Arabic

Arabic (Arabic: العربية, though'arabiyya or sometimes simply عربي, arabinose) is a Semitic language spoken by about 280 million people in different countries. It is the language of the Koran , the Holy Book of Islam and it is therefore seen as the mother tongue of the Islamic world .

The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters and is written from right to left with the exception of the figures, which are written from left to right. In world history, there are many mathematical , philosophical and astrological works written in Arabic.

The quantitative, political , cultural and religious significance of the language was in 1973 officially recognized by the United Nations . Arabic became the sixth language of the UN in addition to Mandarin , English , Russian , French and Spanish .



Content
[ hide ]  *1 Distribution  ==[Mailing  edit ] == Arabic is the official language in North Africa ( Morocco , Mauritania , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Egypt and Sudan ), the Middle East ( Jordan , Lebanon , Palestinian Territories and Syria ) in the Gulf ( Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Qatar , Oman , Yemen , Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates ) and in Somalia , Djibouti and theComoros . All these countries are also members of the Arab League . Furthermore, Arabic is the official language in Chad (not a member of the Arab League ) and inIsrael (besides Hebrew ). In addition, the Arabic in many countries a minority language. ==[Varieties  and dialects edit ]  == Arabic as it is used today in the media and all the written material (including documents and books, including textbooks and books for young children) in the West orModern Standard Arabic mentioned. A distinction is made with the classical Arabic (Foeṣḥā) in which the Koran is written. In the Arab world is not made this distinction.
 * 2 Errors and dialects
 * 3 History
 * 4 Learn Arabic
 * 5 Features and differences
 * 5.1 Write Direction
 * 5.2 Vowels
 * 5.3 Connecting and non-binding letters
 * 5.4 Capitalization
 * 5.5 Different forms of a letter
 * 5.6 Specific Arabic letters
 * 5.7 "Missing" letters
 * 5.8 Ligature lam-alif
 * 6 Arabic verbs
 * 6.1 Basic Theory
 * 6.2 Refinements
 * 7 Arabic nouns
 * 7.1 Introduction
 * 7.2 Gender
 * 7.3 Name Traps
 * 7.4 Number
 * 7.5 Personal pronouns
 * 7.6 Masdar
 * 8 Influences
 * 9 See also
 * 10 External links

In everyday conversation are in Arab countries and regions in the Middle East and North Africa several Arab varieties and dialects spoken. These differ which Arabic-speaking people from different regions sometimes can not understand each other. Thus, a Syrian of the Moroccan dialect could mean only 10%. However, it is not written in the varieties and dialects. The Egyptian Arabic occupies a special position among the varieties and dialects, because the Egyptian film industry has spread throughout the Arab world. In Handbook of Arabischen Dialekte W. Fischer and O. Jastrow, 1980, the following dialect groups are distinguished:

A foreigner who speaks Modern Standard Arabic, is probably frowned upon because this language variant happens fairly formal, but he can make it intelligible across an educated Arabic speakers. What these people back saying might be hard to understand, unless they do their best to speak formally. ==History <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The origin of language is on the Arabian Peninsula, even before Islam there was introduced. The original Arabic had only 17 letters for over 17 sounds and no possibility of identifying short vowels. Partly because reading written text was difficult and gave rise to different interpretations. To mitigate this problem has been extensively the alphabet to 28 letters. This is still visible in some letter pairs where the added letter instance has an extra tip, for example, the pair ر (ra) and ز (zain) . Also they had in ancient Arabic diacritical marks not, which one example used in the Qur'an to indicate short vowels in order to make the meaning unambiguous. Regarding the Koran, there is in some places there an interpretation of the original text with 17 symbols to the current text with the entire alphabet and diacritical marks.
 * Maghreb dialects . The Maghrebi Arabic includes Moroccan Arabic, the Algerian-Arab , the Saharan Arab , the Tunisisch-Arab and Libyan Arabic , spoken by about 75 million North Africans in Morocco , the Western Sahara , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Niger and western Egypt . It is for speakers of Middle Eastern Arab variations often difficult to understand this variety.
 * Egyptian dialects . Egyptian Arabic is spoken by about 80 million people in Egypt . It is the most understood variety of Arabic by the widespread distribution of Egyptian films and television shows in the Arabic-speaking world.
 * Syrian-Lebanese dialects
 * dialects of the Arabian Peninsula
 * Iraqi dialects

