticed disappeared.

The Netherlands in the Burgundian circlePolitical situation in 1586-' 87.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The prince-bishopric of Liège, which has been operational since 1548 to the Westphalian Circle belonged, where also the Duchy of gueldersuntil then, the bishopric of Utrecht, the bishopric, and Archdiocese of Cambraihad heard at the Abbey of Echternach, continued independent, albeit as a kind of protectorate of the southern Netherlands. Ernest of Bavaria continued there after Gerard of groesbeek by the Catholic Trentse reform including the establishment of Jesuit colleges and seminars. Institutional developed in parallel with the prince-bishopric of its neighbours. Knew during the Rebellion and then in the 17th and 18th centuries to preserve its own neutrality.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the assassination of William of Orange were looking for the Northern States General the shaky autonomy by the Union of Utrecht by adopting another State to ratify frost. In december 1585 they did for that job on the French King Henry III and also were looking for the Queen of England. Both refused a King title, but Elisabeth promised her protection far. As a reaction against the Spanish advance they sent the Earl of Leicester (Robert Dudley) secretly with 5000 men, however, over the North Sea, which two years later would be recalled. He had let themselves cry out as Governor General in January 1586, against the will of the Queen, who wanted to avoid confrontation with Spain. Dudley forbade all trade In april with "the enemy". Trade with the southern Netherlands and Spain was for the Dutch merchants however, partly due to the 'licenses', a necessity. The Earl of Leicester then decided a Room of finance where the merchant's books could be checked.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">While it opposes especially in Holland and Zeeland concentrated perked up Alexander Farnese of Parma are meanwhile further unhindered on the reconquest of the cities which they had taken as a buffer to close ' the backyard ' as they called it. In the period June-July he took Venlo and Grave. After the massacre of Neuss (Neuß) from 26th July, not thank him for a blame Dudley that was taken, followed on 22 september the battle of Warnsveld between a State Army led by British units, and the rebels troops who fought on behalf of Spain. The Dutch States army had set a target to prevent the supply of Zutphen, but managed by the Spaniards do not. Leicester returned to England In december for consultation. Meanwhile, William Stanley was on november 18, with custody of Deventer in charge, where 1200 Irish soldiers were stationed with York as captain. This (Catholic) English captains wore in January 1587 the town and The ski-jump about in Spanish hands. The States General count verwittigden Leicester in a writing, drawn up by Van Oldenbarnevelt. After Thomas Wilkes 's response was an investigation, which took place under the leadership of François Alfred. He argued that the sovereignty in Holland always had at the provincial Council is based.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The military design of Philip II to conquer England with a huge fleet, the Spanish Armada, where he Farnese with its troops as support are sent, however, finally turned on a disastrous failure; the battle of Gravelines on 8 August 1588 ended in a crushing defeat for Spain. After that it was the army in the North Farnese and had no means of getting further turned off to battle against the now-created Republic of the seven United Netherlands. 1588 is regarded as the end of Parma's nine-year-old heroveringscampagne. In response followed a counteroffensive led by Maurice of Nassau and William Louis, later by the Dutch historian Faour the 'Ten years' baptized. ===Republic of the seven United Netherlands (1588)<span class="mw-editsection" len="395" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">All in all, began to get the impression that Leicester, like working for Anjou, was ever more power for itself by in Utrecht to form a highly centralized government under his authority, making use of support for its Calvinism and the envy of the other provinces with regard to Holland. On 5 August 1587 he could not prevent Governor Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, Lock captured, in preparation for the arrival of the Spanish Armada. Johan van Oldenbarnevelt In september tried Leicester and Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, with whom he disagreed was, caught, but who knew in Delft to escape. Thereupon he fell Amsterdam, Leiden and West-Friesland, which resulted in failure every time, while for the insurgents in the meantime, several cities were lost.

The Republic of the seven United Netherlands (generality lands in light blue) separates away from the motherland<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With his attempt at an invasion of Holland from Utrecht was in 1587 enough. the Earl of Leicester was forced to leave the territory. He was by Willoughby succeeded as head of the English troops.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1588, the Northern States General the Justification or Deduction of François Alfred, with which they power as actual government-owned daily and got together. After consecutive unsuccessful attempts, since Mathias of Austria, to appoint their own head of State, they decided from now on to self-government without head of State, and proclaimed the Republic of the seven United Netherlands af (also referred to as ' the United provinces ', Latin: Belgica Foederata). This separated the northern Netherlands is finally off of the motherland. In april, Prince Maurice of Orange, son of William, Prince of Orange and count of Nassau, stadtholder of Utrecht and Overijssel and established his authority in Zeeland.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Duke of Parma had in Dunkirk 40,000 soldiers gathered to England to conquer and waited there on the Spanish Armada to shipping. But while Dutch sea beggars themselves prevented him from Flanders at the Armada was defeated by an English add this fleet under Admiral Francis Drake. Parma besieged the city Bergen op Zoom, but without success. Chimay and its commanders, however, booked in the Rhine area Verdugo though some profit in the northern Netherlands.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the necessary setbacks for the Republic followed a period in which the situation greatly improved, by Robert Fruin called the Ten years . The Dutch revolt, in ten years time of virtually hopeless in 1588 to to almost succeeded in 1598, although this only applies for the seven northern provinces. In part, this development also attributed to international factors such as the renewed war between Kingdom France and Spain, but also to the political competence of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, lawyer of Holland, and to the military science of Maurice, Prince of Nassau. The following decades would both work closely together. Holland played a central role from the start and resulted in more than half of the revenue of the Republic. With the revenue from the six other regions, including regions such as the national tax of generality lands where the Northern States-General the Board exercised about, an army and a fleet could be maintained. Together with the city holders exercised on the basis of its relationship with the Holland House of Orange from the actual power for two centuries. It was therefore in the South also the term "Holland" or "Dutch" for the whole of the breakaway Republic, which established international hit (except in England that this part of the low countries and German continued to see, hence "Dutch"). The term "Flemings" (Fiaminghi), which before abroad as a pars pro toto for all inhabitants of the Spanish Netherlands was used, hit just from now on the inhabitants of the Southern Netherlands.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Initially, the Republic internationally not yet recognized. Spain refused to recognize independence for a long time especially (see Treaty of Westphalia).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 10 april 1589 became the city of Geertruidenberg by English mutineers against payment to Farnese of Parma and the Catholic low countries surrendered. Farnese had to withdraw after a long time in the spa town of Spa to recover from an illness. In his absence, even mutiny in Tercio Viejowas his most dedicated regiment. But on 2 August 1589, when King Henry III of France died, Philip II of Spain gave the Governor command the rights of his daughter Isabella to the French throne to go defense, since France now invoked the Salic law, which stipulated that only male heirs golden. Thereby had to Parma, to the relief of the Dutch rebels, refrain from further conquest of a whole area in the northern Netherlands, where he had prepared for it. And so could Maurits to 1596 parts of Flanders and Brabant in the South above the large rivers capture Antwerp to cut off the sea. On 4 March 1590 he already conquered Breda (using the siege of Breda by Mountains, in which 68 young men led by Commander Charles Héraugière had hidden). Thanks to the Prince of Parma was the Calvinist supremacy in the Southern Netherlands, however, driven out, and the loyalty to the King confirmed.

<p lang="en" len="382" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The personal Union of Portugal with Spain then made the Dutch-Portuguese War possible, for its part, authorising the Republic of its colonies extended. ==Condition after a quarter of a century of war<span class="mw-editsection" len="379" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The flourishing condition of the Spanish Netherlands in 1560 was still under Margaret of Parma were since the iconoclastic and after a quarter century of bickering and war totally degenerated into that of desperation, despair, distrust and poverty all around. Except in Holland and Zealand, where since quitting the trade and industry in those regions get rapidly approaching were advanced, as well as in the neutral Liege. ===General<span class="mw-editsection" len="355" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Zealand<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The fleet of Holland and Zeeland, which under the influence of the sea beggars was extended, had after the closure of Antwerp of the North Sea by the Dutch and the Spaniards in turn the lion's share of trade between Portugal and secured the Öresund Strait . Spain let this trade then connived, because it still had about no own war fleet, and to feed that through the Sont grain was imported from the East, while goods from the developing colonies north could be traded. And in between also brought English and Dutch pirates captured cargoes ashore for the black market where one could afford it.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">That was less than the case In Flanders . After the devastation by the iconoclastic come terrorize the beggars were the County and were farmhouses, monasteries and churches in. The revenge of Alva city and country had destroyed even further and the flight and expulsion of numerous medium-sized companies that adhere to Calvinism had in industrial or commercial matters do increase unemployment and collapse together with. Mutinous soldiers held anywhere plunder tours and dragged their loot to Aalst, where they had a roof nest decorated. From Ghent were then devastating campaigns against the malcontents lined by equally plunder sick Dutch States gangs, whereby above all the area aroundYpres, Veurne and had had to endure the hard Tournai . On it were the troops of Anjou, whose sacking as factored payment seemed to apply, the region still further poaching.And finally it was the reconquest by Farnese, which the Dutch city after city had been pushed back, with which the country was robbed of what was left. The whole County of seemed a wasteland transformed end in 1584. It was therefore no surprise that the cities one after one the gates opened to garrison of Farnese to take on the conditions that he had send around everywhere: exclusive enforcement of Catholicism, leave to free departure for dissenters with homes and possessions, preservation of privileges, General p.After the capture of Brugge and Dendermonde could now embedded Ghent, albeit after long opposition from the Calvinist core, no different than the open ports. Ostend, only Lockand what small Schelde cities still held Dutch troops, for the rest was the whole of Flanders now under the administration of the Spanish Netherlands returned. How miserable it made in the meantime there was shown by the fact, that repeated wolves showed up to and even within the city walls.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In Brabant and Hainaut was also not gotten better. The campaigns of Prince Willem orderless in 1568 and 1572 with endless depredations, and the way in which Alva had fought this, namely by a kind of scorched earth, also had here the landscape in a wasteland recreated. The war against Don Juan in these zones raged, after which the army of Anjou Hainaut to suffer plunder got sick. And in the meantime was the Prince of Parma for five years the country to recapture it. Brussels was surrounded by him and suffered famine.Olivier van Tympel, Dutch General, who still commanded the troops claimed, began to lose the courage and the ear to lend to Parma's proposals, while the population here also fervently requested to the end of the fight. In March 1585 gave the capital itself over, and in the summer was the turn of Mechelen and Antwerp would follow. The French furyunder Anjou was the port city on the loss from the English trade, partly moved to Middelburg and Veere, but especially to Hamburg. In 1584 had Farnese itself from the on the other side of the Scheldt waasland master created. In the summer he prepared for the encirclement. The day of the deadly attack on Orange won the Prince of Parma the Dutch States not yet fully completed fort Liefkenshoek. He then began to build new forts along the Schelde opposite the Dutch States, in Lillo and elsewhere. They stationed at Beverenand Kallo Farnese his head power. Industry executives and merchants left in increasing numbers to the insecure place in Holland or America to locate or to England, Bremen, Hamburg or Baltic Sea ports to divert. But in any case the Antwerp trade was quiet as long as Zealand still in hands of the sea beggars would continue.

