United Nations

The United Nations (abbreviation: UN) is an international organization founded in 1945 by 51 countries. It is an intergovernmental organization which works in the field of international law, global security , preservation of human rights , development of the world economy and the search for social and cultural developments.

The organization has since July 14 2011 193 Member States. [1] Almost every internationally recognized , independent country is a member of the organization. [2] From its headquarters in New York and the part headquarters in Geneva , Vienna and Nairobi decide the Member States and the specialized organizations of the United Nations during regular meetings on key global issues and global events. Since the late 90s, the organization also focus more on internal developments and how the United Nations can grow along with the demand for a new method of global cooperation. [3]

There are six administrative bodies that govern the activities of the organization: the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council , the International Court of Justice , the Secretariat , the (now inactive) [4] Trusteeship Council and the most compelling and most famous organ of the United Nations, the Security Council . In addition there are several specialized agencies that are part of the internal system of the United Nations, including UNESCO, the World Bank and the World Health Organization (WHO). Also, the United Nations specialized programs, such as UNICEF and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

Content
[ hide ]
 * 1 History
 * 1.1 Name
 * 1.2 Preparations establishing
 * 1.3 Establishment
 * 1.4 Insightful changes
 * 2 Reforms
 * 2.1 Reform Plan 1997
 * 2.2 Millennium Development Goals
 * 2.3 The need for reform is visible
 * 2.4 Actions after the World Summit
 * 2.5 Reforms in the Secretariat
 * 3 Organizational Information
 * 3.1 Activities
 * 3.2 Membership
 * 3.3 Official Languages
 * 3.4 Resolutions
 * 3.5 Facilities
 * 3.5.1 Vlaggenparade
 * 4 Financing
 * 4.1 Budgetary ceilings
 * 4.2 Contributions to Member States
 * 4.3 Mighty positions
 * 5 Structure
 * 5.1 General Assembly
 * 5.2 Security
 * 5.3 Presidents of the organs
 * 6 Member States
 * 7 Specialized organizations
 * 7.1 International Atomic Energy Agency
 * 7.2 International Civil Aviation Organization
 * 7.3 International Fund for Agricultural Development
 * 7.4 International Labour Organisation
 * 7.5 International Maritime Organization
 * 7.6 International Telecommunication Union
 * 7.7 Food and Agriculture Organization
 * 7.8 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
 * 7.9 United Nations Industrial Development Organization
 * 7.10 Universal Postal Union
 * 7:11 World
 * 7:12 World Health
 * 7:13 World Intellectual Property
 * 7:14 World Meteorological Organization
 * 8 Specialized Programs
 * 8.1 Theme Years
 * 9 Award
 * 10 Criticism
 * 11 See also
 * 12 Nuts
 * 13 External links
 * 13.1 Online Resolutions
 * 13.2 Other

Name [ edit ]
The name United Nations was first mentioned in a speech by Winston Churchill . This he took Lord Byron, who in his Childe Harold's Pilgrimage also used the word united nations. While Lord Byron was referring to the Allies during the Battle of Waterloo ( 1815 ) against Napoleon , Churchill used the term to the Allies in the Second World War to describe participate. The name was adopted by the American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and first used in the Declaration by United Nations signed on January 1st 1942 at the Arcadia Conference .

During different stages of World War II, the Allies used the name to define join their alliance.

Preparation establishing [ edit ]
The idea for a permanent alliance in the form of an international organization came from the Moscow Declaration signed at the conferences held by the Allies in Moscow (the Third Conference of Moscow) andTehran in 1943 .

From August to October 1944 were representatives of France, the Kuomintang of China (now Taiwan ), the United States , the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union together to work out plans for the organization, at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington DC . During this and subsequent discussions rough sketches were made of the future organization. Some important points of discussion were: what is the purpose of the international organization would be, what countries are members of the organization would be and from which organs would be the UN. It was also already created a global view on the preservation of peace(peacekeeping) and cooperation in the field of economics, world security and social developments. In daily life was when citizens and non-participating governments much discussion about these rough sketches.

Creation [ edit ]
On April 25 1945 began the "United Nations Conference on International Organizations" (United Nations Conference on International Organization on International Organizations) in San Francisco . In addition to the independent nations were also some non-governmental organizations, including the Lions Clubs International , was invited to assist in the preparation of the organization. The fifty nations attended the conference signed two months later, on June 26, the United Nations Charter (the organization of the Constitution).

