History of South Africa

The history of South Africa is rich and complicated because since prehistoric times different peoples and cultures were next to each other. The culture of the Bushmen there is at least 25,000 years, and those of the Bantu 2,500 years. Would these two cultures according to archaeological sources generally have lived together peacefully. The written history begins with the arrival of the Portuguese, the first Europeans. These decisions not to colonize the area and leave it to the Dutch. The British dispute the area as of the end of the 18th century, which a century later led to two peasant wars. The 20th century is characterized by the rise and fall of the apartheid regime.

The protea, the national flower of South Africa.

Content
[hide] *1 For the colonization  ==For the colonization[ Edit] == The history for the colonization is due to the lack of civilizations that dominated the writing hard to figure out. That is why only the subsequent events after the first known European explorations. Historians in recent decades integrate the discoveries of archaeologists. ===Prehistoric Times[ Edit] === Many fossil finds from 1998 in caves at Sterkfontein, kromdraai and Makapansgat suggest that different types of "ape men" (australopithecus) originated in southern Africa during the last three million years. Famous fossils were given names as "Taung child"Mrs Ples"," and the recently found "Little Foot" skeleton.
 * 1.1 Prehistory
 * 2 Early Dutch branch
 * British takeover 3
 * 3.1 The Eastern Cape
 * 3.2 the great Trek
 * The peasant wars 4
 * 5 British rule
 * Union of South Africa 6
 * Apartheid 7
 * 8 the uprising in Soweto
 * the cold war 9
 * 10 transition to a majority government
 * 11 The post-apartheid era
 * 12 issues of "Transformasie"
 * 13 the aids crisis
 * 14 further reading

This ape men were succeeded by various species, including Homo habilis, Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.

Rock paintings found in the Drakensbergregion are recently dated to an age of 3000 years.

Nations with the knowledge of iron use pulled around the fourth or fifth century to the area south of the Limpopo rivers. They were farmers and shepherds and shifted slowly further South. Traces of iron processing in the province of KwaZulu-Natal date from around the year 1050. The southernmost point that was reached by these people is around the fish River in the Eastern Cape Province. This East of the fish River Xhosapopulatiereplaced the original Hunter-Gatherer.

Before the arrival of the Dutch settlers (1652) became South Africa inhabited by the Khoikhoi, San, Xhosa, Zulu and others. ==Early Dutch branch<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Arrival of Jan van Riebeeck<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The written history of South Africa began on 6 april 1652when Jan van Riebeeck on behalf of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) founded a supply station on the Cape of good hope. This establishment was under the control of the Dutch East India Company VOC-and not by the Dutch state.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">It was the first years barter driven with the original inhabitants. In particular, cattle were for tobacco and beads exchanged. At the Rondebosch were successful tests done with the cultivation of cereals. In 1657 the first dozens of Dutch and German men were given permission to set up its own farm along the groin Brook. After a start-up period of 12 years had to be ceded as a grain tax. Likewise served the farmers to stay at least 20 years in South Africa and sell their products in particular to the Dutch East India Company.