Gelre and its quarters.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the Maas region and in Gelderland was the situation equally distressing. The Maas region was twice hit by the campaigns of Orange, followed by that of count Louis in 1574, and finally by the action of Parma to the River in 1578 and 1579. The Overkwartierexcept Venlo, was as good as a whole in Spanish hands but in these zones also the Cologne War raged between the troops of the count of Neuenahr and those of Aremberg. Verdugo's marauding shears showed itself since the fall of Zutphen anywhere in the Achterhoekand Veluweon the. Nijmegen and therefore reconciled Doesburg in the spring of 1585 with the King. Arnhem was still stopped by the count of Nieuwenaar out there rule continued. But everywhere were the numerous Catholics, who, angered by the oppression of their faith by the Calvinistic Governments, lured by the favorable conditions under which Brabant and Flemish cities were already much passed, and equally eager to see an end to the fire estimates and the hopeless confusion to which also the countryside of Gelderland was exposed for many years, were driven to negotiate with Parma. She handles every opportunity to complain about the management by the States. Trading on the Rhine was stalled. The kaperij was rampant up there since the heroplaaien of the fight in 1578, and three years later was the old trade route from West Germany to the detriment of the Gelderland and Overijssel-cities and of the neighbouring German region as good as closed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the more northern regions the guerrillas raged on after Raby by the intake of steenvoorde the blockade of the countryside of Friesland had opened. Against the power of theArmy of Flanders under the Dutch troops there could Vertugo's troops of William Louis, Hohenlohe and not much start except what protection to Frisian cities. Plunder trips there were near Groningen in the meantime from both sides. In Drenthe, Friesland and Groningen because farmers had to arm themselves. Skirmishes and looting started, fire estimatethere to hear the daily life, which gradually led to a general State of naturalizing. In Groningen city broke in 1581 by deprivation and misery from the plague, to which 13 000 people died. The once flourishing trade, which already in 1570 by the sea beggars had suffered a serious relapse, went to meet this now completely, because the city was blocked for years. On top of that came in 1585 a General water flood.

Fireplaces, shown in yellow, still in 1350<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Not only ' 'bedorvene provincesGelderland, Utrecht, Friesland and Overijssel, which is already in 1579 to contributions for the common fight against the Spaniard powerless explained, but also Holland and Zeeland had suffered to the Spanish troops there under after Requesens ' death left these regions. The glorious walks of life by many inhabitants of the Hague was swapped for the walled Delft; the houses were mostly blank and showed burnt doors, Windows and roofs; the troops on both sides they had iron work used as stables, robbed and plundered everything of value; the streets were grassy; the trees of the forest largely cut down and sold. Skewering of the dykes of the Rhineland and delfland to Lead rescue had triggered large losses in agriculture, which was reduced to one-third the agricultural community. The dikes were generally so weakened by neglect in wartime, that islands of Zeeland Schouwen Duiveland and as with demise were threatened while on Walcheren and Zuid-Beveland prosperity was destroyed in the bloody battle on land and water. But after the pacification of Ghent re-took the traffic between Holland and Zeeland and the other regions, and trade and industry flourished there in fast pace again. the tough resistance of the largest merchant town in the region, Amsterdam, made that quite a few on the Zuiderzee trade via Enkhuizen, Hoorn and other cities ' water ' move, went to which many merchants from Amsterdam moved. When the geuzen took their victory over Boussu in 1573, they were master of the Bay and prevented the Amsterdam trade, which already by the piracy of the sea beggars about 1570 very had gone backwards. Already in 1569 was the merchant marine of the city on the Baltic Sea of 250 on 150 ships backslidden. Ships were rotting in the changed city canals, and warehouses in stables for livestock of runaway peasants from the perimeter. Then also the construction of grain ships drastically subsided, saw the City Government complying better with the Dutch started could try to put agreement.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the ' satisfaction ' Amsterdam gradually regained its former status. The city had to be extended again In 1585 and could again to the trade, that Holland and Zeeland in spite of the war continue, both were on the Baltic Sea and France, Spain and Portugal with England and after the pacification ever-increasing profits. In addition to the growing wealth of the population cited these regions also great advantage from the trade by the burdens which could impose it. Holland had soon found the resources to wage war. Those were the so-called "licenten and escorts', taxes on trade. The charges were paid for the permit to Licenten to enemy territory to perform, i.e. to Spain and Portugal and now under Spanish authority to come by the regions in the South. The Dutch geuzen had already introduced this system in 1572 to the Scheldt and in the spring of 1573 had Holland that followed suit, which that year alone earned 850,000 guilders . Holland looked so much benefit in that it also spoke in favor of this system at the other regions urgently, which in may 1578 was adopted by the States General. Toll tables, printed at the expense of the States-General of the Netherlands, indicated how much of each imported or exported article should be asked.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">This undeniable advantage especially for the Dutch and the cultural balance, from this trade, not least from those on the regions of Spain and Portugal, on the South, was also a thorn in the side of the Spanish Government. The sums of money which they earned were made that the insurgents mainly thereby to a large extent could insist their fight. The Dutch was difficult repeatedly made in the Spanish ports, and the first time still independent Portugal had them therefore the more attracted by the large trading freedoms there. However, Portugal was now Spanish, whereby the Dutch merchants encounter went more and more disadvantage. ===Religious condition after the split-off<span class="mw-editsection" len="384" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The souls fisheries, Adriaen Pietersz van de Venne, (1614).

Allegory on the zeal of the religions.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">While the complaints about injustices mystery around 1576 clergy, their avarice and ' unchaste life ' were still numerous in the northern regions and the slip to the Roman Church threatened to be general, attempted now much clergy in North and South with exemplary zeal to save what could. The spirit of the Counter-Reformation, which not only to a more refined definition of the Catholic doctrine on the Church, but also the improvement of functioning intended (for example, by the control of all kinds of abuses and the restructuring of the Administration), was also in the low countries against 1584 clearly recognizable. From the North expelled the bishops remained, but in the South they returned with the armies of Parma back and kept strictly enforced now to the church discipline under their clergy. Especially improvement of the ' content ' of that clergy was necessary according to Granvelle, the former Archbishop of Mechelen, who in 1580 this feature to Jean d'Auchin, Dean of St. Gudule in Brussels, had left and well knew how it was made with this content.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Calvinism of his side was in five regions hit, but in the countryside the prevailing Church not deeply rooted. With the support of a small number of believers had the Patriots at their own will power and boldness, in a number of cities in Flanders and Brabant managed to secure the authority. Their religious zeal typically compensated their fewer, but did their political influence in a religious influence soon degenerate. It was just like Christianity itself at its genesis only a religion of urbanites. In 1584 it was even in the North, outside maybe Zeeland, in no other region the General religion. In that other breakaway regions were still the Catholics much more numerous, particularly in Utrecht and the eastern provinces, to a lesser extent also in Holland and Friesland. The countless indifferent had meanwhile awaited the course of events, willing to accept the Calvinism, where it would prevail, but also willing to go to mass again, when Parma overcame. In the beginning they had fallen out with the Spanish authority to condone the rioters. But when that resistance and revolt against this thought, it was too late and they had to watch their powerless priests were driven away, their churches are closed and their worship forbidden. After seven or eight years was most of the nobility, except in much of Antwerp, still Catholic feeling. And as soon as the Prince of Parma the authority restored, they were openly go practice again and went to confessiontens of thousands. All those who, out of caution, from interest or out of necessity, had faked a conversion, readily reconciled with the Church.Before the siege of Nieuwpoort estimated the number of Protestants there on three thousand, after the surrender was found there are still three. On the other hand, the same thing happened in reverse sense in places where the Church again triumphed: Calvinists who openly their flesh, but it secretly continued to practice it.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Except now, especially Calvinists and Catholics in government circles, a third of life penetrated, those of the Libertines. These were generally men, that one could consider as heirs of the erasmianen, kindred spirits of followers of ' paap Hubert ' in Utrecht. They were disliked by the Gush about the pastors but also against the coercion to the Catholic side, and resist all attempts to the strict Calvinist principles consistently in the ecclesiastical institutions to drive by. Against them and their spokespersons began to establish the leading Calvinists now.

