Islam in Netherlands

The islam is one of the world's religions, represented by a part of the Dutch society. This article treats the islam in Netherlands.

The faith first came to the low countries in the 16th century. It was brought by Dutch and Dutch sailors and converted Ottoman and Persian traders. From the 17th century Dutch East Indies in addition came also from Muslims to Netherlands. Also was the Kingdom of the Netherlands between the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the independence ofIndonesia temporarily the largest Islamic country in the world.

In Islam only in the Netherlands itself was 2nd half of the 20th century a flow of interest. Until 2004, the number of Muslims according to the CBS far, afterwards it took light to about 825,000 people in 2008. Four years later (2012) showed the decline interrupted and counted the Muslim population still about 825,000 people. Muslims make up about 4% of the population. [1]  This is islam after Christianity the largest religion in Netherlands. Especially after the last turn of the century, the (alleged) increasing influence of Islam (Islamisation) for a fierce public debate. An investigation of the Historical newspaper from March 2008 indicates that more than half of the Dutch islam a threat finds of the Dutch identity. [2]



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[hide] *1 History  ==History[ Edit] == Gerrit Berckheyde, City Hall on Dam square (1672). In the foreground is a Turkish man depicted, in conversation with two Jewish men and a Dutchman.Even before the golden age there were Ottoman traders present in several Dutch trading cities. In most cases, however, this went to Christian or Jewish subjects of the sultan.Pass around the beginning of the 17th century one can speak with certainty of several Muslims in the Netherlands, such as Turkish slaves who at the siege of Sluis were released by Prince Maurits of the Spanish army. When envoys Danny-Al-Din Beg (1607, Persia) and Ömer Aga (1614, Ottoman Empire) came to the Netherlands there were probably already small groups of Islamic traders. Knew islam up to the end of the golden age a small bloom in Netherlands; recently its remnants of several early 17th-century mosques found in Amsterdam. [3]. However, appear a few decades later many Turkish and Persian extras in Dutch paintings, recognizable by their traditional costumes. Not only Muslim traders visited the low countries, also brought the Turkish world traveler Evliya Çelebi (allegedly) in 1663 a visit to Amsterdam and Rotterdam[4]. During the golden age took the contact with Muslims due to the joint war with the Ottoman Empire against Spain, and by contacts of the DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY in Southeast Asia. With the shift of international trade to England left most Muslims at the end of the 17th and the early 18th century to London.
 * 2 Numbers
 * public debate 3
 * 4 Muslim fundamentalism in Netherlands
 * 5 Other themes
 * 6 see also

Since 1947 is islam again noticeable present in Netherlands (there were Muslims in the intervening period active in Netherlands, especially students from the then Dutch East Indies in the 19th century). In that year, missionaries of the Ahmadiyya movement from Pakistan brought islam to the Netherlands. In the following years, were the first twomosques built in Netherlands: first up was that the still existing Mobarak mosque of the Ahmadiyya in the Hague and now no longer existing as a second soon afterwards a wooden building in the refugee camp for Moluccan ex-KNIL soldiers in Bar. In 1953 came the first English translation of the Koran readily accessible available, published by theAhmadiyya movement. In the sixties of the 20th century arrived the first Turkish and Moroccan guest workers, who founded their own mosques and free asked on Islamic holidays. The Turkish community built with the Yunus Harold Mosque in Almelo[5]  the third mosque of Netherlands. Despite the long presence of Muslims in the Netherlands it took until 2005 before a Dutch Koran with extensive detailed comment appeared (from the hand of Maulana Muhammad Ali), again of the Ahmadiyya movement.

In 1963 came the first reports of converted indigenous Dutch in Netherlands itself in, it was an estimated 300 Dutch. Nowadays there are some 15,000 Dutch people converted to Islam <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-groene.nl_5-1" len="180" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5] .