Poland, which was not represented at the conference, but did have a spare place, added his signature later to the Charter, which allows the number of "original" signatories opens on 51 states. The United Nations entered into force on October 24th 1945, after the ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council - the Republic of China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom and theUnited States - and by a majority of the 46 founders.

Alger Hiss was temporary Secretary-General of the United Nations during its creation. He had to make sure that every nation in the conference had an equally heavy constituent voice in the discussions, so that the consultation would be fair. He also had the task to take care of the first group of employees of the UN, a total of 494 people. Hiss, however, was not an "official" Secretary-General, as he led the organization while it was under construction. When the United Nations entered into force late in 1945, were abandoned its functions and became Norwegian Trygve Lie by the General Assembly elected as the first official Secretary-General.

The predecessor of the United Nations, the League of Nations, was on 18 April 1946 lifted after the establishment of the new organization. The mission of the League of Nations was largely continued by the UN and has evolved over the years in this new body.

In the beginning was called the international organization officially United Nations Organization (UNO), but this was soon shortened in daily use to United Nations (UN). Shortly afterwards shortened the organization its own name.

Insightful changes [ edit ]
In the 70s and 80s there was a high ideological and idealistic debate within the United Nations. There were many large planned agendas, despite only small changes brought forth within the organization.

At the beginning of the 90s the desire expressed to outside New York rather let you find the conferences. This wish was mainly achieved through thematic conferences (including Women's rights in Beijing , Social Development in Copenhagen and Sustainable Development in Johannesburg ) to set up. This thematic conferences were also held to Member States to actively work with the Member States and also on a more personal level, beyond the immediate politics, to work together. Another wish was granted by the conference was to bring the organization closer to its citizens. The local population was the atmosphere of the organization closer to home trials by the thematic conferences and the subjects were much more personal in nature. Besides heavy political issues as decolonization and war was now also room for such topics aswomen's emancipation and discrimination .

In 2003 are the IMF and the World Bank (part of the UN) for the first time on an equal footing with each entered into cooperation and consultation. This is to create a better and more sustainable economic development and to mitigate the sometimes strained relationship previously somewhat. In general, there are debates become more constructive and has grown more willing to actually jointly implement decisions.This could lead to more solutions in the future.

Reforms [ edit ]
Since the 90s, there has been increasing international criticism of the structure and working methods of the United Nations. However, there is no unanimous call for a certain type of (organizational) reform and every year the discussion difficult and extensive. Some want the United Nations to get the status of a global public authority, but standing in front of the groups who believe that the UN is too much. They call for a simplification of the function of the United Nations, an international organization with one goal: to promote and monitor human rights . However, the first group that calls this expansion is impossible without falling comprehensive system including the United Nations. As illustrated, there is no clear compromise to be reached within the discussion.

Although former Secretary-General Kofi Annan since he took office ( 1997 ) asked the United Nations reform, the debate has only recently again come under great attention of Member States. After the scandal surrounding the Oil-for-Food program in Iraq [5] and several corruption cases that came out at the end of 2004, Member States began publicly to call a "new organization".

Reform Plan 1997 [ edit ]
When Kofi Annan in 1997 was elected as Secretary General of the United Nations, he saw the need for a renewed organization immediately. Immediately after his appointment he also presented to Member States in the General Assembly "Programme for Reform". [6]

This report was discussed include the reform of the Security Council . The permanent positions within the UN Security Council are committed to the political image of 1945, immediately after the establishment of the organization. Although many of these relationships has not changed in all those years, Annan found that today more than five world powers that should be given a permanent position in the Council. The report also talked about tackling bureaucracy within the organization and to make transparent all decisions. Some other points of the report were the democratization of the organization, the efficiency of the governance process and the establishment of international rates for global arms manufacturers.

Unlike the ambition Annan this report make it central focus of the corridor of the United Nations affairs, report it snowed under and never gave rise to effective action.