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The language spread from the 7th century rapidly over the Middle East . The traditional written Arabic has changed little since the codification of them started by the end of the 8th century in Kufa and Basra . Important figures in the codification were al-Khalil and his pupil Sibawaihi . These two worked a purist and prescriptive system that certain something right and what was wrong language. On that codification be relied on three sources: the language of the pre-Islamic poetry, the language of the Koranand the language of the Bedouins . ==Arabic learning <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Reading and writing in Arabic is for someone with a non-Arab background may be difficult because of the very different script . The Arabic grammar differs in many respects from those of most Western languages. Not only is the grammar in some areas more extensive, also Arabic knows all structures and sequences that are characteristic of a Semitic language.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Once one somewhat mastered the alphabet, particularly writing but also reading fairly easy to learn. It is true that the Arabic alphabet much more phonetic used for the Arabic language than the Latin alphabet for most European languages. Thus, there are no two graphemes for the same sound as in Dutch at limax c and k Alender, diphthongs same grapheme, as in ma ch ine and ch Emie.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">However, it remains a difficulty, in some cases for Arabs themselves that one short vowels does not display in most texts. This makes the text difficult to read sometimes and in some cases open to interpretation.Example: without further context information would مدرسة both "madrasa" ("school") can mean as "mudarrissa" ("teacher") and من both "man" ("who") and "min" ("off").

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Some Arabic sounds for non-experienced Dutch or Flemish ear at the beginning is difficult to distinguish. Example: the "regular" ت (ta) versus the " emphatic " ط (tah) .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Learning proper pronunciation is not trivial, mainly because the Arabic sounds know that are not in Dutch, as the voiced pharyngeal fricative ع (ain) .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">It is advisable to learn Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). It is relatively easy after obtaining a sound mastery of MSA to own a local dialect of a particular country or region. ==<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);"><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;">[Characteristics  and differences <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;">edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">]  == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Arabic alphabet and writing grant towards their Latin counterparts some differences and specificities. We mention some important below. ===<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);"><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[Writing  Direction <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">]  === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Arabic is written from right to left. Example: كتاب - Kitab "book": letters chaff (ك) - ta (ت) - alif (ا) - ba (ب). ===<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[Vowels  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Arabic has only three vowels, 'a', 'o' and 'i', which can occur as short or long vowel and (possibly) be represented by diacritics above or below a letter.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">These diacritics are: <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">These characters, as in Hebrew, often omitted. Only in dictionaries, textbooks, the Koran and in legal texts they are sometimes used for practical and principled considerations.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The letters "ا (alif)," و "(WAW) and" ي "(ya ') can consonant and as a carrier of a long vowel (or the' a ',' o 'and' i ') to prevent and for that reason also called the weak consonants called. ===Connecting and non-binding letters <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Arabic has binding and non-binding letters. A binding letter one writes in a word attached to the letter that follows. A non-binding letter is separate from the next letter. The non-binding letters' ا (Alif), "د" (DAL), "ذ"(DAL), "ر" (RA), "ز (Zayn) and" و "(WAW). Example: the word كتاب - Kitab "book": the chaff and ta ك ت connect with the next letter, alif ا not; ===Uppercase <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Arabic script has no capital letters, as opposed to the Latin script. Also some other notebooks have no capital letters, such as Hebrew , Persian , Urdu , Hindi and Bengali . (Initially, were also Greek and Latinwritten with one kind of characters. In the Middle Ages they were when the uppercase lowercase were introduced.) ===Various forms of a letter <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The written form of a letter in an Arabic word is dependent on the position within the word. There are up to four different forms of a letter. The examples below are with the letter ع "(" ayn)