Situation in the Netherlands around 1591<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Further had besides Calvinists of all kinds of shade, once the pressure of the Spanish rule was also dropped the Mennonites or Anabaptists never disappeared completely in the countryside of northern Holland and Friesland weather climate everywhere. They too were treated with undisguised hostility by the Calvinists.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Furthermore, it was between 1591 and 1595 also the time in which for example the witch trials to Amersfoort and Utrecht began. Court of Utrecht were accused for the visit.Defendants were tortured and forced to call the names of others. Also knew the Southern Netherlands after 1592 a revival of the witch persecution after a decree by Philip II in that direction. ===Heresy and witch persecution<span class="mw-editsection" len="376" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Execution at the stake<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The witch persecution in the low countries, which culminated in the Spanish period after the persecution of heretics who were numbered to the Calvinism was decreased, which is a chapter by historians in the General history little attention is being paid. Just some expenditure gives extensive and detailed report on the events that plagued the daily life of the population directly.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">​ ==The low countries under Archdukes Albert and Isabella (1596-1621)<span class="mw-editsection" len="414" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Alexander Farnese was as Governor of ' the Netherlands ', ' les Pays-Bas ', as it is the area of the Archdukes now more and more call went,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" len="191" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[8]  in the name succeeded by countPeter Ernst von Mansfeld (until 1594). Farnese was at his first campaign with the army of the Ligue Catholique to France by the Protestant King Henry IV of Bourbon near Ivryreports and thus by the Spanish King in disgraced. On 3 december 1592 died the Prince of Parma in Arras, Pedro Henriquez de Acevedo, count of Fuentes's with command him to Spain to bring back-if necessary with violence or if prisoner-reached him. The actual governance of the Netherlands by King Philip II of Spain was already in the hands of Fuentes given until the arrival of successor Ernst of Austria. The latter undertook negotiation attempts with the northern provinces, but that did not work, and after his death in 1595 was appointed officially to Governor than Fuentes. The following year, took this during the war against Cambrai in France, earning him the appointment as Commander of the Spanish troops converted for them.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Early 1596 became thereupon Archduke Albrecht of Austria, betrothed to the daughter of the King, Isabella of Spain, Governor and did on 11 February in Brussels are Joyful Appearance. Philip donated the Spanish Netherlands (i.e. the seventeen provinces) as dowry, with the Act of Distance. Thus he hoped to be able to preserve the rebellious provinces under his dynasty for his sex. As De facto Queen Isabella performed on the Southern Netherlands, organically and Allied of the Spanish King, with diplomatic representatives on its own Court. Spanish garrisons were in the citadels of Antwerp, Ghent and Cambrai stationed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Albrecht had intended to take the insurgent areas and conquered Calais and the near Ardres in the same year on the French, and Holly on the Dutch. Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, the son of William, arriving late with troops reinforcements, but was until then since 1590 continued above the large rivers cities and areas on the southern Netherlands to recapture.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1594 was the Spanish army about lost all strategic positions north of the large rivers. And by 1595 was the conquest of the Eastern Low Countries completed, but due to lack of funds saw the States General itself then forced the Dutch States Army to slim down. The result was that during the cessation of hostilities between North and South the Golden time for Maurice of Orange behind it turned out. Portrait of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia and her husband, Archduke Albert, 17th century anonymous master, to originals by Frans Pourbus the younger.Jeton with double portrait of Albert of Austria and Infanta Isabella of Spain, beaten in Antwerp in 1612. Front: portraits of Albert and Isabella.

Reverse: Eagle with balance, date 1612.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 6 may 1598 was made the marriage of Isabella of Spain with Albrecht of Austria. The princely couple did on 5 november, Joyful Appearance in Mechelen. The Spanish Netherlands that Isabella had gotten her father owned on condition that there would be erfopvolgers (if not all the regions were reunited with Spain) now came under the control of both Archdukes, who ruled as allies of Spain.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">King Philip II died on september 13, 1598. Almost immediately after his accession to the throne broke his successor King Philip III, with practice, that the insurgents could drive in the Northern low countries trade with the Spaniards and hence their war illegally. He suggested an embargo in, left all in Spanish and Portuguese ports take their present Dutch ships with cargo and crew in custody, even though this policy brought the Spanish economy at least as much damage as the Dutch. The embargo remained in effect until 1608, but the Dutch shipping had in the meantime, as was feared by observers in Spain already deposited, on the far East, where large profits could be achieved. By the great success of the sea trips to India there were all sorts of "companies of far" was established.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The religious wedding of Isabella with Albrecht was postponed because of the death of her father a year and carried out in Valencia on 18 april 1599. The Duchess settled with her pumping station in the Netherlands in the Palace on the coudenberg. With the Royal couple, the eldest son of William the silent, Philip William of Orange, beginning at the Spanish Court was brought up, to Brussels in the Nassau Palace where he made a Knight of the order of the Golden Fleece was. But he should not engage with politics. In the North one was too frightened of the Catholic think images he had inherited with his Spanish education.

By Maurice of Nassau the Stadthouder school by Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt..Ambrogio Spinola, Marquis of Los Balbases, by Peter Paul Rubens.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The envoys of the southern Netherlands, Hartius and Campbell, who had been sent by Albrecht to Holland to see if the rebellious regions based on the pacification of Ghent in the Netherlands could be attached, returned should then be turned back. In 1598, he left the army a new offensive against the Republic. On 2 July 1600, undertaken by order of Van Oldenbarnevelt, the normally cautious Maurice of Orange against his will with him a major expedition deep into the enemy-minded coastal region of Flanders. Van Oldenbarnevelt wished for an end to the Dutch Merchant Navy become detrimental "dunkirkers" (thus labeled by the Northern States General, but in fact Spanish and Flemish official and private ships of the army of Flanders who participated to the counter blockade).

Siege of Ostend (Pieter Snayers )<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the efforts of the Dutch States Army to the Flemish coast places to check it came on 2 July 1600 to the battle of Nieuwpoort, which Albrecht lost, but Maurice the city could do not take internally. Because of the risk of forfeiting his whole army reinforcements and he put the siege and withdrew, not by what the beginning was of removal between Maurice and Oldenbarnevelt. The siege of Ostend that entered the following year and to 1604 lasted, ended on 22 september with the capture of the city by Ambrogio Spinola, who as an army captain in the service of Albrecht had come, albeit with loss of the Northern Dutch startedto Lock the. The showdown in which both parties invested excessively, also to human lives, showed the importance that was attached to the ports.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The following year the southern Netherlands names the initiative and began Spinola's campaign of 1605-1606. For the first time since 1594 shifted the war North of the large rivers, so that the Republic is threatened in his heart saw.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 9 november 1607 Philip III announced suspension of payments. Both the Spanish Treasury as the Republic had very suffered the past war violence and both parties began to show signs of a desire for reconciliation. But the mutual demands to layers initially still far too high, and there followed years of negotiation, where finally interested foreign mediators, including France and England, participated. ===The Treves or the twelve years ' truce (1609-1621)<span class="mw-editsection" len="395" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Under the administration of the Archduchess Isabella and her husband Albrecht vomiting for the Netherlands now generally years of relative calm and prosperity. This condition was laid down in a treaty with the Republic in 1609, the twelve years ' truceor Treves, was signed on 9 april in Antwerp. The States General of the Republic demanded official recognition of their autonomy and in advance after long negotiations via the mediator Jan Irene Vianova voted Albrecht and Isabella, albeit with the necessary reserves. On 12 april 1607 was already an eight-month ceasefire te lande agreed, that was first extended to the hostilities at sea and extended several times in order to allow further negotiations.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During these meetings revealed the presence of two factions in the Republic soon. Their dispute was both religious and political. Maurice of Orange knew its military power curtailed and stayed away from the peace talks and gave the leadership of the Republican delegation to his cousin William Louis, count of Nassau-Dillenburg, the stadtholder of Friesland, town and country and Landscape Drenthe, while Van Oldenbarnevelt as Grand Pensionary State Attorney and the defense of the Republic observed. The delegation of the Spanish Netherlands was led by Ambrogio Spinola, the Italian Marquis assisted by Jean Richardot, Secretary Irene Vianova, Don Juan the Mancisidor, Louis Verreyckenand auditor . The Spanish King had no delegation, but the envoys of the Archdukes were authorized on his negotiating authority.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The actual peace negotiations started on 7 February 1608 in the Binnenhof in the Hague and ran on 25 August fixed because of intransigence on issues of overseas colonial trade and freedom of religion. The French and English mediators managed to bring both parties to a preliminary agreement that was enshrined in the Treves. Formal talks that resume on 28 March 1609 in the Antwerp City Hall, where both parties finally put their signatures on 9 april. The ratification took another time consuming, because of resistance of Amsterdam, Delft and Zeeland, each to own reasons, and there were several consultation missions needed to eventually also the aartshertogelijke on behalf of Philip III to obtain commitment on 7 July, which eventually followed and that the actual independence of the northern provinces acknowledged.