<p lang="en" len="285" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Since 1657 was also on the highest point of Robben Island held a fire blazing, at the service of shipping.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1670 the VOC decided to extend considerably the refresh post. A large-scale extension to the Interior took place under Simon van der Stel. The Cape Colony was populated by European Calvinists, mainly from Netherlands, but also from Germany, France (Huguenots), Scotland and other countries.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The newcomers largely destroyed the culture of the Khoikhoiand the San people, the original inhabitants of South Africa, in three wars. Two took place under Johan B of Herenthals (1676-1678).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Because of the shortage of labour were slaves from Madagascar and Indonesia, India imported. Descendants of these slaves, by marriage both mixed with the European settlers as with the original indigenous people, were later known under the name Cape coloured and "Cape Malays. They made about fifty percent of the population of the Western Cape province. ==British takeover<span class="mw-editsection" len="356" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Great Britain came in 1795 to the area of the Cape of good hope, in order to prevent that it was a French colony. The British took over the power of this area in 1797 during the Napoleonic wars, when Netherlands was nothing more than a satellite state of France. However, they pulled themselves back in 1803.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Netherlands was declared bankrupt in 1805 . The British came back to southern Africa in 1806 and annexed the area, along with half of Dutch Guiana and Ceylon. ===The Eastern Cape<span class="mw-editsection" len="346" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The eastern border of the Dutch colony was been the Fish . Partly to the expansion of the Dutch farmers to the East block, started the new British authority East thereof a new colony to found British-Kaffrarië in the land of the Amaxhosa. This attempt to create an English-language area, however, was far from successful. There followed the entire 19th century frontier wars, seven between Brit and Xhosa (nine in total including the Dutch border wars). The area between fish and Kei River (Ciskei) eventually came under British control. The British settlers who were sent there soon proved not suitable to establish itself on the turbulent and dangerous countryside and retreated in cities like [4]. The British Government took out a number of German settlers from Europe, who wanted to farmers despite all the risk to be killed by the local population. There are also a number of missionaries settled in the area that began the education of the population. It is the University of Fort Hare arise later, the first institution for tertiary education accessible to Africans in all of Africa and the cradle of the ANC. The area to the North-East of the Kei (Transkei) was eventually added to the Union of South Africa, but virtually not colonized by whites. The few whites who lived there were at the ' independence ' of the later home country by the apartheid Government expropriated. Also a number of descendants of the German settlers were forced to pack their bands at the ' independence ' of a strongly reduced Ciskei. ===The Great Trek<span class="mw-editsection" len="348" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When the British in 1835 in the Cape Colony abolished the slavery arose disagreements over compensation, and many of the Dutch farmers, known as Voortrekkers, moved inland to found their own republics: Orange Free State and Transvaal or South African Republic. This move is called the great Trek . When the Voortrekkers in Natal they were driven back by the Zulus entered led by Dingane, brother, Shaka Zulu's heir and murderer. The Zulus could however be overcome in 1838 during the battle of blood River.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Zulu Empire was later conquered by the British during the Anglo-Zulu war. ==The Peasant Wars<span class="mw-editsection" len="352" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p lang="en" len="833" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The discovery of Diamond-rich (1867) and gold veins (1886) brought wealth and new settlers to the Cape Colony and both republics, and Farmers were a cause for further subjugation of the local people.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Farmers knew a British dominance of Transvaal to roll back during the first Boer War (1880-1881). The Farmers wore khaki uniforms, and were so well camouflaged. However, the British were wearing bright red uniforms, making them an easy target for the Farmers formed sniper.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The already strained relationship between the British and the Farmers even more came under pressure after the failed Jameson Raid, raided the neighbouring Transvaal from Rhodesia. The troops were supported by the rich diamond merchant and Prime Minister of the Cape Colony Cecil Rhodes.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The British came in greater numbers back during the Second Boer War (1899-1902), now with less conspicuous uniforms. Although the Liberal Party majority against the British in the Second Boer War was regarded as an expensive and unnecessary, and this was the promise of gold and diamond rich veins in the Boer Republics enough for the Tories to continue the war.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Farmers resisted violently and the British could administer heavy hits, through guerrilla tactics and superior knowledge of the country. Eventually, however, the British won thanks to their larger force and better supply.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The British brought African white women and children guerrillas held in concentration camps, where they fell prey to malnutrition and diseases. Farms and crops were burned to disrupt the food supply of the guerrillas.Driven by hunger attacked the Farmers to make cities and villages to loot food. Did this turn public opinion against the Farmers.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Many Afrikaners felt that it was time to make peace with the British. After another year of Zeeland to have accepted the "bitter horizons" eventually that their Farmers nation fully would be destroyed if they would fight, and on 31 May 1902, they signed in Pretoria a peace treaty with the British. ==British rule<span class="mw-editsection" len="354" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Treaty of Vereeniging (1902) full British sovereignty over the settled Farmers republics, and the British Government took their war debt of three million pounds over. The Dutch got a special legal status. (The Africanwas not yet recognized as a separate language) An important settlement was that blacks had no voting rights, except for those in the Cape Colony.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The British Government tried to anglicize the farmers for a short time by the English in schools compulsory, but this failed and only increased the anger of the Farmers. This obligation was removed when the Liberals in1906 came to power in the United Kingdom . Around this time also began the first formal recognition of the Afrikaanslanguage, as different from the Dutch. It was only in 1925 Afrikaans as a synonym of the Dutch would be an official status. The situation turned around In the Constitution of 1961 Dutch was a synonym of the Afrikaans. This constitutional provision would hold out until 1983, after which the Dutch lost its official status. ==Union of South Africa<span class="mw-editsection" len="355" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After four years of negotiations was on 31 May 1910, exactly eight years after the end of the Second Boer War, founded the Union of South Africa . This Union consisted of the republics of Cape Colony, Natal,Transvaaland Orange Free State . The new Union remained a British dominion, but political power lay in the hands of the white minority.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1910 , Louis Botha and Jan Smuts, the South African Party (SAP) on the Union, and jointly they led to the national party under Barry Hertzog took over them. In the 1913 Land Act was adopted, which assigned the territory largely to the whites. Seventy percent of the South African population was forced to live by the Land Act on seven percent of the available ground.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The two political parties merged In 1934 to the United Party. This party advocated cooperation between African-and English-speaking whites. The party ripped in half in 1939, when the Union became active in theSecond World War as an ally of the United Kingdom. The right-oriented national party strove after the war to the apartheid racial segregation, a larger. ==Apartheid<span class="mw-editsection" len="345" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The national party came to power in 1948 under d.f. Malan. Many rules were soon introduced for racial segregation. Under the name many rights were taken away from apartheid to people of mixed race (coloured). The few black Africans in the former Cape Colony that had obtained the right to vote, lost this again.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Marriages between people of different races was forbidden, and special schools were founded that only black pupils assumptions. In shops had to be helped for white customers are always black. Blacks had to carry special internal passports if they wanted to go in white areas . If they did they could be arrested.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The African National Congress (ANC), the largest political organization of blacks, had Socialist roots, and this was a convenient excuse for the Government to suppress the party during the cold war. Both of black and white side was violently protested against apartheid, but these protests and rebellions were quashed by security forces.

