Albert Camus

Albert Camus ( Mondovi , Algeria , November 7 1913 - Villeblevin , January 4 1960 ) was a French philosopher , journalist and writer of novels , essays and plays. He received in 1957 the Nobel Prize for Literature .

Camus is often next to Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir as one of the leading figures of existentialism considered, but he refused the label 'existentialism' irrelevant. [1] His thinking differs from that of Sartre where the nature of existence concerned, at Camus is the physical center, where Sartre more on the intellectual life devoted himself.



Content
*1 Early life  ==Early life [  edit ] == Camus was born in a French-Algerian ( pied noir ) family. His mother, Catherine Sintes, was of Spanish descent. Father Lucien died in the Battle of the Marne in 1914 during the First World War . Camus lived in poor conditions during his childhood in Algiers .
 * 2 Literary career
 * 3 Absurdism
 * 4 Working
 * 4.1 Novels
 * 4.2 Short stories
 * 4.3 Stage
 * 4.4   Non-fiction

In 1923 Camus was admitted to a secondary school and eventually to the University of Algiers. In 1930 he got tuberculosis, which put an end to his football career (he was keeper of the university team) and forced him to continue his studies part-time. Camus took on odd jobs, including as a tutor and a car mechanic and at the Meteorological Institute. He completed his license de philosophie in 1935; in May 1936 he successfully presented his thesis on Plotinus , Neo-Platonism et Pensée Chrétienne for his diplôme d'études supérieures.

Camus joined the French Communist Party in 1934, probably because he was concerned about the political situation in Spain (which eventually led to the Spanish Civil War ), then he is the Marxist-Leninist doctrine defended. The independent-minded Algerian Communist Party (PCA) was founded in 1936. But Camus joined the activities of the Parti du Peuple Algérien (PPA), which got him into trouble with his comrades of the Communist Party. The result was that he Trotskyism was accused in 1937 and was put out of the party.

He married in 1934 with Simone Hie, who was addicted to morphine . They divorced because of mutual infidelity. In 1935 he founded the Théâtre du Travail (in 1937 renamed Théâtre de l'Equipe), that lasted until 1939. From 1937 to 1939 he wrote for the socialist newspaper Alger-Republicain, including a piece about the poor living conditions the Berbers of Kabylia, which probably cost him his job. [https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.co.uk&sl=nl&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bronvermelding&usg=ALkJrhgBuoEytY-tBl-jx-JLT7IWBJxWCA#Bron_gevraagd [source? ]] From 1939 to 1940, he wrote shortly before a similar newspaper Soir-Republicain. He was discharged from the French army because of his illness.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">In 1940, Camus married Francine Faure, a pianist and mathematician, who was also involved in the Manhattan Project , he began working for the magazine Paris-Soir . In the first phase of the Second World War,Camus was a pacifist . He made ​​Paris the occupation by the Wehrmacht with it, and was on December 19, 1941 witnessed the execution of Gabriel Peri, which in his own words his rebellion crystallized against the Germans. He then moved with the rest of the employees of Paris-Soir back to Bordeaux in 1942. ==Literary career <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Albert Camus<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">In 1935 he began writing in L'Envers et l'endroit. In 1941 he completed his first published work The Stranger and The Myth of Sisyphus, in which he introduced existentialist ideas.Not long after he returned briefly to Oran . During the German occupation Camus joined the French Resistance group called Combat, which published a newspaper in secret with the same name. At that time Camus was nicknamed "Beauchard". Camus was in 1943 editor of the newspaper. When the Allies liberated Paris, Camus was informed about the latest fighting. He left Combat in 1947 when it became a commercial newspaper, and came into contact with Jean-Paul Sartre.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">After the war, Camus part of Sartre's environment and visited regularly Café de Flore on the Boulevard St. Germain in Paris. Camus also toured the United States to lecture about French existentialism. Although he was the political left, he had no friends in the communist parties have criticized the Communist Stalinist doctrine and eventually also alienated Sartre, with whom he broke in 1952.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Then in 1949 returned to his tuberculosis, he lived 2 years in seclusion. In 1951 he published L'Homme revolt (Man in rebellion), a philosophical analysis of rebellion and revolution, which he explained his aversion to communism. The book caused much controversy among his colleagues and contemporaries in France and led to the final break with Sartre. The critical reception made him depressed and he began to translate plays.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Camus' distinctive contribution to philosophy was his idea of the absurd, which meant that life has no meaning or purpose. He explains in The Myth of Sisyphus and took it in many of his other works. Some feel that Camus is better described as an absurdist than an existentialist.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">In the fifties strained Camus committed to the human rights. In 1952, however, he stopped his work for UNESCO because admission to the UN of the dictator General Franco ledSpain . In June 1953 he was one of the few leftist intellectuals methods of the Soviet Union in the repression of the workers' uprising in East Berlin criticized. In 1956 he protested against the far worse practices in the uprising in Hungary . He maintained his pacifism and opposed the death penalty anywhere in the world.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">The beginning of the Algerian War in 1954 led to a moral dilemma for Camus. He identified himself initially with the pied-noirs, such as the European settlers were called, because he himself had been, and defended the French government. Algeria did not see this as one of many colonies, but as an overseas French territory. The rebellion would be an integral part of a new Arab imperialism that by Egypt led and as an anti-Western offensive was supported by the Soviet Union to encircle and isolate the United States of Europe. [https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.co.uk&sl=nl&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bronvermelding&usg=ALkJrhgBuoEytY-tBl-jx-JLT7IWBJxWCA#Bron_gevraagd <sup class="noprint nopopups" style="line-height:1;">[source? ]] Although Camus greater Algerian autonomy or even federation adopted, either in full independence, he believed that the pied-noirs and Arabs could live together in peace. During the war he advocated a file that citizens would save, but it was rejected by both parties as nonsense. He worked secretly for imprisoned Algerians the death penalty faced.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">From 1955 to 1956 Camus wrote for the magazine L'Express . In 1957 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature, officially not for his novel La Chute (The Fall), published the previous year, but for his writings against capital punishment in the essay Reflexions sur la Guillotine (the guillotine was at that time in France yet used.) When he students of the University of Stockholm spoke, he defended his apparent inactivity in the Algerian question and stated that he was worried about what could happen to his mother who was still living in Algeria. The French leftist intellectuals used this as another pretext to demonize him.