Proclamation of the twelve years ' truce to the Antwerp City Hall. ( Michiel Cancan<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Soon thereafter, the envoys of the Republic in Paris and London full diplomatic relations were established and ambassadors status between the Republic and Venice, Morocco and the Ottoman Empire. A network of Republican consuls were set up at the main ports. And on 17 June 1609 France and England signed a treaty that guaranteed the independence of the Republic. There were still some late corollaries of the war. So wanted the Northern Republic of no Catholic Habsburg power on the eastern border.Therefore, the area of Jülichconquered Maurice that he then to the Protestant pretenders, the Princes of Brandenburg and Neubourg donated. Commissioned by the Archdukes in turn conquered Spinola Weasel and surroundings, that become Prince of Neubourg to the Catholic who with a Habsburg Princess was married, was ceded.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The 12-year-old File caused a temporary interruption of the war against Spain. In this period contributed significantly to the Archdukes in the Spanish Netherlands to the revival of the Arts and were strengthened the position of the Roman Catholic Church.

Execution of Van Oldenbarnevelt in the Hague.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On the other hand, In the North came in 1610 by the file new religious contradictions to light. The followers of the spiritual Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609), rekkelijken, theremonstrants or weeks off on the issue of predestination, free will and the original sin of the Church-Calvinist confess like that was laid down in the Dutch confession of faith and the Heidelberger Catechism and rebelled against binding confessions, in which was determined how one had to interpret the Bible. Their views, they handed them stuck in the five articles of Remonstrance and they addressed themselves to the States of Holland and West-Friesland to get support against their exclusion from the public Church. Thus was the case has become a political issue. Followers of Franciscus Gomarus, the preciezen, fuss or responded in 1611 on the remonstranten through their faith in seven points and to call for a national Synod.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">High level also took the contrast, as revealed in the conflict with Van Oldenbarnevelt, that this latest in 1617 with his life, because he was always focused on France in terms of foreign policy, while Maurice the French now distrusted and greater band with England preferred. The years after the execution the Republic was no longer as both States in the military sphere what they had been. ===Catholic revival and economic revival under the Archdukes<span class="mw-editsection" len="414" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The coudenberg Palace, residence of the Archdukes from the garden side. (17th century Painting)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From 1596 to Brussels a Papal Nuncio resided together with the bishops to continue the Catholic Reformation. The twelve years that the file is in the seventeenth century endured were generally years of peace and prosperity in the Southern Netherlands and aartshertogen for the few twelve happy years: they often linger on their country houses in Tervuren and Mariemont, where they practiced their favorite sports, hunting,. Especially Isabella was very popular with the people; the somewhat shy and sometimes in dealing what Albrecht less rigid. But the country could now finally restore of all damage suffered. So, the Archdukes the relocation of flood-lost land, and new land reclamation. For example the the nuts (in present-day French Flanders) by court architect of the Archdukes Wenceslas Cobergher, which also was their financier, between 1620 and 1622 drained.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Recovery of agriculture after decades of demographic loss led to a slight population growth. Restoration work on churches and other buildings did the demand for work force rise. Industry and in particular trade in luxury goods recovered. Because wages were lower than in the Republic made this for an influx of workers in especially the textile industry and the breweries. Only the international trade remained weighed down by the on-long blockade of the Scheldt by the North.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Also politically and legally changed a lot. On 12 July 1611 became as a first step towards the General code in the southern Netherlands under the civil law a perpetual Edict issued in order to bring unity in the habits. This settled the Archdukes Albert and Isabella lawsuits in all regions associated with Central binding rules. Local legal habits had to be approved by justice councils. Also the family names were recorded and churches required to baptism, marriage and death registers to apply.

The courtyard of the Rubens House<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">While in the North was drawing a golden age, where many southerners fled to the base layers, also knew the South now a private golden age. So was 1611 the year of construction of the rubenshuis in Antwerp (up to 1627), partly destroyed by renovation of the original house dating back to 1550. Peter Paul Rubens had finally established in 1608 when he returned from Italy. He was official city painter, designer for the Officina Plantiniana (Plantin & Moretus), and acted as court painter to Albert and Isabella.

The Antwerp Cathedral still possesses two famous triptychs by the Flemish painter Rubens: the raising of the cross this from 1609-1610 and the descent from the cross from 1612. In addition there are two other paintings by the same master: The resurrection of Christ from 1612 and the assumption of Mary from 1626.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Other prestigious projects were launched. So had already in 1609, the first year of Treves, the first stone laid by a pilgrimage church for our Lady of Scherpenheuvel, designed by architect Coeberger.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1613 became under aartshertogelijk initiative started a channel connection between Antwerp and the Flemish North Sea ports so as to the consequences of the closure of the Scheldt (by the Northern Republic) to a minimum. These channels came there eventually, but not directly by toll there was an economic advantage. The duct system connected via Ostend Bruges with the river Scheldt in Ghent and continue with the Maas and the Rhine between Venlo and Rheinberg.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As a single currency for the Spanish Netherlands Ducat was introduced with a value of 60 stuivers. Also on the initiative of Albrecht loan companies ("Monti di Pietà") was established, designed to provide trade support, but also to combat poverty in the cities. That was a network based on the Italian model.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Albrecht also sought to elevate the country to a Kingdom, but to no avail. If Government entered the secret advice on, which was composed of native lawyers. The President acted as a Prime Minister. On the basis of the Eternal Edict was brought in the functioning of the unit provinces. The Council of State was staffed by nobles who were often appointed to Governor of a province. The aartshertogen few put in for the consolidation of the new spirit that with the Counter-Reformation by Catholicism was blowing. The presence of Protestants was patience, in so far as they are not in the audience held their worship, any more than that in the northern Netherlands to the Catholics was allowed.Religious debates were now also prohibited by law. A new generation of skilled true bishops was appointed with confessionalisering of the population as a result.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The ecclesiastical province of Belgium, which was separated from the Rhine Province in 1564, in 1612 got so much importance, that one had to split them in two. It was neither with the administrative, nor with the political distributions taken into account. The Jesuit company, that affect the people wanted to exercise, divided its forces according to the language border that cut the country into two almost equal parts. The Flemish regions, both the Flemish-speaking part of the bishopric of Liège, the Flemish-Belgian Province, while the Walloon, to which the German districts of Luxembourg were connected, the Gallo-Belgian Province formed. The education was strongly stimulated and new schools founded. The number of Jesuit schools in the Catholic low countries was in proportion to the highest of the whole of Europe at that time. Their outstanding educational system with care for education and physical formation, their friendly gentle handling of the pupils, the healthy and smiling décor of their colleges, completely different than the unhealthy, unfriendly schools which one had known until then, did the Jesuits for model teachers continue. In order to lure to his city, donated a magistrate their finally not only buildings or grounds but also raised taxes in their favor or paid part of the cost for the construction of their monasteries or churches themselves. Douai, the most flourishing Center, counted in 1600 already four hundred pupils in the humanities, six hundred of philosophy and hundred in the theology of the college.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Chambers of rooms were under pressure from the Jesuit censorship restricted. In the context of the Counter-Reformation, the Jesuits also had already set up a witch huntand were big supporters of the mass witch trials which came on stream in 1590. Already in 1573 to Rome in 1563 the fathers had founded the Congregation of the Blessed Virgin to Douai transferred. This spread soon in all their education colleges, from which the students thanks to Maria cult pointed out from the beginning of seventeenth century continued among the urban population. The congregationisten had around each collegein ' kameraadschappen ' or guilds United as devout protégés. In 1630, there were already all together forty Jesuit colleges with active, 1704 in the country. All means to increase the Godliness: the Novenas, the votive, the worship of miraculous images, confession, were spread among the people by them at this time. Similarly the Catechist, who was followed as numerous as their colleges. From among them is the important seventeenth century historical work, the collection of Acta Sanctorum came.

Procession with Black madonna<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In their footsteps followed the Capuchins, already founded in 1585 with forty years later 51 monasteries, and the local-history museum, which are called ' the Jesuits of the poor '.In this religious army, by the renewed Catholic zeal in the southern Netherlands were brought together, the women represented almost as numerous as the men. Next to the old Constance beguines courts now also the monasteries of brigittijnen, annonciaden, carmelietessen, unskilled of Ursulines, Franciscan nuns and Poor Clares to godly women a refuge, provided the most fervent mysticism, and inspired them to their new work.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">It goes without saying, that the great example, also in terms of devotion, was given by the Court itself. That aroused quickly following the nobility, then when people come in vogue. So visited the monarchs on 31 August 1599 to Halle already the pilgrimage site at Brussels, a center of Marian devotions, where until today the image of the Diva Virgo Hallensis,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" len="191" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[9]  the Black madonna from ca. 1250, submitted by the Holy Elisabeth, towering above the chancel of the Church. Undoubtedly, Justus Lipsius his treatise under that name when he published the special devotion of the Archdukes to our Lady pointed out: under the influence of the ideas of the Council of Trent and supported by the Jesuits they carried out a church politics to the time-honored Marian devotions in the southern Netherlands to promote. More than once, they suggested a good outcome of their military companies put their trust in Maria de mother of God, as for the siege of Ostend (1601-1604), which for them ended happily, after which she decided to set up in gratitude Scherpenheuvel as a city for Maria, including the plans for the all-new pilgrimage church. They brought several hours daily praying through and did a Novena every year afterwards to Scherpenheuvel Basilica, where soon one of them funded most famous sanctuaries of the country was.