Millennium Development Goals [ edit ]
From 6 to 8 September 2000, was held a special meeting in the General Assembly to discuss new goals for the organization as part of target reforms. On September 8th 2000, the Millennium Declaration [7] adopted by the General Assembly. This led to renewed political investment in the central system of the UN. The Millennium Declaration contained concrete objectives, formulated as tasks for the United Nations. There are in the declaration six basic principles that are essential for international cooperation: freedom , equality , solidarity , tolerance, respect for nature and shared responsibility.

The statement, in 2002 for a large mobilization among Member States and is the first step for any reform of the mission for the organization. The Millennium Declaration also leads to the definition of the Millennium Development Goals, which also by the World Bank are taken as key elements of its policy and analysis tool. [7] The eight key points are:
 * 1) eradicating poverty and famine
 * 2) achieve universal primary education
 * 3) equality between men and women
 * 4) counteracting infant mortality
 * 5) prevention of maternal mortality
 * 6) eradication of HIV / AIDS , malaria and other major diseases
 * 7) ensuring a sustainable environment
 * 8) Develop a global partnership for development

The need for reform is visible [ edit ]
2005 is characterized by the criticism of the organization from the Member States and in the media, fueled by come out corruption scandals and internal problems within the organization. This includes protracted investigation into the oil-for-food scandal . Kofi Annan wants to implement far-reaching reforms to the organization work better, but critics expect much opposition from Member States. [8]

As the 2005 World Summit (one of the larger world conferences, where also the sixtieth anniversary is celebrated) in September 2005 opened, pressure there are discussions about the reforms put forward by theSecretariat of the United Nations to make the organization more flexible work. Only a few reforms supported by the Member States during the debate and the media speak of a "tepid debate, which has led to no result or improvement." [9] Many Member States also complain about the late reporting of Annan about the reforms he wants penetrations.

In addition to the debate on the reforms, there is also an initial assessment prepared by the Member States of the commitments made ​​in the Millennium Declaration (known +5 conferences). There is a critical look at what the organization has achieved and what still needs to happen in 2015 to achieve the objectives.

Actions after the World Summit [ edit ]
Despite the dissatisfaction of several Member States and the global media, the World Summit was the first step in the real reform of the UN. World leaders were unable to agree on a complete reform plan and various items on the agenda were overshadowed by other issues. However, they have been reached agreement on reform of various parts and several focal points from the report of Annan (though vague) confirmed.

World leaders, agreed on the following reforms and actions:
 * creation of a "Committee for the Construction of Peace" to provide a central system to help countries that have just come out of a war conflict
 * agreement that the international community has the right to become actively involved in countries where the national government fails to take responsibility for protecting their own people against various crimes
 * creation of the Human Rights Council of the United Nations (created on May 9 2006 and entered into force on June 19 of that year) [10]
 * agreement to invest more resources in the internal control office of the organization
 * obligation to spend additional billions to achieve the Millennium Development Goals
 * clear and indisputable condemnation of "terrorism in all its forms and manifestations"
 * creation of a fund for democracy
 * conformity to the Trusteeship Council to eliminate, by the completion of the mission of the Council. [11]

Reforms within the Secretariat [ edit ]
One of the items on the agenda of the reforms still no agreement on, the bureaucracy . While Kofi Annan is no general legal reforms could reach, he has within his own part organization (the United Nations Secretariat ) have been working on reducing bureaucracy and increasing transparency of governance.

He has an ethical agency established to provide a more efficient use of all the new financial incentives within the UN and the control (and stop) of whistleblowing behavior within the organization. By the end of 2005, the Secretariat had also all the mandates of the General Assembly checked the last five years. This is to check which mandates conflict with earlier mandates, which are created in a double existence (resolving duplicates) and which mandates have become obsolete over time (or which were already equal redundant). The Secretariat hopes to clarify within the mandate of the United Nations system and for the future has already indicated that it wants to check earlier mandates also for more transparency.

Organizational information [ edit ]
The United Nations appear in many areas on a normal country like Netherlands and Belgium . It has a sort of parliament (the Assembly ) has official languages ​​, brings a sort of "law" in (usually in the form of non-binding resolutions ), has its own "constitution" (the Charter ) and underlying "ministries "(as specialized agencies ). Of course, the United Nations differ in many details of a sovereign state, but the basis of the organization seems to agree.

