History of Netherlands

The history of Netherlands is the story of the area of the current Netherlands. Before the nineteenth century, there was no in this unified State delta area and until then knew the regions in these parts, each with their own administration and system of Government. These regions have therefore throughout history had varying relationships, sometimes working together, sometimes rival. In that sense, this article is a description of the emergence of the current Netherlands as State; the national historiography.

This history has a number of important turning points including the Rebellion, often referred to as the eighty years ' war, with more comprehensive are known under the name Act of abjuration Declaration of independence; the succeeding period of great prosperity in the golden age; the French time which marked the end of theRepublicthen already long-term decline; the establishment of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815 and the Belgian revolution of 1830 resulting in the Netherlands more or less in the current form.

This history is strongly linked to the emergence of the subsurface of the Netherlands. The present Dutch landscape is largely formed in the last 150,000 years. The last thousand years is primarily the habitation of great influence on the landscape, in particular by the construction of dikesand polders . This has great influence on the history, including by the collectivity which was necessary to protect the country against the water. This has made for a Board and mentality which has contributed to the subsequent success of the Dutch trade, in which the geographically convenient location by the sea and waterways was of great importance.



Content
[hide] *1 Prehistory  ==Prehistoric Times[ Edit] == The Dutch landscape is especially formed over the last two ice ages from the Pleistocene and the Holocene. The drowning during the Holocene history of the Scheldt, Maas and Rhine, Ems and the surrounding area has been of great importance for the habitation history of Netherlands. More than two-thirds of the surface is formed by Holocene deposits.
 * 1.1 stone age
 * iron age 1.2
 * 2 Roman times
 * 2.1 the first cities
 * 2.2 Landscape formation
 * 3 middle ages
 * 3.1 from antiquity to middle ages
 * 3.2 Franks, Frisians and Saxons
 * 3.3 Carolingian
 * 3.3.1 Iron century
 * 3.4 Lands heerlijkheden and the rise of cities
 * 3.5 Consolidation
 * 3.5.1 Burgundians
 * 4 the long sixteenth century
 * 4.1 Habsburgs
 * 4.2 Rebellion
 * 5 Republic of
 * twelve years ' truce 5.1
 * 5.2 golden age
 * 5.3 first stadtholderless period
 * William III 5.4
 * 5.5 Second stadtholderless period
 * Patriots 5.6
 * Batavian time 6
 * United Kingdom 7
 * Kingdom of the Netherlands 8
 * 8.1 parliamentary democracy
 * 8.2 Modernisation
 * 8.3 civilian-compartmentalized society
 * 8.4 Decompartmentalization
 * Literature 9
 * 10 Nuts
 * 11 external links

Inherent in this period is the lack of knowledge of what took place. Where later personal stories provide insight into rationale, is it only able to distinguish cultures based on archaeological remains or bottom tracks, as far as it is already found in the 'archaeological'. On the other hand, the number of locations you are searching not exhaustive, on the other hand, traces disappeared by natural causes, but also by human intervention or covered in these formations are by later deposits. For this for-historical time it is better to speak of ' the territory of present-day Netherlands '. ===Stone Age[ Edit] === Long before there would be a recognizable Dutch identity existed the habitation in this area from passing hunter-gatherer. Finds from the earliest periods are sparingly and missing when a number of periods completely.Not clear is to what extent human habitation the rhythm of USA- stadialen-interglacials andinterstadialen followed. The oldest human residents in Netherlands were probably Neanderthals who at the end of the Middle Pleistocene (0,465-0,128 Ma) and the Late Pleistocene (0,128-0,0115 Ma) in northwestern Europe resided. The oldest known tracks in the Netherlands date back to the Middle Paleolithic, ca. 250,000 BP, and are remnants of a camp in the Belvédère-quarry at Maastricht and the quarry Kwintelooijen at Rhenen. If there older artefacts from the Early Palaeolithic are is debatable by the difficulties of dating. It is not known exactly when modern man came to Europe, but his presence is evident from finds dating back to the last ice age. During the late glacial (11.650 14.650-BP) there are five distinct cultures : Magdalénien, Hamburg, Creswell, andone FedermesserAhrensburg. From the beginning of the Holocene (0,0117 Ma-present) increased the temperature, which resulted in a rise in sea level and the flooding of the North Sea. This has possible Mesolithichunters do, but continuous habitation to the Mainland probably came only later. From this period comes the canoe of Pesse, as far as is known, the oldest boat in the world. With the increasing of the temperature, thereindeer to the North, followed by the reindeer hunters. The remaining groups adjusted themselves to the changed climate. In addition to hunting was fishing and collecting fruits field of interest. Because people no longer hung back with the herds of reindeer were the more permanent settlements. Netherlands around 5500 BC.

See origin of the subsurface of the Netherlands for more background on the formation of Netherlands.During the early Neolithic was made the transition from nomadic hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture and animal husbandry, also called called the Neolithic revolution . This can be seen to grave finds and traces of farms on the loess plateau in South Limburg. This transition was relatively late in what still for a long time was no more than a border area and cities such as those in the center of the old world gently started to form, were still far away.

They began to domesticateplants and animals, such as dogs, sheep, goats, cattle and pigs. Newcomers names among other grain, lentils and peas to the low countries. In addition, also began to change the landscape. The agriculture had a deforestation, but also by an increase in the surplus food of the population. From this period are the linear pottery culture (ca. 5500-4400 BC) and the Rössencultuur (ca. 4500-4000 BC) in the South-Limburger löss area known. These cultures could not spread to the rest of the low countries because they don't have a team knew to the heavy clay soils to edit. Though it was not yet part of the low countries still cultivated by farmers for a long time a very suitable area for hunters and gatherers. The area of the current coastal provinces was one big swamp delta criss-crossed by numerous streams, lakes and peat bogs. The Zuiderzee did not exist and it was a huge bogs. It teemed the water birds and fish that has a good food source for hunters and gatherers formed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Around 4500 BC, disappeared by still unknown cause, the agricultural cultivation in the South of the current Netherlands temporarily. By around 4300 BC exist only traces of hunters/farmers, the Swifterbantcultuur (ca. 5300-3400 BC). From the period afterwards, the middle Neolithic, are here found traces of the michelsberg culture (ca. 4400-3500 BC), while the funnelbeaker culture (ca. 2800/4350-2700 BC) in the North the dolmens left behind and the Vlaardingen culture (ca. 3500-2500 BC) in the West was to be found.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the late Neolithic are the Standvoetbekercultuur (ca. 2850-2450 BC) and then the bell beaker culture (ca. 2700-2100 BC) to distinguish. This culture may have introduced the wheel, whereby the trade by land rose. For the first time also found metal working place, as demonstrated by stone anvils and copper tonguedolkjesthat on the Veluwe in Lunteren are found, with which began the transition to the bronze age . That brought a lot of prosperity in Drenthe, where probably a majortrade route ran between southern Europe, the Baltic Sea and Scandinavia.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Hilversum culture (ca. 1800-1200 BC) dates from this period in which agriculture and developed itself further, among other things, was going to make use ofmanure, straw and winter food for the cattle. This culture had as Flanders and South of the current Netherlands core area. The Elpcultuur is northeast of them differentiated in the current West-Friesland and the Hoogkarspel culture. These cultures had many similarities and made part of different exchange networks in northwestern Europe. ===Iron Age<span class="mw-editsection" len="342" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">These regions were In the iron age a peripheral area of the Celtic expansion from roughly 1000 BC that had its origin in Central Europe. These Celts had a class of peers who shared their power with tribal chief andDruid and ruled over the local population. In the South introduced the possible Celtic Hallstatt culture (ca. 800-500 BC) the use of iron, to be followed by the La Tène culture (ca. 450 BC to the Roman conquest in the first century BC).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the introduction of new technologies such as metal working, what could be more efficient food gathered an elite free made dealing with other matters. The main specialization was that of spiritual leaders which could indicate or even stave off dangers. Around them were centers of increasing prosperity, initially to appease the ancient gods. To protect were temporarily warriors as leader, however, gradually more power which is obtained. In this way were relatively egalitarian societies nobly with an aristocratic Board. This was true for the Celts for whom the low countries was a border area and then the La Tène culture (ca. 450 BC to the Roman conquest in the first century BC).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The possession of cattle gold as a measure of wealth and respectability and gave more status than could be achieved with agriculture. The highest status had the warriors who prevailed over their chiefdoms . This marriage was probably made possible by the increased trade. This had also resulted in an increase in the crafts and people began to sell weapons and armor, tools in market places that grew to fortified settlements.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Attracted by Celtic prosperity, pulled in the second century BC to the West Germans, aided by the lack of cohesion in the Celtic society. The Germans also knew a society of nobles, making love, half-lovemaking (liten) and slaves. Above the rivers got one by rising sea level rise (transgression) to do with deteriorating living conditions and went that raat fields (celtic fields) and build mounds, while in the West were mined peatlands.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In all this, it should be noted that the distinction between Celts and Teutons not good is clear. The names were given by the ancient Greeks and Romans and are nowadays especially if considered independent Nations describe without linguistic understanding shared identity (see below the article about the relative relationship between peoples).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">About the religions which adhere to the Celts and Germans is little known. The Roman descriptions are superficial and colored and it is unlikely that the Germanic mythology of that time, around the turn of the Westernera, still strongly matched the Nordic and Germanic mythology such as that in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson Prose Edda was described in. ==Roman times<span class="mw-editsection" len="346" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first eyewitness accounts that describe the Netherlands are due to the arrival of the Romans. This would eventually several hundred years. In the Commentarii rerum gestarum in Gallia described the General Julius Caesar in 57 BC, his fights against the Belgae in the southern Netherlands. This Gallic wars (58-52 BC) marks the transition from the prehistory to the protohistory of the not yet existing Netherlands. Traditions from this period are still scarce, which presumably also a lot has been lost. Only from the twelfth century, the number of sources.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Caesar mentioned some ' Belgian ' tribes, including the Menapii as inhabitants of the coastal region of present-day Flanders and Zeeland and the delta area of the large rivers. East of them attended the Eburones, by him counted among the Germani cisrhenani. Although the first successful guerrilla struggle initially claimed, they had to finally surrender. The Eburones were defeated and almost completely eradicated. With the war that the Rhine up to the northern border of the Roman Empire made, came to an end the private development of these peoples. In a period of relative calm after the Batavi established itself in, among others, the Betuwe, while the Cananefates to the current South Holland pulled. North of them attended the Frisii. The area of the Eburones was repopulated in the North by the Frisiavones.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the civil war in Rome (49-45 BC) and even more by rebellions and other difficulties left a effective area organization in coming to Augustus (27 BC-14 ad), the first emperor. This shared the area on the left side of the Rhine in at Gallia Belgica. During the reign of Augustus was one started with the expansion of the road network, especially aimed at the pacification of Northern Gaul and the conquest of Britain and Germania. GeneralDrusus had to conquer the area up to the Elbe for August and knew the Frisii and Chauci with their assistance the to beat. After their lost in 9 a.d., however, the Romans drew Varus Battle back to the Rhine. The area above it remained a military zone, but came after a tax measure the [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=nl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSlag_van_Baduhenna Frisii in 28 n. CHR. in rebellion], after which she and the Chauci were virtually independent of the Romans. They were helped by shifting the attention to the Roman conquest of Britain in 43. The Rhine was after 47 limes or the northern border of the Empire.