Basilica of our Lady of Scherpenheuvel, Belgium's first Baroque building in Wenceslas Coebergher.To Wegkap iamcherry Meerlo (current Dutch Limburg)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">And when the confidant of the Sainte-Thérèse, the Netherlands, by Fr. Hieronymus Gratiantraveled, he was billeted in the Palace in Brussels. Isabella left even the annonciadenIn 1623, coursing through her hands to establish, with the hofrijtuigen went stadwaarts carry Ghent. The Archdukes brought countless visits to monasteries, attended the ceremony of churches at, talked with sheriffs in favor, and also new religious initiatives supported financially. The bourgeoisie harbored the same feelings and many did, out of conviction or flattery, donations to rebuild the heritage and expand. Many monasteries were founded by local nobles, for example those of Florennes, Barbençon, Bastogne, Waremme, Verviers and Ulflingen.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In this age of witch prosecutions was for many women, but also men, the cult has become a safe refuge for their old devotion. It was the time that everywhere in the countryside for her chapels, were set up, often as votiefaltaren, mostly on ancient cult places at sacred trees which used to be banned by the Inquisition fertility rituals had taken place, which had remained the old generation still in memory. But also on street corners in cities and all along Flemish roads, and likewise Walloon, came one of the ' Holy Mother of God ' to images, often with the inscription AVM (Ave Maria) and dedicated to our Lady of Eternal Consolation and of eternal Assistance as epithet. Prayer texts, religious songs and litanies were adapted, expanded and drawn up according to the new canon and used in processions and celebrations. Justus Lipsius wrote Latin verses in honor of the Diva Virgo Hallensis, the divine Virgin of Halle. Religious buildings appeared during the Catholic revival out of the ground like mushrooms in the South. Especially those Marian devotions was a thorn in the side of the Protestants and been the iconoclasts.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Since Queen Elisabeth's Government did the deflection of English and Irish Catholics the already significant number of Belgian monasteries are actually increasing. In 1592 the English Jesuits established to Saint-Omer, in current French Flanders. Shortly after that a pitch to Cotton and founded in 1613 a college in Liège. In 1614 was a college founded in Names. Already in 1607, the Abbot of the Abbey of St. Vaast to itself the Church of English Benedictine nuns Douai founding. In 1613 were aartshertogelijk upon the recommendation of the Court received the English recollects in that city. Antwerp had already in the beginning of the 17th century an Irish college and a monastery of theresianen, Leuven an Irish English seminar, Brussels a monastery of English Benedictine nuns. The latter is also to Cambrai and Dunkirk. Ieper got Irish Benedictine nuns and were found to not only further Douai Scottish Jesuit and monasteries of British but also in Lille, English Poor Clares to Gravelingen, etc. From 1597 to 1631 to Leuven the increased population in the monasteries and university colleges to 2.180 alone of 1,600 people. The proliferation of religious buildings was such that from 1630 the founding of such buildings still had to be banned at new placard. But all this time was the success of both the religious and the secular sector growing. The trade flourished again and also the industry was to new highs come, as well as the art.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1619, when the end of the twelve years ' truce came into view aimed the Archdukes Albert and Isabella to convert this into a peace treaty. To King Louis XIII of France acting as a mediator. The drafting of the proposals a Commission was composed with Spinola, three Spanish officers and Peckius Chancellor of Brabant. The attempt, however, eventually ran to nothing, because the Republic gave priority to other interests and the high demands. In the North one had used the Truce to expand both the merchant fleet to develop as a naval air fleet, and in control of South Asia to take a lead on the English.

<p len="1920" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;"> ==The low countries under Isabella of Spain (1621-1633)<span class="mw-editsection" len="399" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Isabella of Spain (1566-1633).<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the death of Albrecht in 1621 the southern Netherlands again came under direct Spanish rule, because the new King Philip IV of Spain Isabella as successor much less powers left and also ran the file. Isabella wanted to prefer back to Spain, to the Monasterio de las Descalzas Realesmonastery. This was not, however, allowed her and she kept, reluctantly, as Regent in Brussels. Though she performed there until the order of Poor Clares and the last years of her life she spent in a monastery by in Tervuren (in today'sFlemish Brabant).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The ending of the Treves was by Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, who led the northern Netherlands, to resume the war against Spain. But his war triumph got a hefty dent.At the Spanish siege of Breda was Spinola in 1624 by Maurits already powerless. Eventually he had to because of illness in november that year while the siege was still going to the Hague are, where he died on 23 april 1625. The power of stadtholder and Captain-General was transferred on his half-brother Frederick Henry . This in turn tried to save butBreda on 5 June negenenhalve month after a siege of the city was forced to surrender to Spinola. 13.111 the residents (including a garrison State ) remained when 3,500 Dutch and less than 600 English about it. Northwest-Brabant was now again under the authority of the Spanish dynasty brought back. Frederick Henry knew still to recapture a number of cities, including s-Hertogenbosch in 1629. He extended under the Northern States General in the territory of the northern Netherlands from 1632 to the key position of the fortress of Maastricht. In the same year had a conspiracy of nobles, which wanted to divide the country according to the language border between the Republic and France.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Isabella tried as Governor in 1633, shortly after Frederick Haider successful campaign along the Meuse River, outside the forest to peace talks with the northern Netherlands to initiate, which however failed. She died shortly thereafter. After 1632, the States General no longer together in the southern Netherlands, but was held to the provincial States the right to allow or deny petitions, whereby the provinces could maintain a rather large autonomy. Philip IV appointed Ferdinand of Austria on 4 november 1634 as successor, thosefestive was overtaken by the population in Brussels and honored as the Prince-Cardinal. With this the Dutch Catholics are secretly infante in regards and laid a RAID plan for him.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">It was already known in diplomatic circles that the difficult to manage of the Dutch on peace talks largely was due to a secret agreement that had entered into with the Republic of France, to divide among themselves the southern Netherlands: Hainaut, Artois, the Doornijkse, Lille, Douai, Orchies, Walloon-Flanders and Namur and Luxembourg, and Flanders Coast would come to France, and Mechelen, Brabant, Limburg, Gelder and de Schelde-banks, from Antwerp to the sea, to the Republic. This on 15 april 1634 between Louis XIII and the Republic closed secret agreement left no doubt about the impending peace breakage, as it foresaw a war between France and Spain verbatim.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Don Ferdinand was replaced after his death in 1641 by Francisco de Melo as Governor of the southern Netherlands on 20 september 1644, which in turn was succeeded byManuel de Castel Rodrigo. ==Bilateral partition Treaty of the southern Netherlands (1635)<span class="mw-editsection" len="412" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After his successful campaign along the Meuse River became Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange itself as a much more capable and driven politician than his half brother Maurits. He acknowledged the only official State religion, but also considered that there had to be space for other movements. He tried nobody in against itself, and by the support of the less powerful provinces he had because of their majority a good counterweight in the mood within the Dutch States General and could thus sufficient grip on the Governing Board. Using the ' set 'Secretions Besognethat he, a Cabinet of varying members of the States General, could unilaterally impose his foreign politics Frederick Henry. By a good understanding with France he intended to maintain a mutual conquest and partition of the Southern Netherlands. Designer of that plan was Cardinal Richelieu, which is basically a buffer state between France and the Republic, wished that he would rather not as a neighbour wanted. On april 15, 1634, the Dutch Republic and France in preparation for the implementation of this partition plan a secret agreement, that in the course of the year in more concrete form was elaborated. The actual Treaty, the Traité de Partage (' partition Treaty '), was completed on 8 February 1635 and contained the first four main points with a bilateral Alliance against Spain. As the name indicated was the most important issue the agreement of the partition plan, that indicated that the Dutch people of what is now North Brabant andLimburg would occupy, while the French Artois, the current French-Flanders, as well as Wallonia and would seek to annex Montmédy . With inflammatory pamphlets would advance the southern provinces are encouraged to within three months to revolt against Spain. They would in that case in a sovereign State be United, hull while preserving religion and freedoms and under the protection of his Majesty and of the States General, taking the whole coastal region between Blankenberge Gravelingen and, in addition to Names and Vavra, would come in French hands, while Venus, the Land van Waas, Breda, Gelderland and Stevensweertto the Republic would be added, "because the new State could not defend itself this"... On the other hand, In case the country would refuse to shake off the Spanish yoke ', ' then it was thus that plan without more allies in its entirety under both divided along a line running from Blankenberge to Rupelmonde, then along the Scheldt, and on the northern border of Hainaut, Namur and Luxembourg.

Looting villacastin on a print from 1635.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">But the response in the southern Netherlands on the manifest that on 2 June 1635, a few days after the Declaration of war by France to Spain (May 19), called to arms, showed different dish to extract it. Together with its Governor the Prince-Cardinal, which saw the country on 24 June replied, in the French volkenrechtenschenners just yet, and disruptors instigators of the heresy of the Catholic religion, and that made them in the southern Netherlands total junk. The French army of 20,000 men that already in May of Luxembourg had seized put out by to Maastricht to itself according to an old plan of Frederik Hendrik in the army of the Republic and to keep together an impressive advance to Brussels with 40,000 fighters. Tienen, the first city on their way from Brabant, refused to open the gates. But this was followed by a storming and looting of the city as deterrent. The women were raped, and the city against the ground. However, on July 3, Leuven was besieged in vain and the other cities also kept the gates were shut, and willing to defend for dear life on risk to undergo the same fate as Tienen.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The planned popular uprising in the southern Netherlands remained so from. The attacking army stood now in a dire situation, required on to advance between closed fortresses, amid open land and faced the troops of the cardinal-Infante, which under the Brussels red light district stationed layers. The allies on 4 July drooped to Roermond, en route still bombarded by the farmers, who killed their stragglers ' like rabbits '. The Cardinal-Infante, that came with the Army of Flanders a reinforcement of 15,000 keizerlijken, supplied byOttavio Piccolomini, had received, now replicated itself with a bold campaign to fort Grant, one of the gates of the United provinces, which also fell into the hands him. He then took Goch, while his lieutenants outflanked Limburg and some neighboring places. Frederick Henry could only watch the movements were, without itself to attack, while in theBetuwe the French who wintered there by misery and typhoid fever were swept off a terrible, which developed from their camp still in the provinces and made many victims everywhere. Then bumped by the cardinal-Infante to Roermond that he besieged to surrender. When he decided to now to attack Northern, Frederick Henry could take back fort Schenk, because the expected extra supports for the Prince-Cardinal came under Matthias Gallas late show up. But he had to abandon his plans of conquest of the South. While Piccolomini in 1637 to certain to stop the French in the South, did the Prince of Orange by the capture of Breda on October 10 his martial fame and political influence increase.With the territory of Breda and then the Meierij of 's-Hertogenbosch in hands, was quite the left bank of the Basse-Meuse in the power of the Republic.