Activities [ edit ]
The United Nations plays a major role in global social activities. The organization encourages international human rights actively to. So was the Human Rights Universal Declaration on 10 December 1948 signed by the Member States. [12] On the basis of the experiences of the Second World War makes this convention for a clarification of the rights of the citizens of the Member States. The United Nations have in the past much concerned with decolonization and supporting the new countries that it generates. The organization cares for further economic development , global health, the state of nature and the environment , the health ofanimals , education , refugee and world trade.

The organization gives itself as its five core to [13] :
 * 1) Peace and security
 * 2) Peace Operations
 * 3) Peace negotiations
 * 4) Disarmament
 * 5) Support for democratic elections
 * 6) Decolonization
 * 7) Economic and social development
 * 8) Drugs
 * 9) Criminality
 * 10) Economic development
 * 11) Development of developing countries
 * 12) Partly rights
 * 13) Human Rights
 * 14) Universal Declaration of Human Rights
 * 15) Yugoslavia - and Rwanda -tribunaal
 * 16) CEDAW
 * 17) CRC
 * 18) Convention for people with disabilities
 * 19) Humanitarian Affairs
 * 20) Refugees
 * 21) Landmines
 * 22) Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
 * 23) Disaster prevention
 * 24) International law
 * 25) Defeated
 * 26) International conflicts
 * 27) International Court of Justice
 * 28) Sea - and ocean conventions

Membership [ edit ]
In the years after its creation, the number of States grew rapidly, the underlying reasons they had to (to ensure peace and productive collaboration within the world) does not match that of the original founders in some cases came to go to the UN. Similarly in the case of the PRC . While she initially did not cover the organization, it became increasingly apparent after many years of the People's Republic that a member organization of its greater political span of control entailed.

On 25 October 1971, took the United Nations General Assembly resolution 25/2758 [14], with which the Republic of China (now Taiwan ) [15] was replaced by the PRC . The People's Republic has since become regarded as the "sole legitimate representative of China in the United Nations." Allows the Republic of China was replaced by the People's Republic as one of the five permanent members of the Security Council. [16]Taiwan has yet referred several times tried to join again the United Nations. There has never been enough support for these applications within the United Nations, because it would lead to international recognition of Taiwan as an independent state. It is anticipated that the People's Republic will reject a membership application from Taiwan by using its veto in the Security Council.

Official Languages ​​[ edit ]
The United Nations have six official languages ​​: the Arabic , [17] the Chinese , [18] the English, the French , the Russian and Spanish . All formal meetings, meetings, discussions and all official documents are printed in these six languages ​​and processed on the Internet. Also, all web sites in the official languages ​​should be available to the public. Article 111 states of the United Nations Charter that the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish text of the Charter are equally authentic: since visiting all documents in these five languages, and since 1973 also in Arabic.

Resolutions [ edit ]
The resolutions of the United Nations are numbered from the year 1946, since 1976 . The combination for the resolution number, because it starts counting at 1, so always a difference of (x + 1) - x = 1946 - 1945, where x is the year in which the resolution has been passed. To indicate which element of the resolution is placed a letter for the resolution number, where A stands for the General Assembly and the Security CouncilS. Prior to 1976, all resolutions were numbered at what number they were of the total (which resolutions you have high numbers as in 2564 and 3124). [19]

Thus, the resolutions of the United Nations: The standard format of the pre-1976 resolutions n (I) wherein (I) is the session ID in Roman numerals ( 2005 : 60th session). The post-1976 resolutions are formatted as? / ## / N, where? stands for the relevant body.
 * 1946 : ... numbered 1/1 to 1 / n
 * 1976 (31th year after 1946) numbered from 31/1 to 31 / n
 * 2003 (57th year after 1946) numbered from 57/1 to 57 / n
 * 2005 (59th year after 1946) numbered from 59/1 to 59 / n

Facilities [ edit ]
Headquarters in New York on "760 United Nations Plaza"

Headquarters in Geneva In December 1945 the United Nations was invited by the United States of America in New York City to build let an international headquarters. The United Nations accepted this invitation and in 1949 was started on the construction of the new headquarters. The headquarters was built on a piece of undeveloped land on the East River . This land was purchased with a donation of $ 8.5 million, donated by John D. Rockefeller, Jr . [20] The construction in late 1950 and completed the complex was officially opened on January 9th 1951 .