A villa rustica was a large farmhouse surrounded by a vast agricultural area. The Romans grew often one product in large quantities, which then traded was, among other things with the cities and army garrisons. In addition to agriculture and livestock found here for craft activities, at which the Roman villa Voerendaal-T R along the via Belgica found one of the largest villas in Europe.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Under the emperors Tiberius (14-37) and Claudius (41-54) became the area of conquered land transformed into part of the Empire. Under Claudius romanization was promoted as a political instrument. Roman-minded tribes had (seemingly) an independent status; to them was the status of civitas libera or civitas foederata — smoking or connected citizens — awarded. Also became part of the local population classified as auxiliary troops. The Roman tolerance vis-à-vis the indigenous beliefs contributed to the pacification of tribes. Nevertheless, came under the leadership of Julius Civilis in the year four emperors (68-69) the Batavians in rebellion when the Roman legions on the Rhine were partially withdrawn to meet the internal follow-up fight to take part. Some other border tribes took part in the uprising, but especially in the Interior gave one prefer thepax Romana above the Germanic freedom. Vespasian became the new emperor, restored the order in Rome and brought the rebellious areas into line. Additional legions were sent to the Rhine and general Cerialis knew to bring the area back under Roman administration.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the Batavians were pacified again, it was quiet for two centuries in the Rhine provinces. Germania Inferior in 89 obtained the status of fully independent province. During the Flavian Dynasty (69-96) was also the border area romanized and by the expansion of the route network with roads and shipping took themobility and thus the trade, helped by the increasing availability of coins. The river lands and the Brabant and Limburg hinterland was largely divided into large estates, often with an imposing central building villae rusticae . The owners were wealthy citizens often use their heads with an address for service in the new placesColonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (Cologne), Colonia Ulpia Traiana (Xanten) or Coriovallum (Heerlen) had. The native Germanic/Celtic population gradually romaniseerde and edited the land of the villa owners, practiced crafts or served in the army. The economy was mainly focused on the need fulfillment of the large army places along the near border layers. The new Romanised urban settlements — also called civitates — layers usually close the older pre-Roman centres, among other things, the Nervii and Menapii, Tungri. Sometimes, usually in the South, they fell together with old main places like Arras and Cambrai, Tournai. In the absence of such original county seat founded the Romans one yourself. The local population is very suspicious of the Roman administration, than was sometimes the civitas placed outside the tribal area.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">To this period of economic expansion and strong population growth only came to an end around 250. Under Emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180) was called the Germanic pressure on the limes larger and also began a period of internal turmoil; a negative balance of trade with the East worsened the crisis. There came more and more often raided by marauding about Rhine tribes and also the troonswisselingen of the emperors associated with much violence during the crisis of the third century and thereby disappearance of Central Authority made the situation of the population any better to defend the borders. the tax burden was ever higher, so that the population greatly impoverished.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">There began to act a regionalisation which pressurized the unity of the Empire. So a number of provinces allied themselves against the Frankish incursions to the Gallic Empire. In the East of the current Netherlands existed the Franks probably from Saliërs and Chamaven. They were well acquainted with the Roman army culture and were probably with varying degrees of success deployed in defense of the limes. Around 290, the Salian Franks these zones inside and settled in the Roman area to the South of the Rhine, particularly around the Scheldt and later in the current South-Belgium and Northern France. The Batavians and the Cananefaten are probably part of the Franks, although also called are suspected with the Romans have left. Repeated Roman attempts to rid itself of the Franks failed. In 355 the Franks gave Julian in Toxandria (in terms of territory similar to the former Duchy of Brabant) as foederati in possession. In this period, the indigenous population in the border area, which probably was compensated in part because Franks settled here. At the end of the third century stabilized the situation itself; the salian Franks defended the border as allies.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">North of the Rhine, outside the Roman Empire, attended the Chauci and the Frisii. Unlike the Chauken kept the Frisii are mainly concerned with the animal husbandry. This changed in the third and fourth century when the Frisian land was regularly flooded. As a result, they become more focused on the commercial shippingand fishing, making them a certain wealth acquired. Also here the Roman culture had a lot of influence. This is evidenced by the many Roman utensils and coins in Tomb fields and mounds have been found. This indicates a lively trade between the Frisii and the neighboring Kingdom. It is also known from written historical sources that some Frisii, as well as members of other tribes that were not directly under Roman administration, service names in the Roman army and, after their service, also took home many Roman culture and customs.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">It is believed that there is a mixture of pagan believe existed before Christianity became the dominant religion in the Netherlands. Under the Romans was introduced the Roman pantheon and also found the so-calledfirst Christianization place, especially in the cities. The impact was limited, however, and virtually disappeared after the migrations. ===The first cities<span class="mw-editsection" len="349" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In Roman times were the first cities founded in the current Netherlands: Oppidum Batavorum (city of Batavians, around current Valkhof) at the beginning of the era, later the located just to the West of Noviomagus (Nijmegen) in 104. About 122 Emperor Hadrian founded Forum Hadriani (Voorburg) as city of Canninefaten. There were further on favorable locations such as at cross roads, Fords at rivers and numerous hamlets and villages around Inns, (Vicus) which sometimes urban size assumptions. Coriovallum (Heerlen) and Maastricht were larger urban settlements that developed spontaneously to important land and water roads. Many current villages and towns down the great rivers have a Roman core. Especially along the Maas and in the Betuwe are urban settlements and towns with Roman roots. Most residences are probably short time left during the chaotic period of the migrations in the period 300-500. According to recent archaeological research is Maastricht remained continuously inhabited since Roman Foundation though. In particular, the establishment of a bishopric around the grave of Saint Servatius, the habitation continuity promoted. ===Landscape Formation<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Netherlands around 50 ad.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The coastline was entirely different than nowadays. A relative slow sea-level rise coupled with the probably more frequent storms may be one of the causes have been the coastal erosion that began between the fifth and the first century BC in the West of the current Netherlands. While before that had closed the coastline itself, apart from the estuaries of the Scheldt, the Rhine, the Meuse and the Oer-IJ, these mouths following ever wider. The peat moor area behind the beach hit by the intrusions of the sea walls, but also at the hands of the then dewatered and sounded inresidents. Especially in Zeeland came the peat so low, that it is around the beginning of the Christian era was flooded by the sea with which the peat formation came to a halt. Although there are to the peat in the third century was inhabited, came on the sea at the end of this century deep in Zeeland. In combination with the selneringfor the salt production, turf cutting, made this for erosion of the peat. At the end of the Late Middle Ages was the coastal barrier here almost completely gone.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Also in the North was the peat almost entirely gone. The Flevomeer developed after the Roman times by the exit from the shores to the Almere. The mouth of theOer-IJ was already almost entirely closed. Probably arose in the early middle ages through the Vlie a connection between Almere and the Wadden Sea. In the ninth and tenth century by degradation in Friesland the Middelzee to in the twelfth and thirteenth century silting again.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In Roman times found more and more verleggingen – flow avulsions belt – place. By silting up of the mouth of the Oer-IJ was from 47 a.d. the Oude Rijn the northern border of the Roman Empire for several centuries. The Leak, the Waal, the lower reaches of the Hollandse IJsseland Gelderse IJssel, arose just before while theLinge was born. The Oude Rijn silted because the Rhine Maas went more and more through the walk.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Coastal erosion made sure the water came up to the castellum of oudenburg, probably Portus Epiatici. Brittenburg, also the westernmost Roman fortification to the Oude Rijn, was flooded. The Romans could not win the fight against the water and left the area. ==Middle Ages<span class="mw-editsection" len="345" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===From ancient times to middle ages<span class="mw-editsection" len="362" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Germanic pressure on the limes took from the second century. The migrations, which lasted for about two centuries, all were ringing with a period of instability in. The Romans knew to solve this for a long time by Germanic troops as allies or foederati against hostile other Germans. The Roman Empire weakened meanwhile also internally and was about 300 divided into a Western and eastern part which each itself to defend their territory had to take care. The economically weaker Western Roman Empire had much fewer resources to maintain and the legions had been vastly on its defensive power. In addition, it was the political system become more and more unstable, especially for what concerns the follow-up of the Emperor: this actually went always with great violence. This caused another for extra unrest that promoted the disintegration of the West. The Germanic tribes embraced the weakened border defense and increasingly fell within.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the fourth century there was already talk of Germanic raids. The end of Roman rule came when General Stilicho in 402 the last remaining Roman troops withdrew from the border areas in order to defend Italy against the Goths. The Franks stayed behind to guard the border, but were in 406 defeated in battle of Mainz by the fleeing Huns , Vandals, Suevi, Alansand Burgundians Alemannen . They then crossed the Rhine and Gaul.The opinions differ on the extent to which this had consequences for the part of the border area of the current Netherlands and thus the importance of the year 406 for this area. However, recovered no more of the Roman Empire and the subsequent fragmentation of Europe is still apparent. The population and trade names; money fell into disuse. After the Roman administration and army troops had disappeared, formed small-cities side by side. The descriptions of the events in the fourth and fifth centuries a whole coming from Roman sources and thus colored. The mainly Germanic residents will probably still be some time, however, the idea have had to belong to the Roman Empire.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Starting from the middle of the fifth century began the decline. Many towns and oppida were left. The population rose almost certainly considerably in number, while there was of economic decline. The Roman roads were neglected, so travel was more difficult and more dangerous. Through it all also took the trade off and touched money in disuse. Barter got the upper hand. Money was still at this time as a means to exchange the value of goods in express. In Western Europe the (Western) Roman Empire then can no longer restore; though kept it economically and militarily far stronger Eastern Roman Empire for centuries still stand.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A significant number of settlements, however, remained inhabited, where the remaining Gallo-Romans are arranged under the ruling Germans. Eventually they went into the newcomers on a hergermanisering . with the Germanic-Roman mix area, where the languages of the various tribes eventually developed to a Germanic unilingualism in the North and a Romanesque unilingualism in the South, with the result that from the eighth century to observe a language border fell. North of the border came the old Dutch language from the Oudwestnederfrankisch. However, this language border was not economic, political and cultural links in the road. In this period, the literacy and could only the clergy still read and write. They were therefore of great importance in the governance of the country.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The agricultural-urban society of the Romans gave way to an agrarian society in which almost everything was going on in the countryside. The export-oriented agriculture on a large scale with Roman villae completely disappeared to be replaced by smaller Germanic farms that were largely focused on self-sufficiency. There is usually referred to as Raumkontinuität, since the agricultural soils were again modified, but usually notOrtskontinuität's<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" len="178" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[1]  Only continuity was realized because the Heerkönige — the German name for the Frankish tribal chiefs or army leaders — to legitimise their governance by tried to settle in the old larger habitation centres such as the Roman civitates. Also beat them to Roman example coins; This happened for the first time in Soissons at the end of the fifth century. The Gallo-Roman and Germanic nobility went through marriages over time in Slavery, as each other. of Cambrai, on the market would continue to exist until Christianity was generally accepted. Although the new faith not yet strong in society was penetrated and had to compete with other religions, the Church as an organization able to survive the transition. ===Franks, Frisians and Saxons<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Initially many different tribes lived in Netherlands with little cohesion. However, there has been a process of etnogenese which in the sixth and early seventh century three groups formed from the many tribes. TheFrisians lived along the coasts, the Saxony in the East and in the South of the Netherlands Francs . In the South knew the Franks to expand their power, initially under the Merovingians. Clovis I all the Franks (481-511) managed to unite among themselves and to conquer a large part of Gaul. His conversion to Catholic Christianity in 497 was politically smart move, which assured him of the support of the Pope and the Gallo-Roman elite. Emperor Charlemagne (768-814) knew besides the Frisians in the North, ultimately, Saxony in the East to to submit; the so-called second Christianization took place. In the following centuries the Christian faith would adapt and fully penetrate the society. Under Charlemagne were the low countries no border area more, but she layers near the Centre of the Frankish Empire.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Frisians pulled now benefit from their position; their living areas appeared to be centrally located between the emerging Germanic kingdoms of the Franks, the Anglo-Saxons in England and the Scandinavians. They thereby controlled the trade routes in the Northwest of Europe. Where the Franks had initially very little interest for shipping, the marbles were there in their country of mounds and water on designated. Although long-distance trade and a money economy in this period were virtually disappeared in many places, gold this is not for the Frisians. Dorestad was the economic heart of a large network, which is not too much to suggest the trading volumes. Many points out that the Frisian influence in the sixth century stretched a lot further South, possibly to the current Antwerp. The position of the Frisians was from about 550 further enhanced by the breakup of the trade route from North to South between the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea as a result of migration movements of Slavonic peoples in Eastern Europe.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">All around 560 had the Franconian Clotaire under his authority brought a part of Friesland. From the 7th century, the Frankish sphere of influence expanded again in northern direction. Friesland was by the Franks subjected a number of times, but the population also managed to liberate several times. One often made use of the power struggle that emerged by use of the Frankish erfdeling of the Empire after the death of a King.This was the case at the death of Pepin of Landen in 640 and in 714 Pepin of Herstal . The Frisian King Radboud knew after 714 temporarily take advantage of the Frankish civil war. After initial setbacks, the FrankishMayor of the Palace knew Charles Martel to consolidate its dominant position, however, and even further. In the famous battle of the boarn the Frisian King Poppo he knew in 734 to inflict a decisive defeat. Miniature from the Très riches heures . The domains were edited by SERF farmers and possessed a high degree of autarky.===Carolingian<span class="mw-editsection" len="344" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Charles Martel was the ancestor of the Carolingian dynasty who took power of the Merovingians. In addition to the Frisians, Charlemagne knew eventually the Saxons andLombards to topics in the Saxonia wars (772-804). This took place the so-called frankisering place where part of the introduction of the middle ages ' manorialism was a member. The so-called second Christianization was also part of. This was partly carried out by especially English and Irish mission bishops such as Willibrord, Bonifatius andAdelbert of Egmond and Frisians converted by them. The hard hand of Charlemagne was for those who were not convinced by the first. By both the cultural landscapechanged significantly, although the middle ages ' manorialism above the rivers due to the nature of the landscape almost was not applied.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Dioceses were based in part on the old civitates. Monasteries and churches were founded and moved to the country to operate more efficiently, individually decorated and new settlements were founded. Charles also went back to an active legislation with the adoption of the capitularia partly replaced existing common law . In the following centuries the Christian faith would adapt and fully penetrate the society. Under Charlemagne were the Netherlands no border area more like in the Roman and early Frankish time, but layers near the Centre of the Frankish Empire. For the Frisians meant recording in the Frankish Empire a great incentive to trade. With the Carolingian renaissancethis period saw a revival of culture and science.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Charlemagne was crowned Imperator Romanorumin 800, ' Emperor of the Romans '. However, by multiple causes his Frankish Empire would fall apart. First, there was no question of an abstract State understanding or res publicawith the coronation, despite the attempt to legitimize the Frankish authority as a kind of continuation of the Roman Empire. The Empire gold, like under the Merovingians, as personal property of the ruler so it after the death of Louis the pious divided became among his heirs. Power(bannus) remained mainly depends on conquests, violence and Geblütsrecht, where it was held by the ruler of the Palatinate to the other one pulled. In addition it was Charlemagne by the large size of the Empire forced to loan men to control that were accountable to him. In the Exchange economy of that time could only be rewarded by them men borrow soils (beneficium, starting from the tenth century on feodum), and to give the usufruct thereof. From this developed the system tofeudalism. The loan men strove for heredity of their Shire (pagus), which more and more rule was and in 877 Capitulary of Quierzylegalized by the. This became impossible to form another great empire. ====Iron century<span class="mw-editsection" len="346" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== Codex Egberti

