History of Argentina

This article is about the history of Argentina. Argentina as a country exists since 1816. For the creation of the State in its current form, however, there were also all societies in the area.



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[hide] *1 For the colonization  ==For the colonization[ Edit] == The area now known as Argentina was for the period of colonization pretty sparsely populated. The Guaranílived In the East. The Diaguita lived in Northwest Argentina. The Incas also possessed some area possible.The fort near Tilcara in the extreme north west of Argentina seems to be occupied by them. ==Spanish colonization[ Edit] == Buenos Aires shortly after its foundation in 1536.The region became known by the Europeans from the voyage of Amerigo Vespucci. The Spanish sailor Juan Díaz de Solís visited the area in 1516. In 1536 the Spaniards founded a small village. This small village went under by struggle over time with the native population and hunger. A large colony was established in 1580 at the site of the currentBuenos Aires. The area belonged to the Viceroyalty of Peru. Colonization happened further inland especially from Peru and Chile.
 * 2 Spanish colonization
 * Independence 3
 * 4 period until the great depression
 * 4.1 Politics
 * 4.2 Economy
 * 4.3 indigenous people
 * 5 depression and world war
 * 6 The period Perón
 * dirty war 7
 * 8 Falklands war
 * 9 return to democracy
 * the 90 10
 * the economic crisis 11

Although the area to the Rio de la Plata an excellent natural port had relatively little could be used. According to the colonial laws Lima had the monopoly over the colonial trade and communication. Since the costs for transport from Lima to Europe much higher than from the area around the Río de la Plata were many evaded these laws. Among other Buenos Aires, Montevideo and Asunción have arisen or grown from smuggling. In 1776 the area was upgraded to the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The Spanish colonizers shared the population in their colonies in three ethnic groups: whites, Indians and blacks. These groups knew back in a total of ten subdivisions.

At the top were the whites who were born in Spain. Small in number they took the highest positions in the Administrative Board and the society. A large group were the Creoles, also born of white parents but in South America and therefore with less rights. Indians and blacks were far below and had hardly rights. These populations in the then colony were not very large. ==Independence[ Edit] == Argentina's Declaration of independence.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Among the Creoles existed dissatisfaction with their subordinate position in relation to the Spaniards. These feelings were reinforced by the American and French Revolution. In addition, the Spanish Government had rather little attention to the (commercial) interests of the inhabitants of Rio de la Plata. In 1806 and 1807 did the English two attempts to conquer the colony. They succeeded in Buenos Aires to take in but were in both cases pretty quickly defeated. During this fight had especially the Creoles are kept out what their sense of belonging to Spain had not very encouraged. After the deposition of the Spanish King Charles IV by Napoleon called in Buenos Aires a junta from a local group in power.This junta was initially created to a takeover of the area by the French to prevent it. The members consisted of Creoles and this got so self governance in hands. After Napoleon was defeated and in Spain a member of the Royal family on the throne, the junta was not prepared to cede the Administration back to the Spaniards. This conflict ran out on a war from 1810 to 1818. After initial setbacks, the Argentines led by Martin Guemes, Manuel Belgrano and José de San Martin to beat the Spaniards in Argentina and Chile. In 1816 the junta had declared the independence of Argentina. In Peru and Northern South America by the war still went to 1824, without that the Argentines are mixed. ==Period up to the great depression<span class="mw-editsection" len="377" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Politics<span class="mw-editsection" len="351" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The just-created Republic hit pretty quickly engaged in a brief war against the Empire of Brazil 1825-1828. After this war Uruguay obtained its independence. In domestic politics Federalen and unionists were facing each other. The first triumphed and their leader was dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas from 1825 to 1852. During his reign on 19 May 1837 Argentina declares war on the Confederation of Peru and Bolivia. The war has any major impact for Argentina. After his expulsion and a brief attempt by Buenos Aires to become independent was a central Argentina ruled country.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In neighbouring Paraguay was dictator Lopez Francisco Solana came to power. He tried to increase Paraguay and Uruguay's expense. After he had explained he requested the war Argentina Brazil all his army to grant transit by Corrientes so he could invade Uruguay. Argentina Argentina refused and Lopez also stated the war. Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay made a Covenant. Despite their large population it was not until 1870 that Paraguay was defeated (see war of the Triple Alliance). ===Economy<span class="mw-editsection" len="351" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By their invasions in Buenos Aires the English had already shown to be interested in the Rio de la Plata area. After independence followed their interests a more peaceful, but equally influential path. In many sectors (rail, trade etc.) of the Argentine economy invested British businessmen. Among other things by this investment and the high prices for agricultural products the Argentine economy grew strongly. An important factor was the invention of refrigeration systems and its application on ships so perishables (including meat) could be traded with Europe. Argentina in terms of per capita income stood at that time at a level similar to many Western European countries. Attracted by this prosperity many Europeans emigrated to Argentina. ===Indigenous people<span class="mw-editsection" len="361" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Argentina was sparsely populated at start of European colonization. After Europeans the area around Rio de la Plata and the area around Mendoza had taken possession of most of the native population was concentrated in the North at the present border with Bolivia and in Patagonia. The colonization period immediately after independence and if not changed much. Control over the territory that the new Republic claimed did not include Patagonia.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Dictator Rosas was the first to bring change went. In 1870 followed a much larger campaign called ' conquest of the desert '. During this campaign died a very large part of the native population. Part by violence, but a much bigger part by the exposure of diseases and bacteria where the Indians in contrast to the whites had built up no resistance to. The campaign brought the Government control of Patagonia and Neuquén. Since this period makes the indigenous people only a small part of the Argentine population: about 1%. ==Depression and world war<span class="mw-editsection" len="368" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The years of prosperity ended with the stock market crash of 1929 and the subsequent great depressionworldwide. Argentina, which is a part of its prosperity to the trade, was hit hard. Quantity and value of trade fell back and remained from investments. In the same time took the influence of fascist movements and the army far. Argentina was officially neutral during the second world war but the military governments of the period were the axis powers mirthful. By the end of the war Argentina stated the ashes still the war. ==The period Perón<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Juan Perón, Argentine military and president of Argentina from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Using fraud and violence, the Governments of the 1930s to stop change. By the economic conditions gave rise to movements that focused on the emerging urban working class, also in the army.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Government was overthrown by the military In 1943. One of the coup leaders became the most important figure in the new Government, Juan Perón. His supporters were especially the workers for whom he came to mind. During his reign, greatly increased the number of trade union members and important industries were nationalized. His wifeEvita Peron who came from the working class had a magnetic influence on the lower classes. Through her influence, women gained the right to vote in 1947. Perón was a polarizing figure: he was or revered, or hated. After the death of Evita took his popularity off: in 1952, he was by a new coup deposed and exiled to Spain. Despite this, he remained popular with large groups.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The period after exile until his return in 1973 Peróns is characterized by a constant struggle between his supporters and opponents, a fight that began to be increasingly violent and in which different conflicting movements within the disaster arose. Most of the army was in front of the Peronists. The army committed several times to prevent a coup they came to power. After a great victory of the Peronists in 1973, Perón was allowed to return. For important groups among the population, he was the great savior. His following ranged from extremely left-wing guerrillas to figures to the right of the political middle.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Perón won those elections, and was again wrote president; his third wife Isabella was Vice President. He was by now an old man and died shortly afterwards on March 24, 1974.Under the reign of Isabella escalated the already ongoing fight between different movements within the peronism. By the struggle and the economic setback touched her Government paralyzed and was deposed by a military coup in 1976. ==Dirty war<span class="mw-editsection" len="356" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the coup against Isabella Perón came to power a military junta until 1983. This junta began his Government with a program they called the National Reconstruction Process. The economic side of this program was a series of measures to strengthen the market forces and deregulation. The violence by the Montoneros (left-wing Peronists) and other guerrillas use to justify strict measures against anyone who names the military against the dictatorship was or it was suspicious. Human rights and civil rights were violated on a large scale. Many were arrested, tortured and murdered. Of most was never heard something, they disappeared. Human rights movements believe that during this period about 30,000 people lost their lives. The vast majority of this comes for the account of the military. The junta did manage to defeat the guerrillas and only few dared to protest against the regime in public. Practically the only ones