<p lang="en" len="578" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1960, called the apartheid regime by the international outrage on Sharpeville massacre, in which 69 unarmed black protestors (including women and children) were shot dead and more than 180 were injured.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">They protested against the 'fit laws', which many their passes (identity papers) burned. Directly after this tragedy the ANC and other black political organizations were officially banned. On 5 October of that year the white population voted in a referendum for breaking the last ties to the British monarchy. The proposal was approved, and South Africa became a Republic. A wish of the farmers came out, all they had to as concession to the English speakers maintain the parliamentary system.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 31 May 1961, the Republic of South Africa in which Charles Swart, the Governor General of Queen Elizabeth II, was elected president. The new country withdrew under pressure from the African and Asian members back from the Commonwealth.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Under the new president Hendrik Verwoerd in the 1960s were 3.5 million blacks forcibly driven from their homes to specially equipped the homelands, in an attempt to do seem less racist apartheid . In this way arose a series, puppet States, governed by Blacks, and the blacks became the choice given to which of this quasi-autonomous homelands they wanted to leave. This choice was usually based on the ethnic group to which they felt to belong. The Government justified this arrangement by arguing that black South Africans were actually the original inhabitants of these States, not of the Republic.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">For the ANC and a splinter group, the Pan Africanist Congress, was this response to violent actions. The ANC was limited mainly to strategic targets such as power plants (for which the later president Nelson Mandelawas imprisoned) and other infrastructure, while the Pan-Africanists switched to more indiscriminate terrorist actions. ==The uprising in Soweto<span class="mw-editsection" len="356" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During a reorganization of the Department of Bantu Education in 1975, decided some bureaucrats to run an already long forgotten law which prescribed that secondary education should be given only in the African, rather than in English or an Aboriginal language. In 1976 several teachers, who refused to apply this rule, fired. Collective redundancies called their colleagues. The tensions soon ran on, and in May was a Afrikaanssprekende teacher stabbed. Students who refused to write their works in Afrikaans were expelled from school. From one after another school the pupils went on strike, which the Government responded by the schools to close and the striking students to banish.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On June 16, 1976 Soweto district was in the black at Johannesburg organized a protest March. Some 20,000 students arrived in groups, on short distance followed by the police. Despite the call of the Organization to the police not to provoke conflicts arose almost immediately. The police responded with firing tear gas, and later bullets, people in the crowd. The heavily understaffed police units fled to regroup, and the angry mob threw barricades and began destroying State property and State employees to attack.

<p lang="en" len="367" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By large numbers of police officers to be deployed could the uprising in Soweto crushed after a few days but the next weeks hit the violence about to other black townships.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the riots brought international news organizations images out of unarmed demonstrators who were cruelly massacred by security forces. A famous photo shows the 13-year-old Hector Pietersen as he is carried away after being shot by the police. This news however, insisted to the white minority in South Africa itself, since the media there hardly heed to spent. The South African Broadcasting was under strict control by the apartheid regime.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Many countries went quickly, remarkably, with the exception of the United Kingdomand the United States, on to economic sanctions against apartheid South Africa in response to the in General, and the handling of the Soweto riots in particular. The US and UK wanted no part of it here because of the prominent role of South Africa as a supplier of diamonds, Platinum and gold.