<p lang="en" len="414" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 1960s the family reunification was regulated by law.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 2006, there were 47 Islamic primary schools and two secondary schools (the Islamic College Amsterdam since 2001 and Islamic schools community Ibn Ghaldoun in Rotterdam since 2000). One study found that there is demand for at least a hundred primary schools. Since the mid-1990s of the 20th century, there are two (not recognized by the Government) Islamic universities, while there are at least four in 2005 unofficial Islamic institutes of higher learning were numbered.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At the end of the 1990s was the integration debate started under the leadership of the VVD-leader Frits Bolkestein and Paul Scheffer of the PvdA, later dominated by Pim Fortuyn and Geert Wilders.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Netherlands has since 2005 a second Islamic broadcaster (the first broadcasts since 1993). In 2010 there are 453 mosques in Netherlands <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-groene.nl_5-2" len="180" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5]. In april 2006, the Turkish Mevlana Mosque by locals as the most beautiful building in Rotterdam elected. ==Numbers<span class="mw-editsection" len="334" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Until 2007 the CBS expected that the number of Muslims in the Netherlands would pass the limit of 1 million in 2006. It is estimated that there were at the end of 2004, of which 6,000 indigenous Dutch people in Netherlands 944,000 Muslims. The number of immigrant Muslims was estimated using the percentage of Muslims in the country of origin. On newer estimates, based onsurveys, however, were designed for a WRIST-it came from CBS for 2005 on Muslims and on 837.000 in 2006 877,000. The number of Muslims then sank to around 825,000 in 2008 <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" len="172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[12]. This is about 5% of the population. A million Muslims will not until 2017-2023 are expected to.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" len="172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [13]  Under the same conditions would the number of Muslims in 2050 can come true on about 8% of the population.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" len="172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [14]  the number of Muslims in the Netherlands, acting in accordance with these investigations so far, although this is not shown in the figures by Statistics Netherlands. This would be related to the concepts of immigrant and Muslim. An increasing number of immigrants from Muslim countries means is not necessarily an increasing number of Muslims. At what speed will the Muslim community secularize is difficult to predict. Slightly more than half of the Muslims in the Netherlands, however, rarely or never see a mosque from the inside <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" len="172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[15]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Moroccan Muslims form the largest group within the Islamists since 2010 in Netherlands, with such a 355.883 people, followed by the Turkish Muslims with almost 325,000 people.Of the group ' other non-Western immigrants ' form the Surinamese with 34,000 people the largest group, followed by the Afghans and the Iraqis with 31,000 with 27,000.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">To 2007 had about 12,000 Dutch themselves converted to islam.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" len="172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [16]  an estimated 500 are converted annually to the Dutch islam. Currently, there are still few opportunities for these new Muslims. In the mosque often means not what it is about as often the sermon in Arabic or Turkish is. In addition to the issues in the mosque it is often not know how there should be prayers and often problems in trouble own environment. Family and friends understand their choice not always. Converts are often ' seekers ' who previously sought refuge at other religions. Also seem the strict rules of the faith and the certainty that islam offers, attraction to bear on Dutch people who repent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" len="172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [17] ==Public debate<span class="mw-editsection" len="351" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Clogs, prayer mat and fez<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 1970s and 1980s, the number of Muslims in the Netherlands strongly. Of criticism on the multicultural society is still hardly any. Hans Janmaat of the Centre Party (later Centre Democrats) is the only politician that strong criticism from on the multicultural society. It leads in elections in 1982 to a seat in the lower House and an (almost) total political and social isolation of his party. Mid-1980s: the electoral support evaporates again in elections in 1986 Janmaat lost its seat hits. The attention to islam within the Dutch minority discourse takes only after the Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa in 1989 the British-Pakistani writer Salman Rushdie. The writer must be killed according to the spiritual leader, because his book The Satanic Verses would be offensive to islam. In the spring of that same year in various European cities Muslims United in the streets to support the fatwa against Rushdie. The demonstrations are widely reported in the Western media. The idea that Muslim immigrants are a threat to freedom and democracy in Western countries takes from that moment. A key reversal in the social and political discussion on islam in Netherlands takes place in 1992, as VVD-leader Frits Bolkestein in Luzernrede clearly states that have become known the Islamic faith and Western values are incompatible. Bolkestein bases his views, inter alia, the theory of Francis Fukuyama, who in his book The end of history and the last man (1992) States that the rise of Muslim fundamentalism is due to the failed assimilation of Western-inspired innovations.Fukuyama's ideas find broad resonance in the 1990s. International events such as the Gulf war of 1990-1991, the Algerian civil war, the war in Bosnia and the World Trade Center bombing in 1993, control in the early 1990s the (International) media worldwide and lead to the emergence of a more critical attitude towards islam. Despite the increasing criticism of Islamic migrants from the early 1990s, spend a great deal of attention to the media yet excessive islam. The media coverage seems to only occasionally to swell. This happens especially after specific incidents, such as the attack on the Mevlana mosque in Amersfoort in January 1992 <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" len="172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[18]  or the pronunciation of the equal treatment Commission, which ruled in 1995 that a ban on wearing headscarves in the workplace is discriminatory <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" len="172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[19]. The media coverage of islam seems from 1997 structural, as Pim Fortuyn are much-discussed book brings against the Islamization of our culture . The alleged incompatibility of the Islamic and Western values expressed herein is more attractive than in the days of the Muslim and more emphatically than Janmaat Bolkestein is typified as the other . Three key differences between the illuminated describes Fortuyn West and Islamic fundamentalism: the separation of Church and State, the treatment between men and women and dealing with children and young people. The Muslim is always placed in front of the Westerner, as the other: he is the one that separates church and State, which sees women as inferior to men and that children bring up and strict indoctrineert. There should be no debate in the political and social misunderstandings about our essential values, Fortuyn writes in his book. Until the late 1990s, is still primarily seen as criticism of Muslims in the Netherlands something right, (neo-) conservative, populist or nationalistic is. This then still dominant concept applies later as politically correct.