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Shapes:

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Example: يعرف معلم في شارع في عاصمة هولندا المصنع - y'arif mu'allim fi shari 'fi' Ashima hulanda almasna. - "A teacher in a street in the capital of the Netherlands is the factory". The 'ain finds as follows: isolated form as the last letter of شارع early form as the first letter of عاصمة middle form as 2nd letter معلم, final form and last letter of المصنع.
 * Isolated or independent form, the letter is used at the end and follows a non-binding letter of a word is independent of (ع).
 * Begin Shape: the letter appears at the beginning of a word, or follows a non-binding character ('ع');
 * Middle Shape: the letter stands between two connecting letters (ع);
 * End Shape: the letter is at the end of the term, following a binding letter (ع).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Non-binding letters by their nature have no beginning or middle form. ===Specifically Arabic letters <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Arabic has a number of letters without equivalent in the Latin alphabet and script. Moreover, these letters (Huruf) difficult to pronounce for speakers of languages ​​from completely different language families, so that learning to express their needs extra practice for them. These letters are "ث ( Tha ' as in the English word th ree) ح ( ha '/ ha' ) ذ ( DAL ) ظ ( Za ' ) ع ( 'Ayn ) غ ( Ghayn, as the French word is Pa r) and ق ( QAF , a deep throat pronounced k); ==="Missing" letters <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Arabic alphabet has no counterpart of the letters 'p' and 'v'. Usually, it is replaced by the letters 'ب' (BA) and "ف" (FA). Example: بيبسي "Bebsi" for "Pepsi". Sometimes, however, one uses the outside of the normal alphabet falling 'ڤ' (VA) and 'پ (PA), to brand / company names and foreign words to display properly. Example Belgian city name " Leuven "one writes standard as لوفن, but possibly also as لوڤن;

