Hockey

Hockey is a team sport. The most important attribute of the hockey player's stick, which is used to manipulate the ball. There are different forms of hockey. The oldest and best-known form is called simply ' hockey ' in the Dutch. Outdoor Hockey is played on a field. American hockey is field hockey.

In countries where especially ice hockey plays and not so familiar with hockey as we know it, is with "hockey" often referred to ice hockey. Hockey as we know it is in these countries identified by a translation of "grass hockey" or "field hockey", such as "field hockey" or "hockey sur gazon".



Content
[hide] *1 the game 
 * 1.1 the stick
 * 1.2 the ball
 * 1.3 players and keeper
 * 1.4 the field
 * 1.5 the contest
 * 1.6 The penalty corner and the penalty shot
 * 1.7 Arbitration
 * 2 History
 * 3 Hockey in Netherlands
 * 3.1 Juniors
 * 3.2 Seniors
 * 3.3 Hockey clubs
 * 3.4 Stadiums
 * 3.5 The Dutch national football team
 * 3.6 Dutch field hockey coaches
 * 4 Hockey in Belgium
 * 4.1 Hockey clubs
 * 5 Hockey international
 * 5.1 International top tournaments for countries
 * 5.1.1 Global tournaments
 * 5.1.2 Continental Championships
 * 5.1.3 International invitation tournaments
 * 5.2 International top tournaments for clubs
 * 5.3 international club awards for Dutch clubs
 * 5.3.1 Men
 * 5.3.2 Women
 * 6 external links

The stick
The stick is used to get the ball to handle. The stick has a convex side and a flat side and is made of wood and/or plastic (glass fiber, poly fiber, aramid or carbon). The stick should by a ring with an inside diameter of 5.10 cm can be achieved. The curvature in the stick, appealing to the so-called drag is also bound to restrictions. Since 1 september 2006, the maximum allowable bend 25 mm. The curvature is the variation that the stick in length direction may have. About the shape of the hook or the curl is not much laid down in the regulations. The hook is changed over time by a L-shaped (rounded), to a quarter circle, then to a half circle and the year 2010 approaches the U-shape. The next up leg of the you may, measured from the ground surface not more than 10 cm.

Because the stick right in accordance with the regulations and the rounded side always has the flat side to the left, it will only right handed use. Left-handed sticks are not allowed.

The ball
A hockey ball weighs between 156 grams and 163 grams and has a circumference between the 22.4 cm and 23.5 cm. the outside of the ball is mostly smooth, but a seam or small wells are allowed (dimple ball). These balls are commonly used in hockey on a water field because these balls rolling faster and less bounce.

Players and keeper
The game is played by two teams of 16 players each including five reserve players, 10 field players and one goalkeeper or keeper.

The 10 field players must wear Shin pads and a stick in their hands. A mouth guard is highly recommended, but not required.

A keeper in full uniform.There are 2 types of goal defenders:

The (flying) keeper, the ball inside the circle playing with every part of his body or with his stick. Outside of the circle should that alone with his stick.
 * The standard keeper with full equipment (such as kickers (feet), legguards (Shins), a keepers pants, a toque a body protector, gloves, elbow protectors, a different shirt and a helmet). This protection is, with the exception of the helmet, not mandatory. This keeper may not have the 23-meter line except for taking a penalty shot.When taking a penalty shot, the keeper the helmet is off.
 * The flying keeper wears a shirt in different color, has a helmet on during penalty corner and penalty shot and should carry no protection except the mandatory Shin guards and possibly a mouth guard. He may be outside the 23-meter area, but then without helmet; the 23-meter area within the helmet may be worn at will. The flying further reserves all rights of a standard keeper keeper, only without protection.

The field
Schematic top view of a hockey field.The field is generally made of artificial grass, but in all classes it is possible that a match should be played on a grass field. There are two types of artificial turf fields: water fields and zandingestrooide fields. The so-called semi-water fields are an intermediate form of.

There is a difference between the field and the playing field.