Fort Liefkenshoek, Fort Lillo.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1638 did Frederick Henry also added a bold attempt to Antwerp to take. But in the battle of Kallo was his army on 20 June vigorously by the army of Flanders in the clobbered and scattered. Also at its campaign against Gelderland in August he had to lose out against an army headed by the Prince Consort toesnellend.

For the battle of the downs, Reinier Nooms.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Because by the war with France the way land was completed, the Spaniards were forced to transport troops reinforcements to the Netherlands by sea. This ' second Armada ', 20,000 men in number, under the direction of Antonio de Oquendo, however, was in the channel by the Dutch Admiral Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp awaited and despite protest of King Charles I of England included with "The Downs" in southern England where they in a naval battle was destroyed on 21 October 1639, which the Spaniards 43 ships and six thousand men took. The operations were the rest of the year on land continued, without much benefit for the one or the other. While the loss of the cardinal-Infante Frederick Henry on Hulst and Gelderland foiled, made the French by the intake of Hesdin on June 7, the defeat that Piccolomini under the ramparts of Vavra to the Marshal of Feuquières had inflicted. After the recall of Piccolomini still by the Emperor had the cardinal-Infante on a for the situation insufficient force, and failed in the siege of Arras on the French to break before. The surrender of that city on 9 August 1640 meant a heavy loss for the Southern Netherlands, on which many other cities of Artois would follow. In the North the city of Gennep, Frederick Henry won in the Duchy of Cleves, while in the South the French continue their conquests in Artois, with intake of La Bassée, Lens and Bapaume. The troops their winter quarters, concerned when she learned that the death of the cardinal-Infante on 9 november on 33-year-old succumbed to the smallpox was age.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the North increasingly political controversies in addition to religious stakes head on. the mighty provinces of the Republic, especially Holland, who were in the minority in the meantime gradually turned against Frederick Henry. That was especially evident after the marriage of his son William II with Mary Stuart in 1641, with which also the links between the House of Orange and the English Royal families were cited. The reputation of the House of Orange was so increased, that now the Royal Court of France Frederick Henry appealed with "his Highness", a title that is normal for Kings to play. When he settled in the Hague with Amalia went with a quasi's Royal Court, grew especially in the Dutch Republicans fears of a monarchical power under political leadership of the House of Orange. In 1643 knew Holland even to drive a large troop reduction by. In the years that followed, however, Frederick Henry lost control of his mental and physical abilities and was able again to the bovenplan Holland to work themselves politically.

Antwerp at the time of the siege in 1646.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1646 he did despite disease is still an ultimate attempt to capture Antwerp, which however failed. However, the Republic retained Fort Liefkenshoek and blocked the Schelde to Antwerp commerce.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After his health deteriorated for some time was Frederick Henry died in 1647 on 14 March. He was succeeded by his son, stadtholder William II. Governor of the southern Netherlands was on 11 april that same year, the Archduke Leopold of Austria, brother of the emperor. He would win back some cities conquered by the French, including Ypres.But French Flanders and Arras for the Southern Netherlands were permanently lost. ==Peace of Westphalia (1648)<span class="mw-editsection" len="371" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By now it was war elsewhere in large parts of Europe: the thirty years ' war. In 1641 were between the warring parties began peace negotiations. Agreed that became in Münsterand Osnabrück would be negotiated. Although not the Republic fought in the thirty years ' war, it was decided to invite this anyway when the peace negotiations. In the war against Spain was they namely by cooperation with France has become too much of a party. The invitation received the Republic through France with whom they in 1635 theBilateral partition plan of the southern Netherlands had closed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Southern Netherlands were now between anvil and hammer and got increasingly suffered from French and Dutch poachers and marauding soldiers who according to witnesses on unprecedented way business entities. After fruitless rebellions of september 1644 in Ghent, Bruges and Brussels, where even the leave of the Governor were cleared out, the people become lijdensmoe and resigned. Only peace could bring improvement in the situation. Also within the Republic, although there around that time great military successes were booked with the people in all regions, there was more and more talk of a peace mood. Also here the long war had cost a lot of money and human lives and hindered trade. Only the provinces of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht and the city continued to Lead until the very end in favour of war.

Leopold Wilhelm of Austria<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Archduke Leopold of Austria, brother of the Emperor, who on april 11, 1647 had become Governor of the southern Netherlands, managed by the reinforcements he brought some military successes online on the Republic and especially on France, whose claims he has already encountered during his first campaign. While they stopped in Germany Johan of Beck, he marched to the most threatened frontier and recaptured for the southern Netherlands Come, Armentières, Lens and Landrecies. He enjoyed the advantage of military silence of the Republic, who in the meantime satisfy began with her possession of Breda, 's-Hertogenbosch and Maastrichtand the places along the North Sea and the River Schelde. New progress in the southern Netherlands would sooner or later to the by the Amsterdam merchants feared conquest of Antwerp lead, of which port they already enough competition encountered.

Haus der Niederlande, where the peace negotiations took place<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Republic did so in the peace negotiations as a full-fledged State to participate: even Spain consented. In January 1646 came in eight representatives of the States General Münster to to with the Spaniards about to negotiate peace. The Dutch claim to the practice of the Catholic worship in the Bailiwick of 's-Hertogenbosch and the other to expressly prohibit places conquered by them, made here for tension. The Spanish negotiators, however, had been given extensive powers of King Philip IV, who for years peace was looking for. During the negotiations the Republic of Spain and therefore quickly agreed: the text of the twelve years ' truce would be taken as a starting point and the Republic was finally recognized by Spain as a sovereign State. Peace seemed very near. But France threw a spanner in the works because with Mazarin came. The States decided outside France to make peace with Spain. Stadtholder William II of Orange, which burned with desire to distinguish themselves in a war, a convinced supporter of the French Alliance was and wanted nothing more than the continuation of the war. He lent itself under the influence of Mazarin and his agents to secret opposition of the peace party.

Came with the peace of Westphaliain 1648, ending the eighty years ' war.Gerard Terborch 1648-National Gallerys<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Text adopted on 30 January 1648 the peace, without that Willem II could prevent this and sent to the Hague and Madrid for signature. On 15 may, the final signing of the peace of Westphalia village and on 5 June 1548, exactly 80 years after the beheading of Egmond and Hoorne, followed everywhere the promulgation. The peace is considered the result of the twelve years ' truce under Archduchess Isabella and her consort Albrecht, on which all the main provisions were based, except that they now no longer tentative, but were finally.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Treaty marked the irreversible breakdown of the original Habsburg, Spanish Netherlandsnow. The southern Netherlands were banned from all discussions total weakened and had to, although the territory remained protected for loss of the coastal towns, see de facto boycotted the domestic trade persisted through the registered in the Treaty and never-ending unblock these ports by the Scheldt to Antwerp, and the Zwinand the Sassevaart, and the tolls on all loads originating from the SouthWhile trade on India was banned them. Very much against the meaning of the Spanish King continued to the Catholic religion in the United Provinces prohibited. The peace of Westphalia provided the Republic of Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, North Brabant, Maastricht and Overmaas (with the exception of Roermond, which became temporarily French), whereby the current northern border of Belgium on the coast cities after was largely enclosed by the Republic. The southern boundary by the wars of Louis XIV between 1648 and 1713 further is recorded, but also to the detriment of the Spanish Netherlands. So Spain would be after the defeat at Dunkirk in 1659 sign the Treaty of the Pyrenees, with Artois, with the exception of Saint-Omer and Aire, with eleven cities were transferred to France.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In recent years, some villages In Zeeland and in many stede and pastors from the pulpit against the processors of the peace and, above all, Willem II, which there doesn't really matter was prepared, negotiated secretly with France in the resumption of the war, not only against Spain, but now also against England at the same time, that in January 1649Charles I had executed his father-in-law. Spring 1650 it came between him and the Northern States General have the necessary finances to a showdown that he, despite the ever increasing payments of debt as a result of the previous share of the Republic in the eighty years ' war, wished to build for that. Because he wasn't getting his way chose Willem sure to that than but with violence by driving and on July 30, he left six representatives of the States of the recalcitrant cities persist and on charges of resistance against legal orders from the States-General to transfer Slot Loevestein . An army that he sent at the same time, however, delay ran on to Amsterdam and met there on bright resistance because of the residents. After a siege, which in the meantime trade lamb explained, but which the besiegers themselves constantly in danger to die drowning if the dikes break, Amsterdam would eventually became a compromise. The mandataries jailed were released, but lost their post as such. Now lay the way for Willem II open for its plans. But the suspicion of the public against him, especially in Holland, was great. There was fear of a military dictatorship, a monarchical rule and new involvement in war. Even before he could carry out his plans, died unexpectedly of smallpoxat the beginning of november the Willem. Eight days later his son was born, the later stadtholder William III of Orange. ==Upheaval in the southern Netherlands<span class="mw-editsection" len="388" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Siege of Namur, June 1692 byJean-Baptiste Martin le vieux, september september 1688 - 1697<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From 1670 turned out with the Treaty of Dover, (now a secret agreement to partition of the Republic of a hull State) concluded between England and France, the understanding between the latter and the Republic under the early major William III of England declared problematic. The Grand Alliance Louis XIV had not be able to get on the knees. Since 1667 had this occur parts of Flanders on the devolution law professions as legacy for his consort. The southern Netherlands were destroyed in the 17th century after the raids of the Republic and France orphaned retarded and 1672 was a disaster year for the Republic. Spain also paid the price In 1678 for the Nijmegen peace negotiations to end the hostilities made, with the loss of Artois and Franche-Campbell to France. Follow-on conventions, in the clause that the final demarcation of the border would be determined later, were constantly in the disadvantage of the low countries and caused new devastating battles on their territory. Louis XIV had returned to the Dutch, Maastricht and five weeks later, on 17 september, he found a settlement with Spain, with him, except the Vrijgraafschap, also added a new strip of the Netherlands was ceded. Kortrijk, Oudenaarde, Binche, Charleroi and he cleared but by the possession of Valenciennes, Cambrai, Aire, Condé, Bouchain, Saint-Omer, Ypres, Warneton, Poperinge, Belle, Cassel, France, he became Bavai and Maubeuge for a continuous regular border. The United provinces, for their part, held the fortress of Maastricht for itself, rather than to transfer them to the Catholic King as promised was in 1673.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Even during peacetime, as ' the Sun King ' on busy area in cities to count appurtenances, as he in 1683-84 with the Chambres de Réunion were trying to reach. A new European Coalition settled this issue with the twenty-year truce of Regensburg so that the French King got the cities in property. With the nine years ' war came by the peace of Rijswijksome cities back to the southern Netherlands.