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Some Indo-European languages ​​make use of a derivative of the Arabic alphabet, such as Persian and Urdu . These languages ​​do know these last letters in their alphabet. ===<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);"><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[Ligature  lam-alif <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">]  === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the Arabic script there is a graceful exception to the rule of linking letters and that in the case 'ا (Alif) on a' ل '(LAM) follows. These two letters are connected in a special way, which is also called a ligature is mentioned. The results are then "لا (Lā, isolated) and" لا (Lā, end). ==Arabic verbs <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);"><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[Basic  Theory <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">]  === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Despite the fact that Arabic or personal pronouns have, which are not usually used, since one person can usually tell from the form of the verb. This is a fairly common phenomenon, which amongst others also occurs in most Romance and Slavic languages ​​. By conjugating the verb both prefixes and suffixes to the verb stem is added (except in the past tense, which only gets suffixes). Moreover in the 2nd and 3rd person (both singular and plural) made a distinction between male (s) and wife (s). In the case of a mixed group, which is in the language designated as being male. In the plural is formal distinction between a dual form (two people) and an ordinary plural (at least three people). This distinction is like the sex distinction not made in the 1st person.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The word order in Arabic, verbal phrase is normal (right to left): verb-subject-object.  Example: صفر فؤاد بالصفارة. (Ṣaffara Foe'ādu biṣṣaffarā) = Foe'ad blew the whistle.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In this sense صفر the verb, the subject and فؤاد بالصفارة the object part of the sentence.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Nominal sentences usually have a different order: subject (-koppelwerkwoord) -naamwoordelijk part. It is customary that its copula (كان, Kana) is omitted in the sentence.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Verbs can in addition to the most common indicatiefvormen also occur in other ways depending on the structure of the sentence. These modes (modes) are indicative, imperative, subjunctive, the apocopaat and Energeticus. These modes are only found in the present tense, as in the ancient Greek and Latin is the case.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Most verbs have a root consisting of three radicals. In addition there is also a smaller category of verbs with a root of four radicals.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Western Arabists have introduced a categorization of Arabic verbs in various forms, sometimes called tribes, indicated by a Roman numeral. The basic form is Form I, all other forms are so-called derived forms, that can be obtained by modification of the shape of Form I. Verbs with a root of three radicals there are fifteen types. Form I through X are current, shapes XI to XV are rare. Verbs with a root of four radicals, there are four possible forms. See if necessary. separate article verb forms in Arabic .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In Arabic there are strong and weak verbs. The meaning of weak verb in Arabic is more or less opposite to that in Dutch, since it concerns the verbs in Arabic that differ in their conjugation of the standard rules.Within the Arab weak verbs there are several categories, depending on the number and the place of occurrence of weak radicals . There are assimilated verbs , verbs hollow , defective verbs and verbs with double weak radical. See if necessary. separate article weak verbs in Arabic . ===Refinements <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In more detail the sequence of an Arab verbal sentence is normal verb-subject-direct object indirect object provisions of place. Example: يأكل المعلم خبز مع زوجته في المطعم (ya'kul almu'allim Chubz ma'a zouzjatihi mat'am fil): the teacher (المعلم) eat bread (يأكل خبز) in the restaurant (في المطعم) with his wife (مع زوجته).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">One should, however, certainly also a sentence start with the topic. Example المعلم يأكل خبز مع زوجته في المطعم (almu'allim ya'kul Chubz ma'a zouzjatihi fil mat'am). This sequence should in principle to emphasize the subject:in the example it is  the teacher  eating and not as the engineer. Although this is the theory, one uses both sequences in the Arabic spoken language without special emphasis on the subject.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The sentence order also has a consequence for the conjugations of the verb in plural. If the verb is in the subject, one uses the conjugation of the  singular. The genus is preserved and the rule is applicable only to the third person. However, if the order is subject-verb, one must use the conjugation of the plural.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Example 1: The men eat bread:

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Example 2: the girls / daughters eat bread:
 * Regular: يأكل الرجال خبز (ya'kul arrizjaal Chubz) Ya'kul is the conjugation of the 3rd person singular, masculine, despite the subject in plural..
 * First topic:. الرجال يأكلون خبز (arrizjaal ya'kulun Chubz) Ya'kulun is the conjugation of the 3rd person plural, masculine.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A little difficulty with the Dutch word order of the regular sense that in literal translation into Dutch have a question form: "eat the teacher ...". In Arabic, this was never an interrogative, even with change of intonation.An interrogative sentence in Arabic requires always explicitly a question word. If one assuming a normal sense a yes / no interrogative will construct, one must question word to translate it literally هل (hall) to add the sentence. Example: هل يأكل المعلم خبز مع زوجته في المطعم? (Hall ya'kul almu'allim Chubz ma'a zouzjatihi fil mat'am?): Eat the teacher bread in the restaurant with his wife? In other languages ​​you need to add a question word, as one starts in Hindi a yes / no question with the word क्या (kya). ==Arabic nouns <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[Introduction  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Under Arab linguists means something different among nouns (in Arabic اسم (ismun, a noun)) than what we mean in Dutch. They also example below means the (personal) pronouns, adjectives and adverbs. In practice, it means that these classes of words are inflected according to the structure of the sentence. ===Sex <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  Edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Like for example in the Romance languages ​​can in Arabic a ( noun are male or female, and there is no neuter class. The male sex is the "basic sex, female gender is just a 'branch' of it, or as Arabic linguists This voiced: "The gender of nouns is masculinity and femininity is a branch." This assumption is understandable, since in Arabic in most instances feminine words are indicated by suffixes Usually this تاء المربوطة) ة, Tā' marbūṭa). as in امرأة (IMRA-ā, woman) or معلمة (mu'allimā, teacher). This suffix is ​​called "bound tā" because this letter is not pronounced at the end of the sentence, but there are some words that use normal language (ت) as feminine suffix, as can be seen in words like بنت ( bint, daughter) and أخت (COMPRESSED AIR, sister). Other suffixes for feminine nouns are اء and ى / ا. ===Name Traps <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Arabic there are three cases: the nominative (الرفع, ar-raf), the genitive (الجر, al-Jarr) and the accusative (النصب, an-NASB). Strictly speaking, there are even six names are nouns because also behave differently in the case there is no issue of form, possesses shape or object form. In that case, the dative, the vocative and ablative also around the corner. ===Number <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The noun is in the singular, the dual, or plural stand. The dual is formed by adding a suffix (-ani in the nominative ; -ayni in the accusative and genitive ). Nouns can also have certain and indefinite forms. This distinction is made by removal of an article and the addition of a suffix. Multiples are not as easy to form into Arabic and Dutch, which usually - and whether - s behind the trunk stuck. Arab multiples can be 'healthy', which means that there is a suffix -uun (male) or -aat (female) is added. Many of the Arab multiples are so-called "broken multiples", which means that the words are broken up and vowels are put in other places.Arabic has a larger collection of such multiples and often the speaker or writer can also choose from more than one form. Example of such plural eagles (singular: عقاب (uqāb)):
 * Regular: تأكل البنات خبز (ta'kul alba carbonate Chubz) Ta'kul is the conjugation of the 3rd person singular, feminine, despite the subject in plural..
 * First topic: البنات يأكلن خبز (alba carbonate ya'kulna Chubz) Ya'kulna is the conjugation of the 3rd person plural, feminine..