The nobility helped Christianization and used the solidarity with the Pope in order to promote the independence of the emperor.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The feudalism — in which vassals in the absence of a money economy were rewarded by giving them land in loan — weakened the central authority. After the death ofCharlemagne began a long period of decline, also called iron century called. This was caused by raids by the Vikings, reinforced by the Division of the Empire after the death of Louis the pious and the attendant emerging feudalism. At the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the Frankish Empire was divided between the three grandsons of Charlemagne. The current Netherlands came to Francia Media. This didn't last long and was with the Treaty of Meerssen in 870 divided between Francia Occidentalis, France, and the laterFrancia Orientalis, the later Holy Roman Empire, and would have long disputed area remain. The Scheldt became the final border. Nevertheless, the rivers not only dividing line, but also binding element, because these transport and communications simplified. The region grew this slowly towards each other. In the North was the real power in the hands of the Vikings and Frisians. In 826 Friesland was a Danish Empire under the Vikings Harald and Rorik, that afterwards but a fief was given by the emperor. In 866 and 882 found Viking raids in the marketplace and ecclesiastical centre ijsselstreek where Deventer and Zutphen and settlement of the Court were plundered. In 882 the Valkhof Museum in Nijmegen to occupy Vikings even to Hibernate.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Aachen was by Paris Orléans and then succeeded as the most important city of the Carolingian dynasty, making the center of gravity shifted to the South of West Francia.The Centre of gravity of the power of the German kings shifted depending on dynasty from which they came. The rulers of West and East Francia lost largely because of their interest in the area of the low countries, which in turn was a border area. The raids by the Vikings were resisted by local counts that the usurpeerdenauthority, eventually only in name depending on the emperor. An exception was Friesland, where feudalism never really took root. To what extent that was a result of the Frisian freedom, that by Charlemagne to the Frisians by means of the karelsprivilege would be granted, is not known. ===Lands heerlijkheden and the rise of cities<span class="mw-editsection" len="377" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Seven works of mercy, master of Alkmaar, 1504. In the centuries after the forced conversions found a interiorisation of faith place. Thecharity preached played a central role. In addition, with the growth of the cities thebourgeoisie within the three positions becoming more influential. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the tenth century reduced the plague from the North, partly because the Vikings who settled in conquered areas merged into the surrounding communities. The subsequent stability had from the eleventh century a expansion movement as a result. FENS and marshes were drained, forests cleared and land was mined. It was during the great exploitation of the tenth to the thirteenth century the Dutch Utrecht plain mined by settlers was also by Cistercians. Through improvements in agriculture could more people are tapping to the primary production process. Now the external threat was fallen by the wayside, founded the class of warriors against each other, however, and the local population. A number of feudal lords knew to extend their authority at the expense of their neighbors. From a chaotic patchwork of areas developed between about 925 and 1350 worldly and spiritual lands heerlijkheden. The County of Flanders, which initially fell under the weak King of France, was the most important region for a long time. The economic center of gravity lay clearly in Bruges and Ghent were very prosperous by the increasing trade. Important was the trade between the Rhineland (glass, pottery, metal) and England (wool) that met here. The German Emperor In Lorraine was a lot more powerful by being with the national churches system bishops with temporal power and dynasty favoured formation against went. Liège managed to develop a strong bishopric that never fully secular authority of the Burgundians, Habsburgs and Austrians came to be. Utrecht had to surrender territory constantly over the centuries to other counties, to eventually to become part of the low countries. Nevertheless, also grew as the Duchy of Brabantheerlijkheden, country the Duchy Gelre and County of Zutphe and the County of Holland from ca. 1100 to practically independent principalities, assisted by the Concordat of Worms of 1122. In doing so, the Emperor lost the right to decide about the Bishops ' appointments. Also the struggle between the Hohenstaufenand Welfen, two German genera that competed for dominance in the German Empire, weakened the central authority.

The conquest of Rhenen by John II of Cleves in 1499, master of Rhenen. The Dukes, Earls and other men questioned the weak power of the Emperor, but also each other. The relative independence of the emperor was for the common people is not necessarily a blessing.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Initially regarded the Princes the areas that fell among them only as a source of revenue and power. With the rising of their independence and the growth of the economy changed this role. The monarchs started their authority as potestas publica, was given by God. With it came the duty worrying about the well-being of the citizens, the maintenance of Justice and peace (defensio pacis) and the protection of the Church (defensio ecclesiae). They were according to Philip of Lead the guardians of the interests of the people (procurator rei conservator). This development was the beginning of the creation of the modern State.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Broke a period of economic growth to around 1050. Not only kept the attacks of the Vikings on, but by an agricultural innovation, the urgency, at system, a larger food production possible. More people could tap itself thereby to the primary production process. The population growth rate in this period had an impact on trade and, therefore, on cities (communitas), whose walls were a dominant factor of importance. This eventually led to the creation of powerful cities especially in Flanders, which were an instrument for the Danvers to power to restrict nobility and clergy. This was the beginning of the breakdown of the feudal system.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Within the cities arose a new social structure of guilds, which had no feudal ties. The cities gradually obtained an autonomous position, which began with legalprivileges, eventually burgeoning to City rights. The cities were not only a source of income for Danvers, but were later also a competitive power factor, which often uttered in rebellions. The economic power of the cities was further enhanced in that they were going to work together within the so called stedenverbonden (also international!). hanzes. In addition, many cities increase their power over the countryside by control of the can appoint of important posts as eg. the SAB Office.Thereby the power of the nobility in stedelijker areas such as Flanders, the (Over) Sticht, Holland, Zeeland, more and more back squat. In more rural areas such as southern Gelderland, Kleve, parts of Brabant and Limburg, now remained the nobility still often up to the time of the Batavian Republic (1795) play an important role. There was also a structure to the work on the dikes to coordinate, which locks and water boards and heemraadschappen were established. Through it all changed the social and economic structure and one could also focus on the fishery, the cloth industry and overseas trade. This strengthened the power of the bourgeoisie, thePALIKA, even more to even the cultural monopoly of the Church could be broken. The cultural revival in this period, in which also the first schools and universitieswere founded, is called the renaissance of the 12th century . At the universities the seven liberal arts were taught. The first University in the Netherlands was only in 1425 in the Brabant city of Leuven established. Before that had to young men who after the Latin school by wanted to learn to Paris or Cologne for an academic study. Led by the Brothers des Common Life, followers of the modern devotion, were from early fifteenth century many small Collegiate Schools especially in the IJssel cities developed into full-fledged Latin schools. The Latin school in Deventer was the end of fifteenth century after Leuven the leading intellectual center in the Netherlands. The Dutch city Leiden in 1575 by William of Orange-Nassau the first University in the northern Netherlands.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although Daniels had the highest power in hands, was the common people mainly depends on the local Lord. In this period also arose a class of Knights, initially largely recruited from the class of ministeriales. This class with relatively low social status would develop into the equestrian order, which eventually would be similar with the nobility. Their rise contributed to the emergence of a courtly culture. Population growth also led to colonization, which during the great exploitation in Zeeland and Holland a class of free farmers grew out settlers who had been previously serfs . Due to the increase in agriculture could also now cities arise here, while there is also a structure was created to work on the dikes and to coordinate, which locks to example of the Flemish wateringen water boards and heemraadschappen were established.Through it all changed the social and economic structure and one could also focus on the fishery, the cloth industry and overseas trade. The most important cities however, layers above the large rivers in the East, where the IJssel cities great prosperity achieved by the trade within the Hanseatic League (mainly wool, grain, wood). Utrecht grew in the middle ages to the largest city in the northern Netherlands, while the main city ofDordrecht Holland was a close second. ===Consolidation<span class="mw-editsection" len="346" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Saint – Elizabeth flood in 1421, ~ 1490-1495, master of Saint Elisabeth-panels.