<p lang="en" len="555" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In part, the effect of the trade embargo also by South Africa itself offset by the Foundation of companies like Krygkor that weapons manufactured and Sasol that converted coal into synthetic fuels. ==The Cold War<span class="mw-editsection" len="351" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Another reason of the protest by the United States against the breakup of ties with South Africa was the fact that in Africa a new front in the cold war was born. For the u.s. was South Africa has long been a reliable ally against communism, in a continent where all other countries were found to be very sensitive for the Sovietinfluences.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Carnation Revolution which took place in Portugal in 1974 led to this country pulled out of its colonies in Mozambique, Angola and South Africa's neighbours. Nationalist and Communist groups in Angola tried immediately to fill the resulting power vacuum, which resulted in a civil war from 1975 to 1976. The Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA) received financial support from the Soviet Union and thousands ofCuban soldiers arrived to fight. This caused great concern in South African Government circles.

<p lang="en" len="1054" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">To deter the South African Government to dismantle the apartheid, making it a Communist revolution could launch, ANC Presidents Carter and Reagan went over to a policy of constructive engagement, together with South Africa and UNITAin Angola was supported the invasion.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the 1980s claimed South African troops, secretly supported by the u.s., cross-border actions on Angolan bases that were used by the Communist SWAPO, which strove for an independent Namibia.