were the mothers of the Plaza de Mayo. This was a group of mothers of disappeared came together every Thursday at the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires to protest against the Government (Plaza de Mayo is located in front of the Parliament building). Economic problems, corruption, human rights violations caused a general disgust because of increasing pressure on the military regime. ==Falklands War<span class="mw-editsection" len="358" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1981 the Argentine junta of Leopoldo Galtieri decided to make use of nationalist sentiments and to occupy the Falkland Islands, so as to divert attention from internal problems. The Argentine army command had wrongly assumed that the United Kingdom, which at that time knew heavy economic and social problems, not on the reconquest would react. This turned out to be a misconception because the attack Prime MinisterMargaret Thatcher for the same reasons, to reunite the country and used in passing her next to secure election victory. Argentina captured and occupied the Islands in March and april of 1982 on the English. This English troops landed on the Falkland Islands in June. The British knew the Islands fairly easy to recapture. The war cost to 909 people's lives, including 258 British. Also undercut further the position of the military junta. ==Return to democracy<span class="mw-editsection" len="369" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Could the Argentines go to the polls In 1983 to a president, Vice President and national and provincial parliaments to choose. According to international observers the elections were fair. Raúl Alfonsín of the radical party was elected president. He appointed a Committee of inquiry had to do the ' Disappearances ' during the dirty war but also gave amnesty for the violence committed during this war. These laws were finally repealed In 2003 and 2005. During the reign of Alfonsín was the peace and friendship treaty was signed with Chile and laid the Foundation for the Mercosurtrade block. The elections in 1985 and 1987 confirmed support for the new democracy. The Government undertook steps to solve some problems as understanding of the ' Disappeared ', civil authority over the armed forces and consolidating democracy. But constant friction with the military, economic problems and not being able to solve it undermined confidence in the Government. Presidency and was taken over by the Government after elections led by Peronist Carlos Menem. ==The 90 's<span class="mw-editsection" len="355" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As president Menem began large-scale reforms in which the role of the State was reduced. Ironically, it was in the past always been the Peronists which saw a large role for the State, but now were in their Government privatized many industries. Convinced of its course and with a controversial agenda startled Menem decide not to implement by decree if Parliament uncooperative. His power was reduced by a compromise with the opposition. In Exchange for reduction of power per Decree was the law changed so that Menem could candidate themselves again for President. Just as well was pretty controversial Menems neo-liberal course.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A new party managed to win the elections of 1999. The new Government of Fernando de la Rúa followed a further neo-liberal policies that followed the IMF programme. The attempts to reform the labour law and through the stimulation of businesses grow the economy failed. On the contrary the unemployment exploded. ==The economic crisis<span class="mw-editsection" len="365" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Protest against the banks and theCorralito (the economic measures that were taken in Argentina), first quarter of 2002.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the end of 1999 Argentina sat in a economic crisis. The International Monetary Fund urged Argentina to allow the peso to devalue that was connected to the dollar. The population anticipated on this massive plans by money from bank accounts to take away. This created a capital flight and further loss of confidence in the currency. In a short time, clapped the economy total all in one. Were due to riots in which dozens were killed. Under pressure from the riots followed the required Presidents De la Rua resigned and was succeeded by interim President of the Senate. As the new president Adolfo Rodríguez Saá, Congress chose this performed after a week off after which the President of the first Chamber was ad interim president. Finally, on January 2, Eduardo Duhalde, the loser of the presidential election of 1999, elected president by Parliament. In 2 weeks have 5 people observed or occupied the Office of president. The currency was devalued by 29% in January 2002, was the currency further in value in July dropped to a quarter of its former value.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">President Duhalde saw itself confronted with a country in turmoil. His Government had to do with vehement protests of the middle class who lost his savings, and a growing number of unemployed. His administration focused on countering the inflation without to severe cuts about to go (what the turmoil would increase) and to reduce tensions and violence. After a year saw Duhalde as fulfilled and resigned. The subsequent elections brought Néstor Kirchner to power. After his tenure in his popular wife Christina Kirchnerstood 2007 successful for the post of president. Her tenure as less successful experienced bv. by large rebellions of soy farmers.