The struggle against the water was a difficult and tough fight. Partly because the effects of the surgeries not always could be assessed. Dike of salt marshand coastal veengebieden made sure during storms sea water outflows could no more over the salt marshes. This increased the storm surge height, thus reducing the chance of dike breaches rose. This therefore frequently found place.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The fourteenth century was a period of crisis for Europe, in many respects, including the great famine of 1315-1317, the black death (1347-1351) and the hundred years war (1337-1453). In economic terms, there was even talk of a general malaise which lasted until ca. 1475. For the low countries there was more talk of economic expansion, although again problems were. Where the position of the French King in previous centuries was strengthened and developed its own identity, France developed a strong German identity itself was in the low countries only enjoy their delicious after this occurred. This development was one of the factors that made that the Netherlands would eventually no longer be part of the Holy Roman Empire.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The from the many small areas underwent an internal consolidation of grown up regions justice, while a proto-national consciousness was mostly boosted by attacks from outside. The expansionism of the Lords expressed itself into several mutual wars, but especially the marriage politics made sure — often through coincidences — that large parts of the low countries fell under foreign Royal houses. In view of the continuing hundred years ' war both the English as the French tried this process as much as possible, to send in this economically important area. Holland came under the sphere of influence of the counts of Hainaut, and both of them together under the influence of the genusWittelsbach from Bavaria. The success of the marriage politics proved especially when the Dukes of Burgundy, that played a large role in the hundred years ' war between the English and French kings. In 1384 Duke Philip the bold acquired by his marriage to Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, the management of the counties of Flanders and Artois. His grandson Philip the good knew here a number of regions to add.After a solid, after some ten years of 1417, especially in Holland and Zealand padded civil war (the second phase of the hook and cod wars) was Jacoba of Bavaria with the Kiss of Delft in 1428 forced to pay its regions to Philip. He acquired Names, Brabant, Limburg, Holland, Zeeland, Hainaut and Luxembourg. This were a number of Northern and most southern areas for the first time since the Carolingian time United in a personal Union. The attempt at territorial expansion to Utrecht, Friesland and the Oversticht was in fact a continuation of the Dutch politics. For the time being, however, the expansion to the North remained without lasting results. Holland was the only region North of the rivers that permanently for the sixteenth century was part of the Burgundian, later Habsburg countries complex. ====Burgundians<span class="mw-editsection" len="346" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Under the Burgundians became especially by Duke Philip the good (1419-1467) tried to get more grip on the particularistic regions, each of which had their own States . This was done by stadtholders in the regions, but also to be appointed by a policy of centralization. The vierlander was introduced as a single currency and one strove to uniformity of the central institutions in all regions. The joint statements have been convened in theStates General and from the Ducal Court advice developed the great Council of Mechelen. It was a civil service headed by the Chancellor. Of these officials were expected to the State interest would be above that of the individual regions. Not all attempts at centralisation, however, failed. So was the indirect tax on the use of salt much resistance, because this would mean that the regions their bargaining power and thus lost their privileges as possible. This found no passage.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Despite the internal weaknesses and profited in the regions of opspelende unrest locally the Elimination of mutual rivalry of the previous centuries and there began a period of prosperity. The lack of a King title compensated the Dukes with a sumptuous Court culture, which, among other things, ensured that the low countries had an important share in the European artistic life with the painters of the Flemish primitives and theFlemish tapestries.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Bruges was in the period 1380-1480, the main commercial metropolis in the most urbanized area in Northwest Europe of that time where the traders from Northern and southern Europe met. Where in surrounding countries agriculture could support no more than about 10% urban dwellers, made efficient agriculture and also trade it is possible that this percentage was 36% in Flanders and in 1470 in Brabant on 31%, while in Holland in 1514 in the admittedly relatively small towns even 45% of the population lived. With growing cities grew, so did the vulnerability to threats like disease and fire. So are cities for a long time been black holes with a surplus mortality, which in migration from the surrounding countryside for compensation had to worry. The problem of diseases was only resolved with the sanitary revolution of the nineteenth century, but fire prevention was improved by the process of petrification that started from the 13th century, whereby the number of City fires slowly waned. Also the Dutch seafaring knew in this time also a remarkably strong growth.Especially the trade on the Baltic Sea went at the expense of the Hanseatic League. The arrival of Frederick V, Elector Palatine and Elizabeth Stuart at Vlissingen on 29 april 1613, [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=nl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHendrick_Cornelisz._Vroom Hendrick Cornelisz. Vroom], ca. 1623.

Walcheren was by Lodovico Guicciardini (1567) all the Maritime Center of Europe. He praised the high level of literacy in the low countries, both in the cities and in the countryside. Humanism also had a beneficial effect on education, so that at the end of the sixteenth century in every city and in many villages was to find a school.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Charles the bold to conquer, but its expansionism knew Guelders had ultimately caused death. In 1477 he died at Nancy. Gelre knew after a number of years under the Burgundian returning Board. It would eventually take to 1543 Gelre after a period of long struggle in theGuelderian wars Habsburg Administration finally came. Where initially still the marriage politics could bring the low countries in French hands, drove Louis XI the heiress Mary of Burgundy in the arms of Maximilian of Habsburg, after which the Netherlands after her early death to their son Philip the handsome toevielen. ==The long sixteenth century<span class="mw-editsection" len="357" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Habsburgs<span class="mw-editsection" len="345" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the course of what  Braudel  the 'long sixteenth century' (1450-1650) called, restored the population of Europe of the black death and the great famines and laid the Foundation of the later European world dominance. Although most of the Netherlands formally was part of the German Empire, these regions under the Habsburgs under a Danvers who was also King of Germany . Noteworthy was that this would lead to greater independence and that of the regions that is formally under the French King fell, most there after the death of Charles the bold chose to continue using the personal Union. Though the regions made use of the situation by trying the centralization through the great Privilege at least in part to roll back. This would be even long after would be cited to the rights of nationals to emphasize relative to Mr.Maximilian of Austria managed to resist this pressure, as well as a large-scale rebellion against him. Because of genealogical again coincidences Emperor Charles Vinherited, the grandson of Maximilian, the Spanish Empire. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Burgundians had eventually given up the struggle for power in France and partly due to their territorial expansion to the North focused on the Netherlands. Under Charles V and Philip II especially among his son, however, shifted the center of gravity to the other areas, especially Spain. The Board was left to a Governor. Also for the Habsburgs were the economic strong Netherlands however of great importance. That the low countries were part of the Habsburg empire also meant that these regions were involved in the French-Habsburg wars (1521-1559). France saw itself suddenly surrounded by the Habsburg House. This fight controlled European politics during much of the sixteenth century; It was not until 1559 came here with the peace of Cateau-Cambrésis to an end, all it took the French-Habsburg rivalry two centuries longer. Charles also knew In this fight the regions to conquer in the northern Netherlands, after which this so-called XVII Provinces through the transaction of Augsburg and the pragmatic sanction eventually to a far-reaching independent unit were made.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As if this was not enough, got the Protestant reformation from the twenties of the sixteenth century foothold in this area that has long been a critical stance in relation to the worldly excesses of the clergy and the structure of the Roman Catholic Church. From the mysticism had developed the modern devotion . The initiator of this, Geert Groote (1340-1384) put a strong emphasis on personal commitment and accountability, with the mediation of the Church was not necessary. He also laid emphasis on formation and training of the common people. In this climate, the biblical humanism could develop with the writer Erasmus as a champion of tolerance. Although Erasmus denounced all kinds of ecclesiastical abuses, he could the break that came into being as a result of action by Luther in 1517 did not accept. Luther acquired all in all, relatively little following in the low countries. Both Erasmus and Luther had their first education on Latin schools led by Brothers des Common Life. The only church reformer from the Netherlands was Menno Simons. In the twenties and thirties of the 16th century the first half came the popular and radical Baptists movement stormy on. after the debacle of the Baptists Münster commune in 1536 the Baptists formed the bulk of the victims of the persecution intensified heretic.Menno Simons knew the movement after 1540 despite a strong downturn and persecution in a calmer waters and to give some direction and worldly acceptance. They were later in the Republic just like the Jews and the Catholics by the predominantly reformed directors tolerated. It's considerably more straightforward Calvinism got from 1550, a much larger following, in virtually all walks of society, apart from the high nobility. She was also due to its strongly supportive of much more than the Baptist movement accepted upon the urban elites.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The centralization was continued with the establishment of the Collateral Councils. The highlight of this politics was the Papal Bull Super 1559 in order, with which the low countries were no longer only a part of the archdioceses, Cologne and Reimsnow formed one Church province . The bull was particularly unpopular, mainly due to the rumor that the Inquisition would be replaced by existing here the dreaded Spanish. And that while there was some tolerance in the surrounding countries. The Reich knew since 1555 the peace of Augsburg. This was based on the principle cuius regio, eius religio(whose country is, is also the religion). This meant that each State monarch decided which religion in its area was imposed. In France went one further with the revolutionary tolerance edict of Saint-Germain in 1562.However, this was followed by a series of wars of religion (1562-1598) that both the Catholics and the Protestants in the low countries seemed to convince the evil intentions of the other.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The centralization politics also led at the stadtholders and the high nobility to great dissatisfaction, since they had lost much of their power for the benefit of administrative lawyers. This may explain why the high nobility during the reign of Philip II partly connected to the insurgents; This in contrast to previous troubled periods. The triumph of death, c. 1562, Pieter Bruegel the elder.

This painting is a possible reference to the deteriorating political climate in the years before the Revolt, possibly also to the many wars under Charles V. In any case, the economic centre of the Habsburg possessions encountered a crisis from the sixties, where next to the economic slump and the famine the religious oppression added. This went against the prevailing mentality in blatantly open in the low countries.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Economically and demographically speaking was there from the end of the fifteenth century a strong growth. The core regions of these were Brabant, Holland and Zeeland in less degree, but especially Flanders and the city of Antwerp, which counted more than 100,000 inhabitants in 1563. The wars with France, with high taxes and trade quays as a result, however, heavy on the expressed population. In 1565, the economy is in a worrying situation.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Unrest by economic problems and was particularistic tendencies had been there before and the Princes can suppress this always ends up.Became a problem now that Danvers rarely showed itself since Charles V, which brought about a declining loyalty to the Netherlands, where one had the idea as conquered land used to be.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" len="178" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [3]  this time came with the reformation and especially the hard another new factor in prosecution thereof. This explosive mixture would lead to the Rebellion. ===Rebellion<span class="mw-editsection" len="341" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From Philip II ruled Spain on an authoritarian manner. He considered himself as the leader of the Counter-Reformation, which is bad fell in the tolerant Netherlands. The Council of State led by William of Orange as stadtholder of the Spanish King for Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht asked for softening of the placards. For Philip II this was impossible; in his view, he was allowed his subjects the ' true faith ' not remembered and had the high nobility and city governments make it an authority crisis. The nobles had the idea the other way around the country to have saved from a civil war. The refusal of the request for relaxants alienated the moderate opposition of Philip. In the 'Wonder years ' 1566iconoclastic took place, at which Philip responded by sending the Duke of Alva. The large distance between Spain and the Netherlands turned out to be a problem: when Alva arrived, was the rest all weather months returned. The hard line of Alva and his Council of troublessparked the unrest especially to. Many fled from the Netherlands and roamed around as beggars, Spanish rule undermining by piracy and guerrilla.