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A new flow arises within the Dutch minority discourse, in which the taboo on speaking about minorities is not broken. This movement is by philosopher Baukje Prins (2004) called new realism. A breakthrough is in 2000, when the high-profile opinion article NRC Handelsblad The Multicultural Drama of publicist and prominent PvdA member Paul Scheffer publishes. Herein he states bluntly that the integration of immigrants failed, because the differences between islam and Western society are too great. S multicultural drama is a winged term. The article in NRC Handelsblad means a key reversal in thinking about the multicultural society: from now on, islam criticism also accepted in left-wing and more progressive circles.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The september 11, 2001 attacks to further inflame the islam debate worldwide. Also in the news reports on the Netherlands took islam exponentially. Islam is increasingly associated with violence and terrorism. Islam is in the media-more than before-approached from a conflict frame, a frame in which the incompatibility of Islamic and Western values are central. In Netherlands criticism is getting harder. Two critical exponents of Pim Fortuyn and Theo van Gogh. So calls Fortuyn islam a backward culture <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" len="172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[20]. Hard islam criticism also comes from columnist and legal scholar Afshin Ellian, who regularly used the word islamofascisme . According to the originating from Iran Ellian is political islam a totalitarian movement that should in no way be confused with the ordinary despotism or tyranny <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" len="172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[21]. In april 2004, the Scientific Council for Government policy a report on islam in Netherlands. The WRR report noted that the discussion on islam was almost exclusively based on negative aspects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" len="172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [22]  she spent a number of democratic developments in the Islamic world and formulated policy proposals forward to constructively affect exercise. Some Dutch politicians being firmly because it is not the objective would be. Some members of Parliament called on the Government to lift the WRR because this Institute its powers would be gone.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Likewise in 2004 Theo van Gogh makes with the then VVD politician Ayaan Hirsi Ali the film Submission, a story about the women repression in the Islamic world. In november of that year Van Gogh murdered by the radicalized Muslim Mohammed Bouyeri, who has contacts with the radical Hofstad group. The murder does a shock wave by Netherlands go and put the relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims further on sharp.After the murder of Van Gogh it has long been restless in Netherlands. The discussion on freedom of expression tightened and there is a brief, but violent revival of violent attacks. Islamic schools in Eindhoven and Udenbe fired shortly after the murder. In a report by the European Commission against racism and intolerance is a causal relationship between the bad position of Muslims in the Netherlands and news coverage. The Commission contends that Muslims in the Netherlands are subject to stereotyping, stigmatising and sometimes downright racist political language, biased media coverage and disproportionate attention to security and other policies.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the years after the murder of Van Gogh does politician Geert Wilders increasingly. He now has its own party for freedom (PVV) was established and manifests itself increasingly as rock hard islam critic. According to Wilders in the media and in politics there is no question of racism, but from fear of islam. In De Volkskrant says Wilders; We must never as dhimmi are silently watch as our freedom and civilization by the Islamization of our culture still further degrade. And that one yet, according to some film of about ten minutes to economic boycotts, riots and other miserable Affairs could lead, says everything about the essence of islam. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[23]  Also thepanicky reactions on the anti-Quran film Fitna in 2008 by politicians say according to Wilders all about the essence of islam''. Eventually, the release of the film in the Netherlands little'' trigger strong reactions. In the years after Wilders ' PVV would at the European, municipal and rural elections victory over victory books; an indication that his anti-Islam views by a significant proportion of the Dutch population are shared. ==Muslim fundamentalism in Netherlands<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In november 2004, for the first time Netherlands got to do with Islamic terrorism in their own country. On 2 november of that year shot the Dutch Moroccan Mohammed Bouyeri Director and columnist Theo van Goghdead and stuck a knife with a Koran -based on the threatening letter to Member of Parliament Ayaan Hirsi Ali in his belly. In the period around the attack did the AIVD research into possible terrorism in Netherlands, including the so-called Hofstad network.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 10 november 2004 a pair of terrorism suspects in a house in the Hague where they have entrenched themselves are held by the police. Thousands of people in the area need to vacate their homes for about 24 hours. Here are some shots and the suspects a grenade thrown off; There are some injured people. Those arrested were to the so called. Hofstad network counted; see below for the timeline of this group.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 1 december 2006, Samir Azzouz sentenced to 8 years imprisonment, after been arrested three times on preparation of a terrorist attack; at the first two arrests was found by the Court the evidence insufficient.

<p lang="en" len="683" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 1 January 2008 were held in Rotterdam three men, one from Sudan and two from Morocco, on suspicion of preparing an attack on nieuwjaarvierders on the Hofplein in Rotterdam. ==Other themes<span class="mw-editsection" len="339" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Dutch Muslims are less often than other organs believers. Only 27 percent of that population group is willing to donate organs in front of 61 percent of non-religious and 55% of the Dutch Reformed Church.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" len="172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [24]  In 2006, the Contact body Muslims and Government organized a symposium, ' Islam and organ donation in Netherlands ', in which with religious leaders and prominent Muslim scholars there a declaration was made had to be dealt with how organ donation. The core of this statement is that there is, if a number of requirements are met, from islam no barriers exist for organ donation<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" len="172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[25] .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Relatively few Muslim women working in the care sector.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" len="172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [26]  <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" len="172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[27]  during the study choice plays fear of prejudices of family and future husband a large role. Status, intimate acts in patients, night shifts and feel not to be understood by indigenous colleagues are also listed as possible reasons.