<p lang="en" len="204" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">But everything in the southern Netherlands had under the conquests and the constant trickery thereabouts to suffer and did the country gradually to a relative State of underdevelopment meeting suffer.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">So for example, the shattered by unrest and uncertainty remained primary education only in the cities still standing thanks to the woman monasteries and what armtierige private schools. In the countryside it was as good as disappeared completely. In the rural parishes could, with the exception of the Lord, the pastor, the bailiff and here and there a prosecutor no one even read or write. Even among the illiterate people the vast majority made from quality craftsmen. And in the middle class was not much better posed. Rarely were found there another book than a church book. The curiosity was, if any, reached no further than news about politics, or tidings about the wars from which one was the victim.Though some after thought about what could be fixed. As published on 1 september 1686 Brussels schoolmaster Peter Lacourt in Willebroek are "cyferconst, waerin Inleydinghe to the hoofdtspeciën of the uytgeleyt, gelyck are five one time by the Sun mondelinghe arithmeticus must learn", a didactic work about how mathematics should be taught at school would. But on scientific field knew the South little or no progress. Even in 1691 saw from fields are still obliged to appeal to the Council of Brabant against the rector of Leuven, who wanted to prevent him to teach the cosmology of Copernicus . Only in the theological faculty was what new animo, but especially because of the crisis surrounding the heretical Jansenism, fought by the Jesuits in a religious twist that the whole Catholic world did shake and finally degenerated into a conflict between Church and State.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the Franco-Dutch war in 1678 was one Alessandro Farnese appointed as new Governor of the southern Netherlands (to distinguish it from his great-grandfather Duke Alessandro of Parma also called Alessandro di Odoardo called). But unlike its famous namesake revealed this figure totally inept. He was mocked and hated by the people when he is surrounded by numerous body and Jafri foot servants in his pompous carriage through Brussels attracted, while the ragged soldiers along the streets schooiden and stripped the travelers on the major roads. In april 1681 for Brussels 'Nationsrefused ' to allow the tax requested by him, and soon succeeded his shameful retreat.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At Madrid was after the death of don Juan and the disorder that had already caused the Austrian influence increased significantly and the Court began a more vigorous policy. That turned out to be from the sending of the Ambassador of Emperor Leopold at Charles II, the Marquis of Grana, to the Netherlands in april 1682 to come replace the inept new Prince of Parma.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">But despite his well-intentioned attempts to restore the discipline in the army, the financial situation and to strengthen the authority everywhere, the situation remained downright bad, partly because he knew the country not enough, partly because of the opposition from officials and judges, which were used to hit a lazy kommerloos existence. Maximilian II Emanuel, elector of Bavaria was appointed as the new Governor in 1691, but left the day-to-day management more and more over to Jan van Brouchoven. In 1695 the country was threatened again in the heart, when the French General Villeroy for three days the capital left a shot again. A total of 16 homes and monasteries were destroyed, while the 3.830 Brussels City Hall together with other precious buildings around the Grote Markt square heavy damage members. The peace of ryswick made the violent attempts by France to undo to Palms area.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the death of Charles II on 1 november 1700 as last descendant of Charles V ended the Spanish system. He had wished that the band that since the end of the 15th century the come hither on countries to his dynasty Covenant persisted, bearing in mind that he was the legitimate successor of those Dukes of Burgundy, by whom he no longer claimed the title, however, since 1680.

<p lang="en" len="668" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">But the ten Catholic provinces of the South, even though they were weakened, fall brought by the closure of the Scheldt, devastated by the wars, and they left the religion take the place of patriotism, they kept precious, because attached strategic importance to Europe.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Maximilian Emanuel in 1701 already returned back to Bavaria and chose the side of the French King in the war, as he was hoping the promised him earlier to obtain sovereignty over the southern Netherlands and possibly the Habsburgs to the throne's punches. After the Franco-Bavarian defeat in the battle of Blenheim in 1704, however, he had to leave his country and two years later he was together with his brother Joseph Clemens in the rijksban done. ==War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)<span class="mw-editsection" len="382" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == The Netherlands in 1700, with the southern Netherlands about as they were during the nine years ' war (1688-1697). Mons, Charleroi, Ath and Kortrijk times only after this war back to the southern Netherlands.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The fact that Charles still in a will shortly before his death on 1 november 1700, second grandson Philip Vunexpectedly of Louis XIV, to the heir of the Spanish inheritance, including the Netherlands, had appointed, led in 1701 to the necessary disputes which culminated in the war of the Spanish succession. Emperor Leopold I saw his second sonArchduke Charles, supported by the Alliance with the Dutch Republic and England, as successor to the Spanish Habsburgs legacy based on the second partition Treaty.

Reconstruction of a ramp in the nature reserve of the Bedmarlinie the poachers (realised by the Vlaamse landmaatschappij in 2009).<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Once again lag so the issue of the Catholic low countries now clearer than ever at the heart of the dispute. The Governor had the Government in Maximilian, Prince laid hands of the French Marquis Bedmar and let this in Paris say that he chose the side of the French. In 1701 he was drawn to Germany itself for some time. The southern Netherlands were again until 1713 with the Treaty of Utrecht the battlefield. A line of defence was in 1702 by Bedmar around Flanders and Brabant laid out, as a long line of Entrenchments of the country Down to the neighbourhoods of Huy. The East was thanks to alliances with the principalities of Liège and Cologne covered. Only Spanish Gelderland lag, as Northern spur, still open for the allies and was therefore already taken easily by the Alliance in 1703.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 30 June 1703 drove Bedmar together with a Dutch reinforcement Corps that landed by Obdam Boufflers on Antwerp with his soldiers back to Breda, after it had been defeated at Ekeren. Thereby also had to Camara who are already in the country had broken Down the French line's weather areas, and could not disembark the English in Ostend . But theDuke of Marlborough had set itself to the Meuse and could on August 23, Huy, and Limbourg take on 27 september.

Battle of Ramillies in Walloon Brabant.City Hall of Dendermonde.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From 1704 stayed Maximilian, Prince again in the Netherlands. That year, Bruges (Obrien) fired upon by Henry of Nassau, which thereupon should then be turned had to jerk off.But he would besiege Names en route, when the surprise of Blind heim the situation suddenly changed and the French armies withdrew in disorder to the Rhine. Maximilian, Prince performed on 2 October the surplus of his regiments to Brussels. The war would now be conducted elsewhere, if the impact still take the southern Netherlands already were occupied by the forces of Louis XIV of France. Assisted by Villeroy Maximilian succeeded in it to take the city and the lock Huy (31 May-10 June 1705), but the Alsatian driven back by Villars Marlborough marched towards Maas and managed from 8-11 July to recapture the city and a breach in the French line to succeed at D ' Hélécine. Then sank the English behind the river Dyle, opposite Villeroy, and on 5 september and outflanked Lion z on 29 October. Villeroy was not able to cope with against this army, but decided not to strengthen what the King let him argue by the elector, and Marsin waiting to notify without yet to commit the attack. At Ramillies on 23 May 1706 his French army was defeated and then, against the practices of the time in, pursued to under the walls of Lille. This meant an unrecoverable disaster. The inadequate manned fortresses of the southern Netherlands fell one after the other: Antwerp on 6 June, 6 July, believe it Oostende 22 August, London september 5, Ath on 2 October ... Dendermonde was by the English troops of the Duke of Marlborough in debris shot.