The head office is located in a special, inviolable international zone belonging to all Member States. The United Nations has within it both its own security and fire unit as its own postal administration. Many visitors also send postcards from the center to house, because that is the only place where the UN Special stamps valid are. The mailing address of the United Nations is facing a US address, given that the zone no sovereignty has and therefore still within the United States. The mailing address of the United Nations 760 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA.

The complex consists of four main buildings: the building of the General Assembly, the Conference Centre, an office tower of the Secretariat (39 stories high), and the Dag Hammarskjöld Library, which in 1961 was added to the complex. The entire complex was designed by an international team of eleven architects, led by American Wallace K. Harrison .

Several diplomats and bodies within and outside the United Nations since the 90s and strengthened since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 views and reports brought out on the renewal of the organization's headquarters in New York. The safety systems and measures actively at the complex date back to the 60s and since then only minimally adapted to the present time. This complex has become an easy target for attacks. However, there is still no consensus was reached on how everything should stabbing each other, which should be the new headquarters, how much it should cost and who will pay for those costs. [21]

Besides the primary headquarters in New York, the UN also maintains large offices in Geneva , The Hague ( ICJ ), Vienna (mainly administrative offices) and Nairobi . The specialized organizations such as the World Health Organization, are mainly located in this region headquarters. The United Nations does not maintain embassies in sovereign states, contrary to some rumors. This is due to the fact that the UN has no own sovereign body (such as independent countries that are though).

Vlaggenparade [ edit ]
Over the years, the number of Member States has grown to 193 sovereign states and as many flags are lined up for the New York headquarters on First Avenue. The flagpoles are placed in a circle, wherein the space between the successive flag poles in each case is the same, in relation to "equality" within the organization.They are arranged in alphabetical order in English, making Afghanistan first and Zimbabwe last compiled state.

Financing [ edit ]
The budgets of the United Nations are financed in two ways: through designated and voluntary contributions from Member States (citizens may also make voluntary contributions to the organization, although these are obviously of less importance by the size of the contributions). The regular two-year budget of the organization and its specialized agencies funded by earmarked contributions. The General Assembly approves the budget and determines equivalent to the size of the contribution of each Member State. This is largely based on the relative capacity of each Member State to pay. This capacity will include built from the level of the national income of a Member State.

Specialized programs and organizations that are not in the general budget of the United Nations (such as UNICEF ) are funded entirely by voluntary contributions from Member States. This mainly relates to financial contributions, but some programs also receive donations in kind (such as wheat to the World Food Programme ).

Budgetary ceilings [ edit ]
To ensure that the budget is not dependent on a single Member State or a small group, the General Meeting sets a ceiling that applies to all Member States. This principle ensures that there is no "elite group" may occur within the organization, for their contributions to get a status within the UN (eg, compared to the Eurovision Song Contest, which this indeed applies).

The latest adaptation of the ceiling dates from December 2000 . The General Assembly then applied the ceiling to give a better view of current global conditions. In this revision, the ceiling of the original value of 25% (established in 1974 ) will be reduced to a maximum of 22%. The United States are currently the only Member State that is near the ceiling (excluding miscellaneous claims). Contributions from other countries to set up to compensate for the ceiling of the United States. There would be no ceiling of 22%, then the United States would have to contribute a total of 27%. [23]

Contributions to Member States [ edit ]
Assuming this new ceiling than are other major contributors to the 2001 -Budget UN: Japan (19.63%), Germany (9.82%), France (6.5%), the United Kingdom ( 5.57%), Italy (5.09%),Canada (2.57%), Spain (2.53%) and Brazil (2.39%). [24] By this is the large number of European countries to brands and the absence of Asian (excluding Japan ), African and Oceanicnations.

For the budget of 2005 some changes in the top of the contributors noted. [22] The United States are still on the ceiling of 22%. After the United States come to Japan (19.47% ↑),Germany (8.66% ↓), the UK (6.13% ↑), France (6.03% ↓), Italy (4.89% ↓ ), Canada (2.81% ↑), Spain (2.52% ↓), the People's Republic of China (2.05% ↑) and Mexico (1.88% ↑). The United Kingdom now pay more into the budget than France (changed places) and Mexico's top ten arrived at the scene of Brazil . It is no surprise that China now pays more to the budget, given the major economic progress of the last few years.