The treatment of the Indians in the new world had in Spain itself already for criticism given the Brevísima relación from 1552 by Las Casas. This work was discovered in the Netherlands in 1578 and translated the same year as a form of propaganda to justify the rebellion. It strengthened the negative images of the Spaniards, also because it was written by a Spanish clergyman. In Den spiegel der Spaensche tijrannijeDe Bry 's engravings from 1620 are added that this negative image strengthened.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first rebellion in 1567-1568 Alva could clamp down yet. In the following years, tried with the Alva to enter tiende penning, which again called a lot of resistance. In 1568 and 1571 were in Emden, Wesel and abroad so, the founding meetings of the Dutch Reformed Church. Orange tried in the fight against Europe's most powerful monarchy to obtain support in Germany, England and especially to the French Huguenots. Even before this success, the sea beggars were forced to leave from England. On 1 april 1572 they managed to take Den Briel. Eventually locks twenty-six city governments joined the popular uprising and began a second rebellion. Important cities in the insurgent area as Amsterdam, Middelburg and Goes, however, remained loyal to the King.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although only the King or the Governor took a States meeting were allowed to exclaim, Dordrecht that year the revolutionary initiative to the first free meeting of theStates of Holland. It was Orange confirmed as stadtholder, which one did occur as if this is not a fight was against the King but controlled by him against the bad, representatives. Here it was also decided to withdraw all Commission letters, in order to get rid of the undisciplined elements that the rebellion damaged. Were widely namely Catholic citizens and clerics murdered and plundered monasteries . Orange Lumey dismissed because of the murder of the martyrs of Gorcum.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Alva in 1572 began a counteroffensive, which had some success. A year later, he was succeeded by Requesens. Three years after the King-men from 1574 Leids Ontzet, however, never succeeded in Holland to invade. In addition, the King went bankrupt to the high cost of the mercenaries. The mutinies of the unpaid Royal troops had the Spanish fury in 1576 as a result. After this umpteenth looting were on the initiative of the States of Brabant convened the States-General . This preferred to a middle ground where we remained faithful to the King, but would be redeemed by the new Governor Don Juan. Already at the siege of Leiden there was revealed that there was disagreement about the purpose of the rebellion. Preacher Adriaen Taling made in 1574 object to the coin: haec libertatis ergo (This is free). He wondered why there no haec religionis ergo (This is to the religion) on it. However, the Suppression of the middle party wanted the Calvinists do not replace the suppression by the Catholics of the Catholics by the Calvinists. Holland and Zeeland with the rebel regions was thepacification of Ghent closed which claimed that all Spanish troops had to leave the country. Next, it looked equally that the Netherlands concert. There was rather a separation between west and East — as in the eastern provinces less Protestants lived and there so there was less repression, whereby they were more positive opposite the King — than the final rifting apart of North and South would suggest.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The position of the middle party was not sustainable. A religion for peace was the King just as unthinkable, as the abandonment of the faith that was for the Calvinists. The first break came with the Union of Arrasin 1579, closed by the Walloon regions again to the King arranging after the promise that the privileges would be restored and the foreign troops would pull back. This predominantly Catholic regions saw nothing in the Calvinist radicalisation and could in addition by their location almost certainly not defend against the Duke of Parma. To counter this, Guelders and Zutphenpromised Holland, Zealand, Utrecht and Groningen Ommelanden support each other in the Union of Utrecht, which later joined other regions and cities. The final separation came two years later. In an attempt to obtain French support, the States General the sovereignty offered to the Duke of Anjou, the brother of the French King. To make this possible, left the rebel regions with the Spanish King in 1581 the Act of abjuration. Anjou remained subordinate to orange and therefore decided to take to Antwerp in 1583. During this French fury was the French army by the population of Antwerp massacred, which marked the end of the French support. The Duke of Parma, the southern Netherlands to recapture for the Spanish Crown. After the murder of Orange in 1584 the States-General sought support from Elizabeth I of England. The English support, however, came too late to the fall of Antwerp in 1585 to occur. Although the rebellion in the South was started, was to end the rebellion there. The fall of Antwerp sealed in military sense the separation of the northern and Southern Netherlands. Although Elizabeth refused to accept the sovereignty over the rebel regions, said it does support and sent the Earl of Leicester with troops. His policies turned out to be not a success and he too was forced to leave the country. One stopped the search for a suitable Danvers and so were the rebellious regions after 1588 a Republic. The power in the United Provinces de facto next lain at the States General. Although Italy all the necessary city republics knew was this political system for an area of this size a novum. Even after the French Revolution were countries generally regarded as being the property of the monarch and could be inherited as such, merged and divided. ==Republic Of<span class="mw-editsection" len="343" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == The repentant Judas brings back the pieces of silver, 1629,Rembrandt van Rijn Of all the art forms that came to fruition during the golden age, was painting the main and inside it is the work of Rembrandt the highlight of the Dutch masters. Among other things usingchiaroscuro he laid the emphasis is more on emotion than on the story. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Helped by the imperial overstretch which could prevent the Republic of Spain, was to be recaptured. In fact, it did take maximum advantage of shifting the economic center of the Mediterranean Sea to Western Europe. Where the northern Netherlands were earlier in the shadow of the southern regions, took Amsterdam after the fall and blockade of Antwerp the place over as a trading centre of Europe, while Holland controlled shipping in Europe.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although the Union of Utrecht was only a military alliance between different cities and regions to defend the religious tolerance and the Spanish threat to resist, eventually it turned out to be the basis for the Republic. This was in the meantime by Parma pretty squeezed. Philip II, however, made with the tour of the Invencible Armadain 1588 not only England to enemy, but also in 1589 the Protestant Henry IV of France by the radical-Catholics who fought to support him. Even for the most powerful monarch in Europe turned out to be this imperial overstretch . During what is the ten-year (1588-1598) is going to be called, there were with Stadholder Maurits and his cousin William Louis Frisian captains who could win battles and successfully besiege cities. Where the rebellion seemed to be virtually lost in 1588, the Republic came from 1598 until 1672 never really in danger.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Economically it went for the wind thanks to the trade and shipping, but also the fisheries, industry and Agriculture and farming. The refugees after the fall of Antwerp — more than half of the hundred thousand inhabitants left the city, most to the northern provinces — brought an extensive network that the trade promoted. The southern Dutch refugees would play a very important role in the rising prosperity and the religious life of the Republic. Amsterdam took over after the fall and blockade of Antwerp the place over as a trading centre of Europe, while Holland controlled shipping in Europe.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although the Government was Protestant and Calvinism was the State religion, there was freedom of conscience. Although several other religions were tolerated, however, there was no freedom of worship. Although this was generally not strictly complied with, stood the Catholics and other faiths in a difficult position that accompanied bribery and generally a second-class social position. The tolerance was a lot larger than elsewhere in Europe, but it was an opportunistic, which prevented one faced an exodus as the dogmatic Spain had experienced. It was mainly determined by the majority of the Republic still for a long time was Catholic. The coexistence of populations of different churches, the most important in size not much obtained for each other, would in later centuries gradually lead to the so-called denominational segregation.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The bourgeoisie became the dominant position, while the influence of the nobility and the clergy's previously reduced. Regents started the political climate to master. In comparison with the surrounding countries was the ruling elite, however modest. The political power was in the Republic passed by the Council of State to the States General who fell under the sovereign provincial States. In theory all regions were all equal and they had a voice in the States General.However, by the economic ascendancy could dominate this Holland and allowed the State Attorney of Holland Oldenbarnevelt in the absence of political ambitions of Maurits act as head of Government. In addition, the States appointed a stadtholder in practice always an orange. In addition to military power had this by secrete concerns also informal political influence and patronage . As long as the interests of Holland and orange agreed, revealed this contrived situation to work wonderfully, but beyond this could paralyze the Board completely, such as during the twelve years ' truce would prove for the first time. Administrative reform, however, remained stuck at whether the ultimate power lay with Orange or at Holland. Spinoza only covered the basic question about where sovereignty lay on the canonical way. He saw democracy as the best possible political system. ===Twelve Years ' Truce<span class="mw-editsection" len="353" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The souls fisheries, Adriaen Pietersz van de Venne, 1614.

Allegory on the zeal of the religions during the Treves. The River draws the from now on clear separation between North and South, with the Catholics, the Protestants left and right both to people fishing.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When the twelve years ' truce in 1609 was concluded, there was already a degree of connectedness between the regions which were not recaptured by Spain. The file, however, also brought to light the contradictions that would play until the end of the Republic. Holland was by the other regions seen as too powerful and arrogant, although they needed this region known for defense. There was also a difference between the interests of the coastal provinces, which are more attached to a strong naval force, and the country regions, which concentrated on the army. In addition, the trade interests were sometimes opposite those of the fight against Spain. This resulted in a grouping that connection were looking for at France, although that was Catholic, and a group that Overture to the Protestant naval power England.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In addition to all these conflicting interests, there was also another religious contrast that politics would be used and which goals were taken which are not necessarily matched the religious beliefs. Only the public Church was allowed and it was financially supported by the Government. However, the State had nothing to say about the content of the leather. When the fuss or preciezen rekkelijken or the remonstrants were trying to put out of the Church, threatened the fledgling Republic split in two. The remonstrant minority led by Oldenbarnevelt successfully sought support in the States of Holland, who prefer a wide public church saw than a small Calvinist Church and like the remonstranten more influence of the Government on the church wanted. Maurits, which was against a peace that would reduce its influence, joined the fuss. Because of the trade interests of Holland claimed Oldenbarnevelt a; politics, even after a double wedding in 1615 the ties between France and Spain, in 1143. This made him suspicious, but the sharp resolution was for Maurits de reason to oppose ' the law '. With this coup, he managed to bring his followers to power. At the Synod of dort — where also decided to come to the King James Biblewas that a strong consolidating affected the Dutch — was the contraremonstrantse view the official teaching in the reformed church. Oldenbarnevelt was eventually beheaded on charges of treason in 1619. In 1621 the file then ran off and was not renewed. Maurits there only was interested in military power, he drew no political power and de Zeven Provinciën remained Republican. The contrasts between the Orange order and theDutch started more regular flare-ups. ===Golden Age<span class="mw-editsection" len="345" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Adolf and Catharina Croeser on the Oude Delft, 1655, Jan Steen.

The aristocracy was in the trade-oriented Republic next to the ancient nobility especially formed by the richer merchant families Regents who came from. The excess that them had previously characterized, was tempered by Calvinism. In addition to this wealth was also the golden age much poverty.The bourgeoisie of that time called as both CalvinistErasmianum .<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although the metaphor perhaps too simplistic picture of a period in which the Zeven Provinciën a peaceful land of milk and honey, the golden age was formed though a period with a larger political, cultural and economic meaning than ever before that or after that in the low countries. At a time when England and, to a lesser extent France were plagued by internal problems, especially the Republic knew the existing superiority in shipping further. The grain trade on the Baltic Sea was called the mother trade, which besides France and the trade on the Iberian Peninsula and the major fisheries were very important. In addition took place around Spitsbergen the whaling village, because of the smaller economic importance called small fisheries . Landscape with fishermen and farmers in the peat bogs stabbing, 1783, Hendrik Willem Schweickhardt.

Large-scale mechanical energy generation took place for the first time with wind and water mills. An important contribution to the prosperity of the United Provinces during the golden agewas supplied by peat. The whole made a proto-industrializationpossible that pass beyond sought with the industrial revolutionin the United Kingdom.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After 1585 grew the economic importance of the Republic and especially Holland. Amsterdam could take over the position of Antwerp as Warehouse of goods from all over the world. In 1609 the Amsterdamsche Exchange bank was founded in 1611, and the Amsterdam Exchange fair, following the example of the Antwerp stock exchange. This contributed, that Amsterdam to world financial center grew, a position London and Hamburg took over only in the middle of the eighteenth century. An important contribution was also provided by peat. Wood, charcoal, water power and wind power were not available anytime, anywhere and as long as one only over a limited amount ofenergy could have, the vast majority of the population lived in poverty. Because the Zeven Provinciën over peat could have, it could work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" len="178" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [4]  Of great importance was also the industry. The paltrok sawmill operated the zaanstreek even able to become the largest shipbuilding Centre in the world. Polder Mills were also becoming increasingly important because natural drainage of polders caused by ever more problematic was mined bog. By peat using the dredging bracket for peat extraction Moors were in addition also arise. These could grow strongly by wind and waves, which is known as the "Water wolf".Among other things, in the long term this endangered Haarlem, Leiden and Amsterdam, after which even most lakes were drained and reclaimed required, which led to the still typical peat polders.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Philip II embargo on the trade of the Republic with the Spanish countries prohibited trade with Lisbon, which was the staple of products from North and South America and Asia. In combination with the inability of the Portuguese their ships return safely to Europe, making the offer at an ever-increasing demand waned, and increased knowledge of the Asian shipping routes and ports in the low countries, this made sure the profitable spice trade then but went directly through the DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY, leaving companies in the long run also was acted well beyond Europe. There were spices from India and the Indonesian archipelago met and founded colonies in Brazil, New-Netherlands and the Cape Colony. In the Indonesian archipelago were trading settlements located in what later would become the Dutch East Indies colony. Although the VOC managed to reach great profits for the shareholders, carried the trade on India but to the gains, which especially in the European trade were reached. The WIC had to Spanish and Portuguese monopoly on the trade in America and Africa break through. The WIC was supposed to be profit especially from the slave trade and privateering. It would never match the success of the Dutch East India Company, but Piet Hein, Admiral in the service of the Dutch West India Company, knew in 1628 theSpanish treasure fleet to conquer. The spoils of war amounted to over 11.509.524 guilders the charges that year.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Art and science flourished in the wake of the economic prosperity. The growing state of prosperous citizens made that a large market for the arts came into being, which is especially reflected in the paintings of theDutch masterssuch as Rembrandt, Vermeer, Frans Hals and many others. Amongst others In the literature P.C. Hooft and Vondel in the foreground, while under more Huygens and Leeuwenhoek were important scientists.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Maurits Frederik Hendrik followed on. his military reputation as equaled that of his half-brother coercer and he knew to conquer the generality lands . Politics, however, he was by far the more of Maurice. He knew to end the oppression of the remonstranten without the fuss of alienating. Holland he could keep in check with the help of the majority of the other regions in the States General, which resulted in a deletion between the Dutch Regents and the Princes of orange that are becoming more like monarchs started to behave. In 1648 the war with Spain ended, against the wishes of stadtholder William II. His attempts to take power resulted after his unexpected death in 1650 to the first stadtholderless period (1650-1672). ===First stadtholderless period<span class="mw-editsection" len="364" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The threatened Swan, Jan asselijn.