His tombstone<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Camus died at the age of 46 when he beginning of 1960 in a Facel Vega FV3B returned from his estate in Lourmarin. The car, driven by his friend Michel Gallimard (nephew of the publisher Gaston Gallimard ) crashed, where Camus and Gallimard died. Camus was buried in the cemetery of Lourmarin , Vaucluse , Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France. His legacy is managed by his two children, Catherine and Jean, who hold the copyright of his work.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">In late 2009 pushed the French President Nicolas Sarkozy from the desire to transfer the remains of Camus to the Panthéon, but the proposal caused controversy in France and it continues to wait for the permission of Camus' relatives. ==<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[Absurdism  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Camus is generally regarded as the founder of absurdism, a philosophy that is related to existentialism. According to the absurdity people fundamentally irrational and human suffering is the result of unsuccessful attempts by individuals to find reason or meaning in a senseless and silent universe.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Camus claimed that the only true philosophical question of suicide was. Namely: we should intensively involved with life or should we simply kill us? Camus argued that historically, most people either have believed that life is meaningless and concluded in favor of suicide, or have created a kind of artificial sense as religion to fill their lives. Camus claims that there is a third option: we can realize that life is meaningless and yet keep ourselves alive. People who choose this third option absurd heroes.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">The Rebel, the Don Juan and the Artist are three figures that Camus identifies as absurd heroes. Each of these people find significance in his or her activities / life. They live as the example of the Greek mythologicalfigure Sisyphus, who was condemned to forever roll up a boulder up a hill, fully aware of the fact that the boulder just would again fall down as soon as he had apparently finished his task. Yet Sisyphos is happy, because while the stone rolling down, he has become quite a moment to be aware that he is stronger than his rock. . <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[2] ==Works <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[Romans  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ===Short stories <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ===Stage <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ===Non-fiction <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[  edit <span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ===
 * 1937 - Time and at times (Envers et l'endroit)
 * 1942 - The Stranger (L'Etranger)
 * 1947 - The Plague (La Peste)
 * 1956 - The Fall (La Chute)
 * 1970 - Happy Death (La Mort heureuse) (earlier version of Alien, published posthumously)
 * 1995 - The first man (Le premier homme) (unfinished, published posthumously)
 * 1957 - Kingdom and exile (L'exil et le Royaume)
 * 1959 - The Guest (L'Hote)
 * 1944 - Caligula
 * 1948 - L'État de siège.
 * 1950 - The righteous (Les Justes about anarchism )
 * 1959 - Les Possédés, adaptation of novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky
 * 1936 - Révolte dans les Asturies. In co-operation.
 * 1939 - Noces, essays and sketches
 * 1942 - The Myth of Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe)
 * 1947 - Reflexions sur la Guillotine
 * 1948 - Lettres à un ami allemand pseudonymous Louis Neuville
 * 1950 - Actuelles I Chroniques 1944-1948
 * 1953 - Actuelles II Chroniques 1948-1953
 * 1951 - The man in revolt (L'homme Revolte)
 * 1954 - L'été ( Essay , Summer)
 * 1957 - Reflexions sur la peine capitale, by Arthur Koestler
 * 1958 - Chroniques algériennes, Actuelles III, 1939-1958
 * 1962 - TIR I mai 1935 février 1942
 * 1964 - TIR II janvier 1942-march 1951