Powerful positions [ edit ]
Member States of the European Unionare generally as prosperous denote compared to global standards

Despite setting a ceiling for Member States still remains possible that one country in the United Nations for budgetary reasons, decisions can push through it. If the United States would withdraw from the organization, that would be a fiscal gap of almost a quarter of the total leave. Even more important is the role of the EU in this regard.Although the EU is not a member of the United Nations (given that the EU Member States are sovereign and not the EU itself) the Combined States may provide for a crisis within the United Nations.

If we all just from European countries in the previous section, it will remain there after the departure of the EU Member States, a gap of 29.51% in the budget behind (and that only five of the 27 Member States). In total, all the European Union Member States contribute a total of 37.5% to the budget. [23] This makes the position of the EU even more powerful than that of the United States. To avoid such a situation continues, the General Assembly continues to regularly look at the global economic positions and prepares the ceiling at a function thereof.

Structure [ edit ]
The United Nations has six governing bodies: the General Assembly, the Security Council , the United Nations Secretariat , the International Court of Justice in The Hague, the Economic and Social Council (similar to the Social and Economic Council in the Netherlands ) and the Trusteeship Council . The Security Council is the highest governing body, but the General Assembly can be seen as the "everyday parliament" of the organization. The Secretariat is the daily management body which carries considerable preparatory work for the General Assembly.

The Secretary-General of the United Nations , Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, is the figurehead of the organization, but in fact only the head of the Secretariat . After ten years, his predecessor Kofi Annan are laid down in December 2006.

Since 1945, the standard structure of the United Nations has changed little, although the function of several organs has been changed by the growing number of Member States. The United Nations has a large number of non-governmental organizations and special organizational bodies among themselves. Some sub-organizations have a strong regional profile, while others strong peacekeeping function have. Some organizations are more focused on human rights (including UNICEF ) and guaranteeing it. Some sub-organizations existed before the creation of the United Nations, including the International Labour Organisation, but were later included in the United Nations.

General Assembly [ edit ]
United Nations General Assembly The General Assembly of the United Nations is the "everyday parliament "within the organization. In the General Assembly, all UN member states meeting. The General Assembly can only politically non-binding statements, in contrast to the Security Council that could take binding decisions. All members of the UN vote in the General Assembly, which they are managing through multiple (permanent) representatives. The General Assembly shall hold an annual session, which opened inSeptember of each year, and special meetings. The latter are members of the General Assembly or by the UN Security Council requested.

The daily business is treated within six committees of the General Assembly. [25] The first committee is the subject of disarmament and international security . The second committee is set for economic and financial issues, and the third for social, humanitarian and cultural issues. The fourth committee is there for special cases and politicaldecolonization . Administrative and budgetary issues are the focal points of the Fifth Committee and the Committee last (number six) is about (international) legal matters.

Security [ edit ]
Hall for meetings of the UN Security Council The Security Council of the United Nations is the highest governing body of the United Nations. The Security Council has five permanent members, a veto have: thePeople's Republic of China (until 1972 was Taiwan as successor of Nationalist China member with veto power), the United States , Russia (after 1991 the Soviet Unionsucceeded), France and the United Kingdom . In the Security Council have ten other countries session, elected for a term of two years. These non-permanent members have no veto power and can be overruled. From January 1 2007 to December 31, 2008 sat Belgium as a non-permanent member in the Council. The Security Council decided inter alia on the implementation of peace operations and has the power to new members who want to come to reject at the United Nations, through the veto. The Security Council decided inter alia about the peacekeeping force of the organization.

Chairs of the organs [ edit ]
Each organ has its own president, who directs the affairs of the body and where necessary to adjust it. All organs are chaired by a president, assisted by one or more vice presidents. Only the president of the Secretariat has a different title, which is chaired by the Secretary General.

States [ edit ]
A total of 193 United Nations Member States and there are two institutions with an observatory state, namely Palestine [27] and Vatican City . Also has a number of interstate, international and non-governmental organizations a representation, such as the European Union and the Red Cross . For a list of Member States which acceded per year, see the signing of the Charter . The penultimate country member of the United Nations has had Montenegro, on 28 June 2006 became an official member. On 14 July 2011 it was newly independent South Sudan, the 193rd member.