<p lang="en" len="332" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In South Africa, Angola and Cuba signed 1988 an agreement which settled that Cuban troops withdrew from Angola and Namibia independence was promised. ==Transition to a majority government<span class="mw-editsection" len="374" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">International pressure on the Government of Botha rose, and the US and UK encouraged negotiations with the black majority. Botha was beginning 1989 succeeded by president De Klerk. In his opening speech to the Parliament in 1990 he announced the abolition of the discrimination laws.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 11 February 1990, Nelson Mandela was released, an event that to follow directly on television all over the world was. On 18 november 1993 21 political parties adopted a new national Constitution. With the subsequent democratic elections, from 26 to 29 april 1994 was a fact a majority government. Nelson Mandela was chosen as the new president, later succeeded by Thabo Mbeki. South Africa added nine indigenous languages to the existing English and Afrikaans, bringing the total number of official languages on eleven came.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Just before her resignation clears the white Government to surprise the world: one known to have produced six nuclear weapons . These, however, were destroyed, perhaps to prevent them falling into the hands of the new Government. The nuclear bombs were probably intended to intimidate neighbouring States hostile to black, also because the country had very few allies. ==The post-apartheid era<span class="mw-editsection" len="363" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Soon after the elections the new ANCGovernment began with transforming and developing the economy. This politics of reconstruction and development (RDP) was later replaced by GEAR, a more conservative way geared to growth and foreign investment. This change was controversial, and was a source of much tension between the ANC and the allies of a nominal value, the South African Communist Party and the Trade UnionCOSATU Alliance.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Despite these attempts at economic recovery, the South African economy is still faced with many problems. Although in april 2004 was the inflation dropped to 0.2%, and the Edge was stable against the dollar, the foreign reserves low. These, however, are increased from a coverage of import for three weeks in 1994 to 18 weeks in 2003.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The unemployment rate has long been stable at almost 30% of the working population. Roughly 60% of the population lives below the poverty line with an income of 250 Rand (about 30 euros) or less per month. Wealth distribution remains a problem: the poorest 50% of the total population will receive 11% of the total national income, while the richest 7% more than 40% will receive.<sup class="noprint nopopups" len="309" style="line-height:1;"> [source?]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the disappearance of the iron fist of Government is crime to great heights increased, although this partly can be attributed to an improved message it. Nevertheless, murder the main cause of death for men between 15 and 21 years. Johannesburg is known as one of the least safe cities in the world.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">There are bribery cases have come to light at Government officials. One of these concerned ANC member of Parliament Tony Yengeni and Daimler-Chrysler Aerospace. Yengeni was sentenced to four years in prison for not reporting a discount of 47% (worth 167.387 edge) on a Mercedes Benz ML320 that he bought in 1998. In the townships was a SUV or a Mercedes Benz henceforth "Yengeni". called.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" len="180" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [1]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In South Africa is a number of small right-oriented terrorist organizations actively. They are opposed to the black majority government, and want to return to the apartheid regime and political dominance of white Afrikaners. For a number of bombings in Soweto in 2002, a number of alleged members of such group, the Boeremag, was arrested.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">South Africa's economy has since 1996 a continuous growth and remains the largest industrial power on the African continent. South Africa is also the only country in Africa with nuclear power. ==Problems of the "Transformasie"<span class="mw-editsection" len="381" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the apartheid South Africa total was divided. When the ANC came to power in 1994, knew one does not quite know how one as well and quickly as possible could make the races again equal to each other. For 1994, there were negotiations between the National Party and the African National Congress (ANC), where state president F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela negotiate with each other, among other things, free elections.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During these negotiations the Clerk tried as much as possible, it divided South Africa to redirect to an equal, non-discriminatory, first world country. But the big question was how the white Afrikaans and English speakers, which lived on the level of prosperity of the first world, and the black African (and 9 other languages) speakers, which lived on a miserable third world level of prosperity lived, could integrate with each other in the area of race, culture, language, economics, social etc., without welfare loss of the wealthier whites. This richer people would be the basis to make their wealth also for other races, so that one not quite of had to start in advance. Also a new and equitable Constitution.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Despite the result of these of these negotiations and the new Constitution, there is 16 years after the abolition of apartheid great discontent among large parts of the population. Many Blacks have it even heavier than during the apartheid<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" len="180" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[2]. This dissatisfaction comes very few occurred to the surface by the new English-language (Rainbow) media, which dare to these practices not cards. Also part of the population lives under the Afrikaanssprekende great dissatisfaction. This group, made from coloured people and 40% for 60% from whites, has strong own media denounced repeatedly, what the problems.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The dissatisfaction with the situation of the Afrikaans speakers comes for the most part at the still influential whites. They are frustrated that after 16 years still the BEE project is deployed by the ANC Government to force companies to hire a certain percentage of black people. This percentage is so high that the white middle class no longer to work can be forced, because their places taken by non-whites. As a result, more than 600,000 white Afrikaans speakers are downgraded to the level of prosperity of the third world<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" len="180" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[3]. They now live in slums (or so called "plakkerskampe"). In addition of the original 6 million whites in South Africa almost 2 million left for countries such as Australia, the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, the Netherlands and, to a lesser extent to Belgium. Of the remaining 4 million whites living there so now about 700,000 in slums.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In addition conclude different universities from South Africa that, now the cultural assimilation is complete and working well, the ANC Government continues to reduce the offer for Afrikaans-speakers. Thus, the State broadcaster the SAUK (Suid-Afrikaanse Uitsaai Koörporasie) already transformed into SABC (which "hardly" more broadcasts in Afrikaans) and many African schools are forced to teach to go in other languages, even if almost all Afrikaans-speaking pupils of this school (which now is usually the case). From these "unnecessary" changes concludes, among other things, the University of the free State (formerly Orange Free State)-after research-that the language and history of the Afrikaners "raped."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" len="180" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [4]

<p lang="en" len="308" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In addition, the boerengemeeschap since the abolition of Apartheid had to deal with an explosion of attacks, robberies and murders. ==The aids crisis<span class="mw-editsection" len="349" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Just like South Africa Africa is almost entirely surrounded by aidsepidemic. A 1999 study found that 22.4% of women who visited public clinics was hiv positive. The Government's response to this is unclear. PresidentThabo Mbeki and other prominent members of the ANC government abusing the medical discussion on the cause of aids and couples the legal basis and widely providing medication to hiv-infected from. Contrary to what is generally assumed, in medicine, a small minority in the medical world that hiv is not the cause of aids. Mbeki does poverty as the main cause of aids and says it is a disease that comes through rich countries and whites. In addition, traditional African means touted as effective medicine. The Minister of health, Dr. Seimaa-Msimang, has the nickname "Dr. beetroot ' companie. A large part of the ANC still refuses to acknowledge that there is a widespread aids epidemic. The social stigma that aids patients in adheres to the traditional African society, complicates the fight against aids also significantly.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In August 2003 was in Durban, South Africa a National Aids Conference held. The ANC Government announced just before the Conference that it considered the regulatory approval for the aids drug Nevirapine to withdraw it. Nevirapine is widely recognized as a successful means of chance to reduce transmission of hiv from mother to child.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Aids activists were furious, and after large-scale public actions, the Government announced that they would soon change its position. As of september 2003, the Government began to provide drugs to sufferers.