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">عقبان ('iqbān), عقبان (' uqbān), أعقب (a'qub). ===Personal pronouns <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As already mentioned above, also includes the personal pronouns in the department of nouns. These are: ===Masdar <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A Masdar is a verbal noun derived from a verb . Example الدراسة (ad dirāsa: the study) of the verb درس (darasa: study). For the derivation there is form I no fixed rule for the higher forms is that there, a different form. ==Influences <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The languages ​​of North India, East Africa , Turkey and Iran have many loanwords from Arabic. However, in many cases, there are modifications to the shape and / or to the meaning. Some examples of Arabic loan words in Hindi :

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As a result of historical contacts also has the vocabulary of the Spanish centuries undergo a strong Arab influence.
 * The Arabic word كتاب (kitab, book) comes in Hindi for the same pronunciation and meaning unaltered, written as किताब.
 * The Arabic شكرا (shukran, thank you) is in Hindi शुक्रिया: Shukria.
 * The Arabic word ملك (malik, king) or مالك (Maalik, ruler) is मालिक: Maalik, with more modest means "boss" or "employer".

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Some loanwords from Arabic have become very common. The internationally most penetrated Arabic word is probably qahwa (" coffee ").

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Dutch words that begin with though in many cases their Arabic origin, such as algebra, alcohol, alkane, alcove and almanac. The same applies to many Spanish words that begin with though. This makes sense because all the Arabic definite article is. A less obvious example is the 'lute', derived from al-ud, an Arabic plucked instrument. The a is therefore omitted here.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Scientific terms, and especially the names of many stars (eg, Deneb , Aldebaran ) are derived from Arabic.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The following words are taken from the Arabic. Many names of foods and other products have an Arabic origin. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In addition, there are Arabic words that are not translated and (recently) have emerged, such as:


 * Allah - 'God'
 * burqa / burkha / burqa
 * haram - forbidden
 * halal - permitted
 * hijab
 * Hijrah
 * Jihad
 * Koran
 * muezzin
 * Muslim
 * niqab / niqab
 * Qat (plant)
 * sultan
 * tawhid / Tauhid - Unity of Allah.