All 193 member states of the UN, in alphabetical order: Afghanistan , Albania , Algeria , Andorra , Angola , Antigua and and Herzegovina , Botswana , Brazil , Brunei , Bulgaria , Burkina Faso , Burundi , Cambodia ,Canada , Central African Republic , Chile , China , Colombia , Comoros , Congo , Costa Rica , Cuba , Cyprus , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Denmark , Djibouti , Dominica , Dominican Republic , Germany ,Ecuador , Egypt , El Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Solomon Islands , Samoa , San Marino , Sao Tome and Principe , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Serbia , Seychelles , Sierra Leone ,Singapore , Slovenia , Slovakia , Sudan , Somalia , Spain , Sri Lanka , Suriname , Swaziland , Syria , Tajikistan , Tanzania , Thailand , Togo , Tonga , Trinidad and Tobago , Chad , Czech Republic , Tunisia , Turkey ,Turkmenistan , Tuvalu , Uruguay , Vanuatu , Venezuela , United Kingdom , United Arab Emirates , United States , Vietnam , Belarus , Zambia , Zimbabwe , South Africa , South Korea , South Sudan , Sweden andSwitzerland .

Because almost every sovereign nation in the world is a member of the United Nations (except the disputed states Republic of China , Kosovo and Palestine that acting non-member is like the Vatican City ) and also partly because the international organization is internationally recognized by almost every non-governmental organization, including the Red Cross, the United Nations as a platform for international cooperation more successful than its predecessor, the League of Nations . The United States for example, were not members of the League of Nations (or an initiator of it), so that a broad representation of international states was not possible.

However, the large number of members and the global recognition has disadvantages for the organization. So it can take years before a consensus is reached in the General Assembly on a proposal or resolution and the UN often encounter harsh criticism from the global media if there is an internal problem or scandal comes out. The United Nations is often labeled as a world government with broad power over the individual Member States, which, in theory, not in line with the principles of the organization and in most cases does not reflect the reality.

International Atomic Energy Agency [ edit ]
International Atomic Energy Agency

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation in the field of nuclear technology and peaceful use. The IAEA was established in 1957 on a proposal by the US President Dwight D. Eisenhower after his Atoms for Peace speech, in 1953 the General Assembly of the United Nations, in which he called for an international body to atomic energy to research and develop. Today, 136 countries are members of the IAEA.

International Civil Aviation Organization [ edit ]
The International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) was established in 1947 and aims the principles and standards of international aviation to establish the improvement of air traffic. ICAO was on April 7th 1947 officially established by a decision of the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, known as the Chicago Convention in November1944 . The thanks WWII, sudden progress in aviation showed the need for international standards and agreements on air traffic.

International Fund for Agricultural Development [ edit ]
The International Fund for Agricultural Development is a specialized organization founded in 1977 in response to the bad situation in the Sahel . The primary goal of the organization is "... providing direct support and the mobilization of additional goods and services for programs that are specifically designed to support the economic development of poor farmers, mainly by promoting the efficient use of soil and the development of activities in addition to farming. "

International Labour Organization [ edit ]
The International Labour Organization ( ILO ) is a specialized agency and deals with labor issues. It is a global consultative forum involving governments, unions and employers in the different Member States are represented. The headquarters of the organization in Geneva . The organization was founded in 1919 as a result of the peace negotiations after the First World War . Originally, it was also an agency of the League of Nations . After the demise of the League of Nations as a result of the outbreak of the Second World War, the ILO was an agency of the UN. The current charter of the International Labour Organisation has been established in 1944 in the Declaration of Philadelphia .

International Maritime Organization [ edit ]
The International Maritime Organization ( IMO , International Maritime Organization ) is an organization that provides for the coordination of government functions in the shipping industry to improve maritime safety and combating water pollution. It has not always been part of the United Nations. The concept of the IMO was developed after the sinking of the RMS Titanic .

International Telecommunication Union [ edit ]
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is an international organization established in the field of radio and telecommunications international standards to determine. The main tasks are standardizing and assigning the frequency spectrum, and determining the way in which national telephone networks to be interconnected to allow international calls.