The playing field is rectangular, 91.4 meters long and 55 meters wide. The borders are separated by lines that 7.5 cm wide. The long lines are called side lines and short lines rear lines. The piece is called goal line between the goal posts. On the playing field are a center line and two 23-meter lines made. For the center of each goal, on 6.4 metres away, is a dot with a diameter of 15 inches. Here is the penalty shot taken. The goals are 3,66 m wide and 2.14 m high. They are equipped with a net. The back and sides are equipped with a closed shot of 0.46 m high. To the goal is a half circle, consisting of two quarter circles with a radius of 14,63 meters and a straight section (for the goal) of 3.66 meters. The player may only score if he is within that semicircle; a mnemonic is the ABCD rule: it is only a goal if the anvaller the a b calready in the irkel has touched and the ball are transferred the oellijn dis gone.
 * 1) Playing field: that portion of the field, which is located within the side lines and the rear lines, including the lines itself.
 * 2) Field: everything within the field fence (the fence), including the dug-outs and (obviously) the playing field.

The contest
A hockey game lasts, except on the big international tournaments from september 2014, two time 35 minutes. Depending on the level is a rest period of five or ten minutes.Take on the big international tournaments from september 2014 matches four times 15 minutes. The first and third break than two minutes, the second break remains ten minutes. After a goal and the awarding of a penalty corner follows time out of 40 seconds. [3]  <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" len="158" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[4]  There is started a beginning battle from the center line at the beginning of the match, after the break and after a goal. A competition is led by two referees. Each referee is primarily responsible for one half of the playing field, but they may know in flutes for violations made in the entire field except for offences that are made in the circle that is the responsibility of the other fellow. The referees whistling as a team and help each other as much as possible by showing who should be given the free ball. As of the season 2009/10 players may also in itself a free ball games; the ball does not per se to a fellow player. Not since 1996 has the hockey offside more. Referees can be taken in the event of infringement, yellow Greenor Red cards give.

The penalty corner and the penalty shot
<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The penalty corner is awarded after a foul by a defender in the circle or after a case of gross or intentional violation by a defender behind the 23-meter line, but outside the circle. Within the circle leads such a violation to a penalty shot. Also as a defender by a violation prevents a goal follows a penalty shot. At a penalty shot, also called criminal known as the attacker would push push the ball from the penalty shot dot, while the keeper with his feet on the line should stand. Penalty strokes are also taken at some tournaments as a match ended in a draw: first is a series of five penalty strokes. There Is still no winner after five penalty strokes taken, then take each one the teams ever penalty shot until one team scores and the other does not. Taking penalty strokes has since been dropped and replaced by the shoot out.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A player tries in a game with only the keeper of the opposing party, in max. 8 seconds to make a goal. The player starts from the 23-meter from the line. This was during the 2012 Olympic Games for the first time in the semifinal of the Dutch women's team. This reached the final.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The defending party takes place at the penalty corner behind the end line and the attacking outside the circle. The defending party can have up to five players: a goalkeeper, a first and a second offshoot, a line stopper and a free Defender. The line stopper may be a mask on (a face-off) but not necessarily. The attacking party consists of a principal, a stopper and someone who strikes or pushes, and other players who have a variety of roles at so-called corner variants. Only when the principal plays the ball the defenders and the attackers may enter the circle. The ball must be outside the circle are stopped and a struck ball only counts if it ends up on the shelf of the target.

Arbitration
<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Because hockey is practiced at different levels, one makes also distinction in referees. For the youngest youth are these referees in fact game leaders, meant to the children on a pleasant and, above all, safe way to get acquainted with the hockey game. This game leaders explain the game to the children still regularly to provide guidance. To have a lead player needs no scheidsrechtersdiploma. The next level is club referee.For this is necessary to achieve a scheidsrechterskaart, this is an exam that is controlled by the club itself. Players are required to achieve such a scheidsrechterskaart for their 16th. Ignoring this rule simply means that the player is not allowed to take part in regular season games until he has passed the exam successfully. Club referees are designated by their association League matches to lead.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Referees who then want to come higher up, follow through the hockey Federation a Federal arbitratortraining. During this training makes the referee using a supervisor a portfolio in which he indicates what he has learned during the training. Are there enough refereed games which the qualification applies enough then an exam and a possible appointment as Federal referee. On the basis of a number of reviews during a season also can promote and demote Federal arbitrators. Within the districts is the maximum to whistle level ladies ' overgangsklasse ' and gentlemen first class. A sequel is whistling in the rural group where the matches of the ladies head men's head and transition classes and the class of referees be provided. One individual qualifies then even before the international arbitration.