A Swan defends its nest against a dog. It is later interpreted asallegory for Holland Johan de Witt that protects against the enemy.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Now that the war was over, the question could be whether the Alliance had to remain in place, what in the great Assembly of 1651 was confirmed. This era was domestic marked by the true freedom — the rule of the Regents that no freedom in the modern sense of the word was, but the possession of certain privileges and rights. Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland as the most important statesman of de Zeven Provinciën, but always subordinate to the States. Generally were the Regents themselves little to the political support base. The oranges could thereby return period after both eras ever, although this aside from the addition of a stadtholder to the system, nothing changed. In this period for European concepts tolerant pulled among others to the Netherlands before Descartes , Spinoza but the work of his contemporaries went too far and was banned.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">This was the time of the foreign trade wars. France and England were freed from their internal problems and took their share of prosperity. After a long time of Habsburg dominance, France was now the main power in Europe. Cromwell proposed a Union between the English Commonwealth and the Zeven Provinciën for. This was driven off, after which the imposed restrictions Act of Navigation from 1651 to navigation on England. The subsequent first Anglo-Dutch war (1652-1654) was lost through the Republic. At the first peace of Westminster was therefore determined that the restrictions in effect. In addition,William III was in a secret annex, the Act of seclusion, excluded from the rule. In his Deduction defended the Witt this exclusion and the true freedom. Under the French King Louis XIV explained also the founder of mercantilism, to restrictions on trading on Colbert France.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Republic and England met again in conflict and in 1665 England declared war on the Republic. After Admiral Michiel de Ruyter the Thames head and part of the English fleet destroyed in the RAID on the Medway, was closed the peace of Breda in 1667. The English got the Dutch possessions in North America, including new Amsterdam, but Suriname was Dutch and the Act of navigation was made more flexible. Although this Second Anglo-Dutch war was won and the Dutch fleet convincing Supreme made, it became increasingly clear that the Republic would be in trouble, as soon as one the major powers not to play off against each other knew. In 1668 the Republic still were England and both members of the Triple Alliance which had to come to the aid of Spain.Louis XIV had the war of devolution (1667-1668) unleashed to conquer the Spanish Netherlands . The forms of this Alliance was to halt this time being sufficient to French advance.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1672 showed how the error could go. In this Disaster years Charles II and Louis XIV had found each other in the Treaty of Dover. England declared the Republic — according to Marvell this undigested vomit of the sea — the war, and both France as the dioceses of Münster and Cologne did the same thing. France, Cologne and Münster invaded the Republic within; a British landing attempt was after the battle of Solebay narrowly foiled. While the foreign troops with a bewildering speed went up to the water line and fell in June 1672, Utrecht were the brothers De Witt lynched in the Hague, after which William III, who in the plot against the The Witts a never quite clarified role would have played, was appointed stadtholder. ===William III<span class="mw-editsection" len="344" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The crisis gave the Orange order prevailed. Under William III knew one from the stuffy situation, in which the Admiral Michiel de Ruyter joint naval forces of France and England managed to beat. With Spain and theEmperor Leopold I, Duke of Lorraine was driven out a closed Alliance whereby the attackers could be driven back. England (second Treaty of Westminster), Cologne and Münster closed thereupon peace in 1674. In 1678 was eventually also closed a unfavorable peace with France. Hereinafter referred to as William III would continue to focus on forming a European Coalition against the expansionism of Louis XIV. Although he started the decline of power, successes of the Republic to draw.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After King James II of England in 1688 was unexpectedly got a male Catholic heir, his son-in-law, William III, by certain English factions invited to become King of England. Under heavy pressure from the French expansionism William III played an all or nothing policy, which wonderfully well ended. He rested in the summer of 1688 a for that time huge invasion force, which departed from Hellevoetssluis in the autumn of 1688 and went ashore in South West England. After some skirmishes knew the army of William III the relatively limited and not very effective military force to drive out of his father-in-law, after which the army of William III London occupied. On this bold mode came to the Glorious Revolution and the growing French influence on the English throne was nullified. The al since Willem II existing connection between Orange and the Stuarts was confirmed. Now William III also in England was in power, he succeeded in successfully resisting the French aggression politics of Louis XIV. From then on ran the Republic in political terms, for thirty-five years on the basis of England. Also in England with William III to power, he was even stronger focus on fighting the French hegemony. He played an important role in anti-French coalitions during the nine years ' war (1688-1697) and until his death in 1702 in the war of Spanish Succession (1701-1713). The IJ to Amsterdam with the 'Golden Lion', the former flagship of Cornelis Tromp, 1686, Willem van de Velde the younger

The Dutch merchant fleet in the eighteenth century remained of great magnitude, but the English and French growth could not match. Also the Dutch fleetremained a force to be reckoned with, but lost after the Third Anglo-Dutch war(1672-1674) the prevalence. The Republic remained prosperous, but it was a period of consolidation that the excitement of the expansion of the century before that was missing. The Regents class became an ever more enclosed oligarchy, where the arrival of a stadtholder to changed nothing.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">William III also brought his bankers and advisers to London and carried out economic improvements by. Since then began increasingly to outflank the Republic of England, especially in the colonial trade. That came in part because England now had a functioning central authority.But the biggest reason was the greatly increased population of England, who had been trained well in General and thus also the production per person could enlarge. In addition, it supported renewed English directors trade, economics and technical innovations; so was the fleet since then constantly modernized and extended. After 1688 in England succeeded by these innovations to the Republic, which suffered under an ever-increasing tax burden, to outflank in economic and technologically. ===Second stadtholderless period<span class="mw-editsection" len="364" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Board of William III by the harsh outside Friesland and Groningen was chosen after his childless death no new stadtholder. The trade and shipping did not know more the growth of the last century, but remained substantial. The trade of France and England however, grew especially strong so that the share of de Zeven Provinciën relatively shrank. The Republic had still an important financial sector, in which foreign Governments took large loans at Amsterdam bankers. The great Scene of Folly, 1720.

A boom arrived in England when the end of the South Sea Bubble and the Mississippi Company in France by John Law. Also the fair in Rotterdam hits got because of a sharp fall in prices, but less severe than in London and Paris, where many actionisten by wind trade significant losses. In Amsterdam was the English coffeehouse in the ' Kalverstraat ' stormed.The mayors banned the brokers to act in the bubble-and trade wind .<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Political and military was the Republic in the second stadtholderless period (1702-1747) on the second rank. The forty years war with France economically played after huge public debt a large role, especially after the war of the Spanish Succession showed that the Republic of above her power worked. England and the Republic competed in this war together with a number of allies to Association of the Spanish and the French monarchy to prevent it. This was a particularly long and exhausting war for all parties, in which the Republic for the last private role in the European balance of power. At theTreaty of Utrecht in 1713 the anti-French coalition reached her goal, but the negotiations were over the heads of the Dutch delegates back. In the words of the French negotiator Melchior de Polignac; Nous traiterons sur vous, chez vous, sans vous, We negotiate about you, with you, without you.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Seventy percent of the income of Holland went on to interest, which only offensive ambition impossible. That there is a period of more than thirty years of peace followed, was not enforced by the power of the Republic, but because England and France in this period saw an aggressive politics.

God's slaandehand about by the plague-siekte under the Netherlands cattle, Jan Smit, 1745<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The consequence was a dependency of England, the new maritime power including the Dutch fleet would fall. The Austrian Netherlands were barrièretractaat with the Dutch garrisons stationed a buffer State in which layers. De Zeven Provinciën were a nachtwakers State in which apart from the reform-minded Slingelandt no big names came out. Although the orangist trend much less strong than in the first stadtholderless period, caused the invasion of French troops in the South of the Republic in 1747 a panic that seemed a repeat of the disaster year. This brought the function of stadtholder William IV, for the first time in all regions. International politics for a long time could be based on knocking out the French-English antagonisms, but after the seven years ' war (1756-1763) had formed a new balance of power in Europe, making this no longer worked and the Republic was increasingly at the mercy of the goodwill of the superpowers.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Where in 1719 was said still dance ce pays tout est nouveau (in this country everything is new), Boswell  wrote in 1764: you meet with multitudes of poor creatures who are starving in idleness (you come crowds of people who starve in idleness). After 1688 was the trade on Spain and Asia go to stagnate after 1720 to collapse. This also applied to the fisheries. Due to the low prices and relatively high wages was not immediately noticeable, but after 1770 was widespread poverty. The idea of a downturn was enhanced by pests if the Pole worm that affected his ships and the dikes and the slamming rinderpest, ' God's hand over Netherlands '. ===Patriots<span class="mw-editsection" len="348" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The Prussian army pulls Amsterdam via Leidsepoort<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The second half of the eighteenth century was a turbulent period with what  Godechot  called the Atlantic revolutions . Where it previously only went to nobleprivileges, also now began the popular sovereignty of  Rousseau  have a role to play.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the Republic of the dissatisfaction with the Regents class ended that more and more of the people. The country was previously not a democracy, but the people still had influence practice. First came the discontent reflected in the pachtersoproer in 1748. The doelisten saw William IV as the one the Board reform could, but when he came to power, showed he does not plan to change the existing structure.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The early death of William IV in 1751 left it to the three-year rule William V, who came of age in 1766. He also knew not to bring the political renewal after which it was hoped. At the end of the eighteenth century continued the internal divisions in Netherlands. The lighting also began to gain influence in the Republic, where a good education existed and thus a relatively large group of literacy. This led to the will to a more democratic system of Government. On the other hand there were the Orange order, which William V wanted to give even more power in imitation of the French kings. Netherlands was influenced by the events in France that is contradicted by  Israel. He argues, however, that the interaction began in the Netherlands, where the radical lighting arose from the radical Cartesianism. The Patriots move was according to him the only major European democratic mass movement for theFrench Revolution began in 1789.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Internationally, relations changed and there was no longer a French-Habsburg after centuries contrast, making the barrier cities had to be evacuated in 1782.At the States of Holland and the States-General led to dissatisfaction with the stadhouderlijk system that was shared with the Regents who in the pro-English's value of the stadtholder saw a threat to trade. The American Revolution (1775-1783) was welcomed by the Democrats, but also by the Regents who saw in it a reduction of the English power.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The existing discontent was strengthened by the disastrous course of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch war (1780-1784) who followed the recognition by the United States during the American Revolution (1775-1783). The Republic was in 1782 after France the second country that recognized the United States and the British declared her the war to prevent Netherlands would enter into an alliance with other neutral countries first and then would hit involved in the American Revolutionary War. With the war came to an end a century of Alliance. The English made it convenient use of extremely slow decision-making in the Republic. The war was a disaster for Netherlands, especially economically. The fleet with which the Republic against the English to battle drew, was the same size as that of Michiel de Ruyter had defeated the English. However, while the investment in the fleet in the Republic were stable, they were in England ballooned.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1786 and 1787 escalated the domestic problems. The disaffection of the patronage system focused on the Regency of William V, that reduce their influence. On the contrary, the democratic movement had objected to the oligarchic character of the Board. Although the motives were of a different kind, so called the anti-Orange order all Patriots, all supported not all anti-orangist Regents the increasing political participation of the citizens. They feared the possible democratic movement whereby they may be more would lose than win and aristocrats were called. The Patriots handles under the guise of constitutional repair back on the insurgency and the golden age and wanted the old rights and privileges back. By cooperating Regents and citizens were deprived of its particular designation rights William V. At local level a revolution began to emerge, with Freikorps played an important role. William V did not feel more safe and went to Nijmegen. He could not find in the plan of the Orange order to restore him and refused to cooperate. Are more determined woman, Princess Wilhelmina, offered to take his place, her arrest at the captured here led to the Prussian invasion that would force off the Orange restoration . Many Patriots fled to France where they had a not insignificant role in the French revolution that would bring them back to the Republic during the Batavian revolution. ==Batavian time<span class="mw-editsection" len="347" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == A boy attacked by a butcher's boy with a Cleaver, 22 november 1806, Christiaan Andriessen. ''What what going on boy? Be that guy cut me there with a Cleaver in my face.'' Although senseless violence is a recent term, it is a phenomenon of all time. It came also for in Amsterdam during the war with the United Kingdom by the Batavian time where the trade came to a halt and the population moved away from poverty, while other cities fixed-to only market places. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the French revolution in 1794, the French had the southern Netherlands annexed to the French Republic. In 1795 the French troops also fell within Netherlands. They gave the Patriots, who along with the French armies returned, still the power. In the name made it not part of the French Republic, but theBatavian Republic was established. William V of Orange fled to England where he with the Declaration of Kew brought the Dutch colonies under British management.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In previous centuries was in the Republic reached a notion of the modern State. The States had a sovereignty that came with other European countries had to be reached through a revolution. This also applied to the political and religious tolerance, the equality of all citizens and the distribution of wealth across the population. That did not mean that there is no social inequality was and with the decline of the Republic came it institutional inability to light. By the existing situation was this period much less violent than in France and could be largely focussed on the formation of a country in which the provincial ascendancy of Holland was replaced by a central run. It meant that one a vassal state of the new French Republic was and according to the Hague Convention a compensation of one hundred million guilders had to pay for the "liberation".