Food and Agriculture Organization [ edit ]
The Food and Agricultural Organization ( Food and Agriculture Organization ) is an organization that aims to fight hunger in the world. The FAO headquarters is based in Rome . The organization was founded in 1945 in the city of Quebec in Canada . In 1951 moved the headquarters from Washington to Rome . FAO mainly wants to help develop rural areas.

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [ edit ]
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) is an organization whose goal is to ensure peace and security by promoting collaboration between different Member States in the field of education, science, culture and communication. UNESCO was founded on November 16 1945 ; is headquartered in Paris .

United Nations Industrial Development Organization [ edit ]
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is a specialized organization, headquartered in Vienna , Austria . The primary goal of the organization is to encourage, promote and accelerate industrial development in developing countries .

Universal Postal Union [ edit ]
The Universal Postal Union (English: Universal Postal Union ; French: Union Postale Universelle ), also called Universal Postal Union or UPU called, is an international organization representing the various transitions post checks between Member States. The Universal Postal Union is also responsible for the worldwide branched postal network. Each Member State shall then agree the rules for international mail. It is the second oldest existing international organization after the International Telecommunication Union .

World Bank [ edit ]
The World Bank is an organization that, like the International Monetary Fund (IMF), after the Second World War ( December 27 1945 ) was established under the Marshall Plan . It is an international organization that loans, grants and technical support offers to help developing countries implement their poverty reduction plans. The financial support from the World Bank can be used for many different things, structural reforms in the health and education of a country, environmental and infrastructure projects such as dams, roads and national parks.

World Health Organization [ edit ]
The World Health Organization ( WHO ) is an organization based in Geneva with the aim of bringing global aspects of health care card, coordinate activities in the field of health care and to promote the health of the world. The WHO is on 7 April 1948 established by the Member States to ensure global health.

World Intellectual Property [ Edit ]
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is an international organization dedicated to protecting intellectual monopolies . WIPO has 177 member states and administers 21 international treaties.Headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland . Since 1974, the WIPO member of the United Nations.

World Meteorological Organization [ edit ]
The World Meteorological Organization was established in 1951 under the supervision of the Member States and with 185 members (including the Netherlands with the KNMI and Belgium with the RMI ) the organization is active in the field of weather, climate and water.

Theme Years [ edit ]
In addition to these programs and organizations, the United Nations set each year a theme year fixed. Usually they are adopted by the General Assembly, but many specialized organizations, including UNESCO, set himself theme years. 2005, for example, the Year of Sport and Education, the International Year of Microcredit and the UNESCO World Year of Physics / Physics . 2006 was the International Year of the Desert and Drought . 2009 is the Year of Reconciliation. The year 2010 is the United Nations proclaimed the International Year of Biodiversity .

Award [ edit ]
In 2003 received the entire staff of the United Nations with Secretary-General Kofi Annan, the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought by the European Parliament . The Sakharov Prize is awarded to individuals and organizations devoted to the protection of the rights and freedoms of man . [29]

Criticism [ edit ]
Because of their alleged unilateral skepticism in the Arab-Israeli conflict, the United Nations get a lot of criticism. [30] The UN has a lot of time and attention to (sentencing) Israel, especially when it is compared with other conflicts in the world. As were six of the 10 emergency sessions of the General Assembly devoted to Israel's action, while humanitarian crises such as Rwanda and Darfur did not lead to an emergency session.Besides the numerous condemnations of Israel by the General Assembly of the UN, go 30% of the resolutions of the UN Human Rights Commission condemning Israel's actions. The UN Security Council has thepower of veto to prevent the United States repeated condemnations of Israel. In the last decade this conflict was the subject of 76% of the country-specific resolutions of the General Assembly. Went beyond 100% of the resolutions of the Human Rights Council, 100% of the resolutions of the Commission on the Status of Women and 6 of the 10 emergency sessions on this conflict. The new UN Human Rights Council, which came into force in June 2006, has held until now three emergency special sessions, all three of Israel, and all three leading to a resolution that condemned Israel. A minimum of one third of the 47 countries to a special emergency session calls. Since the Islamic countries are represented by 17 countries in the Human Rights Council, they can board at will convene. There is also adopted a resolution which provides that at each session of the Board focuses on human rights violations by Israel. This applies to any other country.