History
Marble relief from 500 BC.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Hockey is a sport that exists for thousands of years. Very special is, in this context, the existence of a marble relief from ca. 510-500 BC, clearly showing two hockey players to identify. The relief was found at the Kerameikos, the cemetery in the Centre of old Athens. She is now in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The original game variants had actually only the use of a kind of stick like agreement; Furthermore, only to see differences (the use of horses, playing through the air instead of on the ground, the absence of goals, and so on). Only after the middle ages was the impetus for the development of hockey in the current design.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On the different British Islands was from the 17th century one of Celtic origin sport adept under different names. The Irish called it Hurling Kappan, the English and theScots Shinty. The variant that it originated in Ireland, where two teams with a short, flat stick the ball through the air in each other's goal trying to play, is still the national sport in that country.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In England the sport shifted to hard, flat playing fields like the Beach or ice. Because the ball especially hard on a playing field was played on the ground, the stick was longer and at the bottom krommer. The English changed the name in Bandy-on-ice and later in Hockey-on-ice (probably submitted by hook, or crooked). Initially, the only sport played on ice in the warmer months, but later it was also trained on grass. Soon developed from these training activities the current field hockey.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Hockey in Netherlands to 1926 was played according to the Dutch rules that were applied nowhere else. These rules weeks on many points from the currently internationally recognised rules. So for example, the stick had two flat sides and should the ball be played with both sides. The ball was made of canvas and rope and govlochten had a characteristic orange color. This was in the parlance called also called the Orange and was larger than normal. Stop the ball with the foot and the opponent with the stick hooks was not penalized. Offside meant that the attacker could not get the ball closer to the goal line as the pitch he stood then at least three opponents. When Netherlands a hockey team at the 1928 summer Olympics which were held in Amsterdam wanted to delegate these rules were problematic. Starting from 1924 played for several clubs with international rules and there were separate competitions for international and for Dutch rules. As of the season 1926/27 and the NHBB NDHB schaften the Hollandsche game rules.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Over the years, the hockey sport has developed into its present form as we know it today. So was the usual offside to 1996 and made one in the 1970s introduced to artificial turf as a base. Also in the 1970s include the roll in on the sidelines are replaced by the inpush. Starting from may 2008, a freestyle and ball on the sidelines itself be taken on foot . The stick was traditionally made of wood and had over the years different bends and in the 90 's he made acquaintance with the first carbon sticks. Also, the penalty corner different rule changes, such as when creasing and high stocking up. There is still being experimented with rule changes by the FIH, which belongs to the most progressive hockey sports when it comes to the game rules.

Hockey in Netherlands
<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1891 the Pim Mulier introduced hockey in Netherlands. Shortly thereafter were in Amsterdam, Haarlem and the Hague the first hockey clubs was established. Between 1998 and 2008 the number of hockey players that is active in several Dutch leagues of 130,000 to 200,000. They are a member of the Royal Dutch Hockey Federation (KNHB), which in turn is affiliated to the International Hockey Federation (FIH). In Netherlands are different competition forms; the best known form is the national regular field competition. So there are competitions for juniors, Seniors (18 +) and for Veterans (35 +).

Juniors
D-youth in a hockey game<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At the youth there are categories, which are divided into 6 groups on age: A (16-18 years), B (14-16 years), C (12-14 years), D (10-12 years), E (8-10 years) and F (up to 8 years). From the youth teams play is there gehockeyd with the same rules as with the seniors. In the youngest youth is with less players and played on a small field. How to play the D/E-youth on a half field with 8 by 8 (D2e year-11 against 11 on an entire field), or on a quarter field with 6 vs. 6. Youth is In the F-3 against 3 played on a short field, so that the children playfully learn to play hockey. In addition, the races of the young Juniors last shorter than that of the adults and older youth. The higher you get in the age category, the longer the game takes, up to a maximum of 70 minutes.