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Inland there was initially some independence and the rights of man and citizen entered, with which, among other things, all religions were equal. The National Assembly was the first democratic people's representation in Netherlands, but proved unable to reform the State by the contrasts between the unitarissen, proponents of the unitary State, and the federalists that provincial sovereignty stood for. After three years the frustration led to two coups with French support and with the Constitution of 1798 the first Dutch Constitution was introduced. This was a radical break with the provincialism and was on the State area main change since the rebellion.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As an ally of France the Batavian Republic took part in the war of the second Coalition. On August 27, 1799 landed an Anglo-Russian force of 32,000 man inDen Helder. Alkmaar on October 3, was occupied. In the battle of Castricum the Batavian-French army under the generals knew Herman Willem Daendelsand Guillaume Brune on 6 October, however, to achieve a decisive victory against the combined British-Russian armed forces. As a result of the blockade by the British Navy in particular was the economy of the coastal provinces hard hit. The overseas trade was as good as silent. A large part of the lost colonies finally went to the British. In the large cities in the West, such as Amsterdam and Leiden was a large part of the population in the Administration of Justice. Netherlands in this period changed more and more out of necessity in an agrarian society in which even Amsterdam lost a large part of its population.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The people lost his enthusiasm for politics. Around 1800, however, knew to national reconciliation, in which the French more and more as occupiers rather than liberators were seen. In 1801 there was another coup. TheBatavian Republic was established that got a federal character. Also this reign did not meet expectations, after which Napoleon appointed as Grand Pensionary Schimmelpenninck in 1805. Although this a year later was pushed to the side, already knew Schimmelpenninck important reforms. After the transformation of the Batavian Republic to the Kingdom of Holland in 1806, Napoleon Louis Bonaparte to his brother as King. Louis Bonaparte continued the line of Schimmelpenninck, but identified himself according to his brother too much with his subjects, among other things by a failure of the continental system. In 1810 the country was then in stages annexed by the French Empire. The national debt was in eighteenth century and Batavian time so out of hand that Napoleon in 1810 itself imposed the tiërcering of the national debt.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the disastrous field trip to Russia and peoples battle the French troops left the country in 1813. Especially by ham, the initiative for a new State not to the allies. Although the role of Orange in years past seemed to be, was the son of the deceased William V asked to be sovereign. The introduction of the French legislation, however, would prove of lasting meaning. ==United Kingdom<span class="mw-editsection" len="353" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == A Negro, living up to his ribs hungin a translation of Narrative of a five years expedition against the revolted Negroes of Surinam ' by Stedman from 1796. The book — especially gripping by the illustrations — was important in the early phase of the abolitionisme. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the departure of the French in the North was soon started with the formation of a new State. In 1813 William I became Sovereign Prince, while the new Constitution was adopted in 1814. One could count on support from the British, who wanted a strong buffer State against French expansionism. In the South was missing such a movement. Where the North had made three years part of the French Empire, this was for the South almost twenty years been the case. The major powers to the South saw as a weak independent buffer State, for which the domestic initiative failed. Austria, however, his old inheritance not wanted back. The powers decided In 1815 during the Congress of Vienna to the Union of North and South. In the South there was initially talk of hesitation, but the hundred days of Napoleon crossed the line pulled the Belgians to join the United Kingdom, assisted by "Hollandic arithmetic", Arithmétique hollandaise.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although William I is compared to the enlightened despots, he had very much to do with the Constitution and the First and Second Room. This did not prevent him from outside of the rooms to govern and thus the country to recover from the devastating French domination. William I picked up the powerful to reconstruction. The time flourishing in the South in the French industry was stimulated, while in the North the focus was on the restoration of trade and shipping. In the whole country the infrastructure was addressed and numerous canals and roads were improved. A series of new institutions, including the NHM had to improve prosperity to eventually create a great power as to Netherlands. The grotendeelse return of the colonies by the British helped in this, although the culture system to the introduction of the Dutch East Indies in 1830 in would take for there had been apositive lock .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">So energetic as William I the economy stimulated, so conservative was his politics. The Belgians In governance and high Army posts were seriously under-represented, although they are a larger part of the population and the United States Army. The language coercion provided the necessary resistance in the South, where not only French-speakingWallonia, but also the higher bourgeoisie in Flanders. The Catholics, who make up the majority of the population, demanded freedom of education and religion and the Liberals objected to the authoritarian style reign of William I. This led to the monstrous Covenant and finally the Belgian secession in 1830. ==Kingdom of the Netherlands<span class="mw-editsection" len="360" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The precious perseverance politics of William I resulted in high financial burden. In addition, the system no longer worked with the manufactured products in the South by Northern ships were transported. It was now clear that the Netherlands and forced to follow a policy of neutrality began. From a political point of view, was also in the middle of the period ofa country that in the years 1780 to 1848 and ended up in a crisis in a long series of false starts and failures experienced.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" len="178" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [5] ===Parliamentary democracy<span class="mw-editsection" len="358" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the French Revolution and defeating Napoleon had the reactionisme gained the upper hand. In the year 1848 revolution put one here again with unrest across Europe. The starting point was France where again the reactionary King was deposed and a civilian Government came to power. Also came soon after popular uprisings in Germany and Austria, among others. In Netherlands this year went relatively quiet becauseWilliam II said it had become from conservative to liberal in one night. He left a new Constitution drafts by the liberal Thorbecke. Netherlands became a constitutional monarchy, while the ministers responsible from now on for the policy instead of the King. Thorbecke could complement with the necessary reforms, but this afterwards came in 1853 fell after the restoration of the Episcopal hierarchy and the subsequent April movement.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The school struggle would then form an important part of politics, in which denominational parties started to form in opposition to the years of ascendancy of the Liberals, with the Protestant Anti Revolutionary Party as the first national political party. Where the members are United in earlier informal alliances and electoral associations, there were at the end of the nineteenth century several political parties.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Netherlands In Dutch East Indies followed a so-called political withdrawal. This meant that no one in the outer Board established, but limited to relationships with the native Princes. Another policy would require too much financial and military efforts. Among other things under pressure of modern imperialism by other countries at the end of the nineteenth century, it came in spite of a colonial expansion, which called the ' colonial paradox ' is called. This expansion could with heavy violence go hand in hand. ===Modernisation<span class="mw-editsection" len="347" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The factory children: "long live Mr wood", 1874, Elias Spanier.

The children's wetje of Wooden was the first social law in Netherlands.Slowly the Government began to play a larger role after the earlier reluctance of the Liberals.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The import of cheap grain and other agricultural products from the US and Canada between 1878 and 1895 caused an agricultural crisis which employment in rural areas fell strongly. In the peat colonies of Groningen and Drenthe where all great social differences existed, had this in 1888 in appelscha Netherlands result where the first large-scale strike in pay rise and abolition of the truck system was demanded.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A large part of the population therefore pulled away from the countryside. Partly this was migration towards the cities, but also a substantial part emigrated towards other countries. By the result of the urbanization that was here, continued the industrialization especially in the East and the South strongly by. To this end, bore the train at whose first copy in 1839 went riding between Amsterdam and Haarlem. Also expanded the services sector itself. All this vital economic growth, but the urbanization also made the lower social strata of society visible as working class. It was a labour movement that organized in political parties and trade unions. Next to the school fight were expansion of thesuffrage and improving social conditions of the workers important political themes. There pillarization began to emerge with a civil character attributes to the Dutch society in the 1960s. The increased prosperity was accompanied by a dozens of Arts and Sciences. The real poverty gradually disappeared, while working conditions were given a legal basis.The position of children improved slowly with the introduction of the children's wetje of Wood in 1874 and the establishment of the compulsory schooling in 1901.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although the neutrality stemmed from inability, started to present themselves as guide countryNetherlands. This was in contradiction with the policy in the colonies, causing anethical politics was born. Among other things by the economic interests came this does not go beyond the funding of public education and a limited level of political participation of the colonial population.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the first world war (1914-1918) Netherlands to remain neutral, but knew it was the end of the strong economic growth. The army was mobilized when war broke out in August 1914, while the German invasion in Belgium up to 1 million refugees from that country led. Because the surrounding countries were at war and the North Sea was not safe for shipping, food is scarce and threatened even there was famine. There was a coupons system for the food distribution set. An error in the distribution led in 1917 to the so-called potato riots in Amsterdam.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Under pressure from the circumstances of war came the politics to the pacification of 1917 with which not only the angel was extracted largely from the conflicts, but also the pillarisation was officially confirmed. There came to an end the school struggle and universal suffrage for men was introduced two years later followed by the women's suffrage.The social question was not resolved and after the mistake of Troelstra was severely weakened the position of the Socialists. This mistake was that Troelstra, the leader of the SDAP, after the revolutions in Germany and Russia, also called a revolution in november 1918 among the workers, however, was given no hearing to where.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The relationship with Belgium that had heavily suffered from the war was tense. The Belgians felt that Netherlands had been not neutral because it had let German troops withdraw by Limburg. They demanded Zeeuws-Vlaanderen and Zuid-Limburg on. This was not honored, but until the Second World War would remain problematic the relationship with Belgium. Netherlands refrained from support for the Flemish movement despite the allusions to the bond from the Great neerlandisme. ===Civil-compartmentalized society<span class="mw-editsection" len="366" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === High unemployment could contribute to the construction of the Afsluitdijk between 1927 and 1932. To stop unemploymentemployment projects were set up in 1935 and became the import limited to domestic companies to support it.Doovemansdeur, Johan Braakensiek, 1939