Battle of Wijnendale.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the occupation of Flanders in 1706 by the Grand Alliance remained only the Namur and Hainaut, Luxembourg, where Maximilian, Prince camped under his authority. Thebattle of Wijnendale 28 september 1708 20 km from Bruges and Ostend 's had the defeat of the French as a result, with the successful siege of the French city of Lille by theGrand Alliance under the Supreme command of John Churchill, the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy. After crashing the French were defeated at Malplaquet in 1709 was also occupied, Hainaut and Namur the allies in 1710 don't bother to take Names, but now focused directly on France. Douai, on May 4, embedded, surrendered on 25 June on. After stubborn resistance fell Béthune, Aire and Saint-Venant. After the capture of Bouchain in 1711 lay open the road to Paris, but the allies names that are not. The reconciliation of Louis XIV with England the following year, and the victory of Villars to Denain on Prince Eugeen (24 July 1712) left it exhausted France, with the issue of the Netherlands are opponents to the negotiating table to settle.

<p lang="en" len="556" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On May 25, 1711 had already to the delegates in Laeken Maximilian, Prince of the States of Brabant declared, that ' his troops the enemy could no longer offer the head ' and their recommended ' by a settlement to try to preserve the capital of Brabant and ', after which he withdrew in Bergen for the non-occupied regions, of which he received the sovereignty of King Philip V.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After Emperor Joseph I on april 17, died and Archduke Charles in the meantime had become emperor, revised the naval powers their politics for fear that this would restore the Empire of Charles V. The States of Brabant on 5 June immediately explained themselves ' good and loyal subjects ' of the successor Charles III of Hungary, as them also in letters of the allies was recommended to do, with their guaranteed that he would respect the privileges of the country and enter no innovations concerning religion. Flanders came the next day to, though the regions prefer Philip V remained faithful than their religious interests at risk by colluding with the English-Dutch army, but took them about the guarantees the wrote. And one was pleased to return under the ' soft and Old Dominion of the Austrian home '. With the return of the nobility and bourgeoisie would influence their national independence and their well-paid dignities recover. Public opinion spoke itself everywhere from for the Conservatives, the Cuirassier such as the people called them, against the French karabiniers of Anjou. Rare Jansenists made a third party, who feared to be prosecuted under Charles III will also. Their opponents accused them of suspicious negotiations with the United provinces for connection with the Republic.

The Austrian NetherlandsFirst Governor of the Austrian Netherlands Prince Eugene of Savoy.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the preparation of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) three different views of the allies came to light. Austria saw no problem anymore. Since England and the Republic of the recognized rights of the Spanish estate to Charles III, it was logical that they would cede him the Government over the low countries. Marlborough shared that vision, but his approach there was especially one of the area as a base of operations against France. In the Hague was thought otherwise. The Republic had not thrown in the fight for the Habsburger. They wanted to let Charles III called the Catholic low countries, but only after they have changed to a ' barrier ', behind which they further against France would be sheltered. In order to realize that pretty, they had the superior management of the Netherlands needed. The incapacity of the confidence instilled in them in Austria. Its difficulties were already at the occupation of Gelderland and Limburg in 1703 and that dispute was exacerbated after Ramillies. Austria had custody of the Netherlands when the country offered artful Marlborough. However, this had to consult about the Hague and found that the Republic still prefer the Alliance stepped down from Office than the Supreme leadership about her ' barrier ' in Belgium to have to come short. Marlborough pointed the offer so off, but demanded that the United provinces could not have sole discretion over the Catholic low countries. So would the Board be entrusted provisionally to a ' Conference ' of English and Dutch ministers, with which the Court of St James managed to keep at his disposal-Belgium, despite the attempts at resistance because of the Council of State in Brussels, while the country was further exploited.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At the Treaty of 30 August 1673 the Republic had acquired the right, the main strategic points of the territory to be occupied, and after the peace of ryswick from 1698 until 1701 was authorized by the Catholic King in Kortrijk, Nieuwpoort, Oudenaarde, Mons, Charleroi, Namur and Luxembourg to present garrison. On October 29, 1709, the States General, outdoor Austria's to know, to the Queen of England the first Barrier-treatise for. Accepted, provided that they guarantee that the rights of the elector of Hanover on her legacy would be recognized. The treatise guaranteed, if the general peace would have come, to keep the right to garrison fort Nieuwpoort, Veurne, Knokke, Ypres, Menen, Lille, Tournai, Condé, Valenciennes, Maubeuge, Charleroi, Namur, Ghent, Dendermonde, Lier, Damme, pick up, as well as in the forts de Perel, St. Philip and and in the fortified places still on France would conquer. It let their in the event of war in the Catholic low countries to send as many troops as they deemed necessary. The provisions, that those troops and garrisons were maintained at the expense of the Belgians. It assured them finally from the help of Great Britain at the incorporation of High-Gelderland and military occupation of Liège, Huy and Bonn, ' that the "barrier" from the beginning to the end well connected them. ' Yet one had knowledge of the mortgage in Vienna, that the naval powers in advance names on the provinces, for which they had committed themselves to recapture for Austria.Charles III was outraged and threatened even under those conditions to refrain from the possession of the Netherlands. Luckily for him, the communication of the Treaty brought to the House of Commons in 1712, making it came to light, the public opinion in turmoil against the arrogance and shamelessness, which gave the show. That same United provinces, which had pledged to respect the privileges of Belgium, the main point, as they raped them, by the regions to impose the maintenance of the troops, which also denied the right to have the necessary taxes before that Court.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 20 February 1713 stated the delegates of the States of Brabant and of Flanders without beating about the Bush to the Council of State, that they had decided to recognize it only as reigning ' in the name of his imperial and Catholic Majesty, without the naval powers in it any power or would some authority reserved '. The Council of State itself associates with to reply on February 28, ' him that only the interests of his Majesty and that of the fatherland in the unhappy State in which it is located to the heart ' layers. That affirmation of monarchical loyalty, but especially the invocation of the motherland in a country that had appeared in the regional particularism plunged for good, troubled the Conference. This month the Council either to sign a declaration of subordination or to resign. The Council, which is now supported by the States of Brabant felt, replied that he remained composed, ' to that please our illustrious master will have different '. A few days later, on 22 March, all members were dropped off. But everyone knew would soon be closed, that the general peace.

Links: first edition of the Treaty of Utrecht in Spanish from 1713. Right: translation in English and Latin from 1714.Division of Europe<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 11 april 1713 the Treaty of Utrecht were then signed. After so many war begat deiningen, his balance while Europe sped down over Belgium's fate was decided, without thereby represented. The Republic also joined the discussions are difficult to pass. In the words of the French negotiator Melchior de Polignac: "Nous traiterons sur vous, chez vous, sans vous", (you, We negotiate with you, without you). It became clear the Republic from now if considered a second-class superpower. Although on the side of the victors lost the northern Netherlands the preponderance at sea, and the Southern Netherlands came to Austria. Dutch garrisons were allowed to be stationed in eight cities of theAustrian Netherlands now as protection against the French. Also ratified the Treaty of Utrecht France about the sovereignty of the Principality of Orange and it designated weapon and title of Orange to the area of the original heir, Prussia. Upper guelders was split and came up with the capital in the hands of Geldern also Prussia, with the exception ofVenlo, that came to the Republic, and Roermond with some surrounding municipalities, which were Austrian.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The only territorial gain for the Republic existed so from the annexation of Venlo. From 1672 the Republic was almost continuously at war with France for forty years. The debt burden of Holland, which carried most of the burden, was so high that 70 percent of income to the payment of interest was merged.

<p lang="en" len="149" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the United Provinces negotiated Maximilian Emanuel on May 8, itself, and on 29 may the French cleared their last occupations of the country.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Meanwhile, the southern Netherlands remained under State-British condominium to a final barrier arrangement with Charles VI of Austria was in place. Consequently, it was also no food or material delivered more to the passing soldiers. England appeared after the signing by the Emperor accommodating, and his last occupation troops embarked on 28 August in Ostend in. But the Dutch garrisons left not and should also not leave. Historian Henri Pirenne reports that the United provinces were waiting, with the property in the fist, to the emperor began discussions on the ' barrier '. They remained, with the British ministers, the land by the intervention of the control Conference. The garrisons of the ' barrier ' according to him by no means served to defend the Republic. Illustrated by their flaccidity and lawlessness they just decline the Republican war power. Still, they maintain rigid man, perhaps less because they saw in it a survival of its glorious past, then because they are a source of income in was made, as well as a pretext for any attempted to prevent economic rebirth in the Belgian provinces.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" len="193" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [10]  In 1715 had to the emperor was forced to accept the provisions of tractate the Barrier-and at the same time the promise doing the respect of the privileges of the regions. That they had to be controlled as indivisible whole loved their partial autonomy in.

Europe after the peace of Rastatt<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the Treaty of Utrecht and the Treaty of Rastatt (1714), in which he ceded to Austria, his newly obtained sovereignty was Maximilian Emmanuel recovered at the Bavarian throne. Joseph von Königsegg In 1714 was Minister Plenipotentiary for the reign over the Austrian Netherlands in the name of Charles VI and was also classified at the Austrian Netherlands Luxembourg (to 1795).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Maximilian Emmanuel got, after the Austrians against the Turks in 1717 to have supported, his electoral vote back. Except he was also a statesman and soldier collector of art. In addition to porcelain he spent about 90,000 Brabantse guilder to a hundred paintings, including a dozen of Peter Paul Rubens. That now form the basis for the collection of theAlte Pinakothek.