Seniors
<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The highest Division of seniors is known as the Big League: Describes fought every year to the field hockey League Championship. It exists in both men and women, out of twelve teams. The second highest Division is called the transitional class in which 24 teams in two groups of 12 teams League play. Below follow the first-to the Fourth Division. The Royal Dutch Hockey Federation also organises also a time and a winter League (for the "winter break" period from december to February). In the summer, in addition still summer evening leagues and numerous tournaments organized for different levels. Also in different parts of the country business hockey played in a season. This competition runs from september through may, with a winter break in december and January and March.

Hockey clubs
<p lang="en" len="58" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">For an Overview of Dutch field hockey clubs see:


 * List of Dutch field hockey clubs

Stadiums
<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In Netherlands are currently two hockey stadiums. The oldest hockey stadium can be found in the Amsterdamse Bos and dates from 1939. This stadium is traditionally seen as the Netherlands national hockey stadium. In addition, there is a second hockey stadium in Rotterdam opened in 2001. Both stadiums are regularly In national and international competitions and tournaments played.

The Dutch national football team
Dutch women's team, Alcalá la Real, Jaén, Spain. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Both the Dutch men- as women's team does all for years at the highest level. Both teams won prizes over the years, such as the Olympic title (in 1996 and 2000men, women in 1984, 2008 and 2012) and the men's world title (in 1973, 1990 and 1998, women in 1971, 1974, 1978, 1983, 1986, 1990 and 2006).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">For an overview of Dutch internationals see list of Dutch hockeyinternationals. There are also the so-called Batavians at, a club established for former internationals and for hockey players that much and have delivered important performance at the highest level.

Dutch field hockey coaches
<p lang="en" len="6270" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Jules Ancion - Jan Abbas - Joost bellaart - Rob Bianchi - Charly Dai - Piet Bromberg - Anton Bandara - Bert Bunnik - Ab van Grimbergen - Maurits Hendriks - Gijs van Heumen - Wim van Heumen - Michel van den Heuvel - Hans Jorritsma - Jo Jurissen - Rupee Kruize - Riet Küper - Marc Lammers - Rafik O. - Jaap Quarles van Ufford -Show Saeedi - Cees Tania - Huib Timmermans - Rein de Waal - Bert Wentink - Joris Koning - Floris Dark - Paul of Ass - Max Caldas

Hockey clubs
<p lang="en" len="74" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">An overview of all the links to all the Belgian hockey clubs can be found here:


 * http://www.hockey.be (KBHB)

International top tournaments for countries
<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The countries are the largest hockey tournament for Olympic Games and World Championships. Both are held every 4 years. In addition, there is the Champions Trophy annually for the teams in the top eight and to the year the Hockey World League that serves as a qualifier for the Olympic Games and the World Championship.

Global tournaments

 * Olympic Summer Games
 * World Championship
 * Champions Trophy
 * Hockey World League
 * Champions Challenge
 * Intercontinental Cup
 * Commonwealth Games

Continental Championships

 * European Championship
 * Pan-American Championship
 * Asia Cup
 * Oceania Cup
 * All-Africa Games

International invitation tournaments

 * Sultan Azlan Shah Cup
 * Hamburg Masters

International top tournaments for clubs

 * Euro Hockey League (male)
 * European Cup hockey (women)

Men

 * HC Small Switzerland won the European Cup in 1979 and 1981
 * Kampong won the European Cup in 1986 and the 1991 European Cup 2 in
 * HC Bloemendaal won the European Cup in 2001 and the 1987 European Cup and 2 in 2006
 * HGC won the European Cup in 1997 and the European Cup in 1992 and 1993 2
 * Hockeyclub 's-Hertogenbosch won the European Cup in 1999 and the European Cup 2 in 1998 and 2001
 * Amsterdam won the European Cup in 2005 and the European Cup in 1999 and 2003 2
 * Orange Black won the European Cup in 2002 and 2004 2

Women

 * Amsterdam won the European Cup in 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1992, and the European Cup 2 in 1998, 1999, 2001, 2005 and 2006
 * HGC won the European Cup in 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1991 and 1994, and in 1993 the European Cup 2
 * Kampong won the European Cup in 1995 and 1996, and in 1997 the European Cup 2
 * Hockeyclub 's-Hertogenbosch won the European Cup in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008
 * HC Rotterdam won the European Cup 2 in 2002 and 2003
 * 2 Laren won the European Cup in 2004 and the European Cup in 2012