Unemployed during the depression for the locked door of the Labour Office. The citizens seem to ignore the suffering of the workers.Dutch Jews in Buchenwald.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The developments there had meanwhile led Netherlands to recognize as nation Statewas clear. In the period after World War I, the existing development accelerated. The infrastructure was extensive, including the Afsluitdijk and previously the North Sea Canal and the Nieuwe Waterweg. Widely also found a electrification took place, which resulted in major changes for mass production, transport, households and communication. Not only the existing as well as new infrastructure arose with the advent ofaviation. Of the KLM founded in 1919 landed the first flight in 1920 on Schiphol. In the industrial sector grew some very large companies like Philips, Shell and Unilever. In the science and arts big names came forward, knowing even such that this is the second golden age of Dutch science is called.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Also a social system slowly began to emerge. One remained neutral despite the international accession to the League of Nations and the establishment of the Permanent Court of International Justice in the Hague.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">While there with the NSB and the CPN have unparliamentary movements were, until the second world war the parliamentary democracy was never in danger. After the strained relations with the Royal family in the nineteenth century, grew the popularity of the Queens, which counted for something that they are not pursued more direct political influence.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Especially politics, trade unions, schools, broadcasting, press and youth movement were strong pillarized. Sought was to resolve ideological differences with a pacification policy, which especially in philosophical issues not always succeeded. Since the confessionelen of 1918 to 1994 this had always formed part of the Government, the necessary influence.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The crisis of the thirties brought high unemployment after a period of prosperity. The currently ruling cabinet Ruijs de Beerenbrouck-III carried out a large number of austerity measures and laws by including the Tarwewet, to endure the crisis. Almost every country around their currency, making the Netherlands devalueerden failing trading position. Only in 1936 by Campbell III decided to devalue the guilder. Netherlands economic oriented in these time very one-sided on Germany. The introduction of theSonderkonto turned out to be a noose for Netherlands. The crisis lasted very long in Netherlands, to be followed by the second world war. This would eventually an increasing influence of the State on society.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In this period developed the Dutch East Indies national movement in itself. Leaders like Sukarno and Hatta Board or even demanded independence and were rounded up and exiled to New Guinea .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Slowly came around that time the influx of Jews fled from Germany, but not to upset relations with Germany, a very strict admission policies worked and many Jews were sent back again. By the growing global turmoil, it was decided to increase defence spending and to extend the service . However most weapons could not itself manufacture Netherlands and had to buy it. With the threat of war were, however, less and less generous next most countries for international arms sales or for transit to tolerate. This does not adequately arming and Netherlands could control remained on full neutrality during the approaching war.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the Second World War (1940-1945) used the Netherlands National-Socialist administration as conquered land to support the war. The occupiers tried in addition toCavalry officers transferred tothe population, while more than one hundred thousand Jews — 75% of the Jewish population in Netherlands — was killed in extermination camps. Only a small part of them could survive by hiding them. After an initial moderate approach, hardened the occupation soon, especially after the February strike in occupied Europe unique in 1941. So, the Germans in concentration camps and started getting tougher repression and terror. Although both were resistance movements ascollaborators, the general attitude was one of quite responsibly by far-reaching adaptation, also called called accommodation . When was released on May 5, 1945 very Netherlands, were not only about 200,000 Dutch citizens and soldiers killed, but was much robbed or destroyed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Many institutions were from the denominational segregation by the occupying forces replaced by General. But although the different columns in the resistance worked together and after the liberation the breakthrough thought prevailed, one soon returned back to the denominational segregation before the war. This was how the war could be a fraction less than expected. In 1948, in the 50th year of her reign, Queen Wilhelmina came off in favor of her daughter Juliana. She was especially disappointed because in post-war Netherlands the pre-war compartmentalized society, with its party political culture, not its power came back and again the desired growth might go through. It was relinquished by the failing policy of neutrality by joining the EC and the UN, especially the NATO during the cold war. Willem Drees ruled during this period in which the welfare State was extended. Economic motives, but also the tension of the cold war had a great result that emigration was promoted by the Government. Between 1947 and 1963 left Canada, Australia, among others the 409.000 to United States, South Africa and New Zealand.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Japan occupied from 1942 to 1945 by the very rich and profitable colony Dutch East Indies went after a struggle for independence (1945-1949) finally lost to Netherlands.With Netherlands euphemistically known as a colonial war in the police actions was only for years tried to restore authority, in which the Dutch were sometimes ruthless. Both by the international pressure from the United Statesand the United Nations, in particular the threat to stop the Marshall aid , if by the tenacity of the Indonesians, was forced to accept the new situation Netherlands. The Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence In 1949. An immigration flow of in total ca. 300,000 persons from Indonesia came on gang, consisting of Moluccan ex-KNIL soldiers with their families, returnees and Dutch "Indo's". Although originally it was feared that the loss of the rich economic malaise would lead to colony (India lost, disaster born), turned out to be the opposite. To Black Sinterklaas in 1957 was the economic link with Indonesia together with the Marshall plan still of great importance for the reconstruction. ===Decompartmentalization<span class="mw-editsection" len="344" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The land consolidation, which especially after the war began, ended the Celtic fields with Convolutional locks that were replaced by large fields with straight locks. This changed with the urbanization significantly the landscape of Netherlands .Eviction of a squat on the Damrak in Amsterdam on October 31, 2007. With the disappearance of the denominational segregation created ayouth culture with different subcultures. Was formed In the 1980s by thehousing shortage combined with prolonged vacancy the squatting movement. With the kronings riot in 1980 started a very violentsquatters period that the police to search a different approach to group violence left. The 1980s was also the period of the great demonstrations. Many protesting the placement of American cruise missiles on Dutch territory, part of a cold war. The largest demonstration ever held in Netherlands, was in 1983 in the Hague against cruise missiles. Also ran many people to hope against the Viet Nam war and against nuclear energy.A Dutch Government building (Ministry of housing, spatial planning and environment).

In the 1970s, it was within the labour party to the idea of the malleable society. In the following decades turned out more and more that the society is feasible only in part and that the growing government intervention the Government not made more effective by the increasing bureaucracy.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 1950s took the prosperity in Netherlands rapidly. This was primarily due to the ongoing industrialization at last and to the fact that one inWestern Europe drew lessons from the mistakes of the interwar period. It was recognised that high tariff barriers were crippling for the economy.Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg therefore went from 1958 economic work more closely in the Benelux. Netherlands was also that year one of the six countries which founded the European Economic Community, from which the following years gave rise to the European Union . After the North Sea flood of 1953 which many people dead, the Delta plan was drawn up, which many arms of the sea Dyke increases and closings meant and where almost 50 years to was built. As a result, developed a wide expertise in this field. The port of Rotterdam grew into the largest in Europe, between 1962 and 2004 even the largest in the world. In the 1950s, the competitive position vis-à-vis foreign countries also improved by the wage policy led. The decade that saw the discovery of theaardgasbel and large wage increases that made possible a luxury that was not known, the beginning of the consumer society. With the televisionwas the car of which the symbol. The individual development gradually became more important than meeting the expectations of the column. With this decompartmentalization created a youth culture that is rejecting the older generation.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although after the war in the art though movements were like the Cobra in their fifties and not until the 1960s, there was a movement of change that was maatschappijbreed. Existing structures and values did not disappear immediately, but were since that time have been called into question.Authority was no longer obvious, but more dependent on skill. In the 1960s, the hippie flower powerblew-lifestyle and drug use about free fromCalifornia, while the sexual morality was more freely. The subsidy legislation was extended with which artists got more room to experiment. Thewomen's movement also showed strong is stirring, been running the emancipation so far behind compared to neighbouring countries. In all this also fitted a democratization of education out there came with the Mammoetwet of 1968.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Parallel to the decompartmentalization played himself off the Christianization from this period. With the secularization was raised the proportion of the population that is not charged to one of the columns. The confessional parties saw their support plummet. The formation of the CDA from the three largest denominational parties could still stretch their presence in the Centre of power, but in general they lost supporters to liberal parties VVDandD66 if, or to the social democratic PvdA. Opposite the Christianization began an increase in an untethered spiritual group that meaning was looking for in movements like new age.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The late 1950s also arose a fear of communism. Although the Social Democrats were less radical, but the Communist CPN strongly pro-Soviet in 1946 obtained 10 out of 100 Room seats (was 3 in 1939), plus many local seats and the absolute majority in some Groningen municipalities. Therotation in Czecho-Slovakia in 1948 did admiration turn into fear. It did not come to a witch hunt, but a number of legislative changes in the municipal law assured the ability to possibly a fucking Communist politicians, they were allowed to be too strong. The following of the CPN took off dramatically in later years.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Western half of New Guinea, Irian Jaya, later became after many efforts of Indonesia and us reminders and Russian threats in October 1962 transferred to the United Nations. In 1969, New Guinea through a plebiscite in Indonesia officially annexed thereto. On 25 november 1975 Surinamebecame independent.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Politics In the 1970s had to follow with a renewal. That the cabinet Den Uyl in this largely failed, was among other things due to the economic downturn after the oil crisis of 1973. In particular, the labour-intensive industry turned out to low-wage countriesthen pull away. The subsequent largeunemployment, particularly among the low-skilled guest workers , including many that were won during the period of economic prosperity. This does not end the welfare State to be fully sustainable. The idea of the malleable society also fostered increasing government intervention with an increase in bureaucracy that the Government not made more effective. The train hijacking by Moluccans were shocking affaires at Wijster in 1975 and The Point in 1977. Also played in this period the Lockheed affair.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The beginning of the 1980s was characterized by the oil crisis of 1979, an economic downturn with high unemployment, a huge budget deficit, rising interest rates and a collapsing housing market. Ruled by Ruud Lubbers cabinets from 1982-1994 under the motto work, work, work. These three cabinets were characterized by large cuts in wages and benefits and the dismantling of the welfare State. The budget deficit has been reduced.Benefits were made less attractive to increase employment levels and unemployment, over 11% in 1983, counter. Also the polder model of consensus between Government, trade unions and employers leaving. Netherlands suffered from stagflation, which caused an economic problem where one but hard came out. In the late 1980s the worldwide economic climate went back up again and disappeared the pessimism. The Dutch economy recovered, unemployment decreased and the budget deficit was back under control.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 1990s pulled the Dutch economy further to. During the purple years increased prosperity, in which the Netherlands benefited from global economic growth. In this period also the environmental movementgrew. In 1972 had the report The limits to growth of the Club of Rome made a big impression especially in Netherlands. The Government reacted quickly on here, but it turned out to be a difficult international problem, which was not directly to get a grip. Netherlands did In the 1980s and 1990s as a member of the active part in various NATO military peacekeeping operations under the auspices of the United Nations. That led in 1995 to involvement in the fall of Srebrenica, which remained for many years the emotions involved.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Another difficult issue, the concerns about the growing group of ethnic minorities, was initially mostly ignored. At the end of the 1960s and especially in the 1970s came a large influx of guest workers first from Italy and Spain in particular on gang, later mostly from Morocco and Turkey. Where the Spaniards and Italians in the 1980s and 1990s, largely returned to their homeland, was that with the Moroccans and Turks not the case. The reason was mainly economic. Spain and Italy were more prosperous, as well as the Netherlands went back again so that emigrants. Morocco and Turkey remained underdeveloped areas so there is no incentive for the now got used to prosperity was guest workers to return. In addition, many had meanwhile come about their family. There was also a large influx of import brides going. The immigrant Muslim population grew very strong. When Pim Fortuyn joined the political integration policy eventually became a compulsory part of the politics. Frustration over the alleged failing government policy turned out in 2002 after the murder of Fortuyn nine days after his party, the Pim Fortuyn list, brought about an unprecedented shift in theDutch general election. Also the CDA clears a Giants win and came after 8 years back in the power Center. Although the Cabinet with the LPF not last long held, the dissatisfaction with the traditional ruling parties remained since then and go there since 2006 again more and more votes for alternative parties, such as the SP on the one hand and on the other hand, the PVV .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Where in the 1960s universal values should be given priority, was from now again called attention to the national culture that danger, on the one hand, European integration and, on the other hand, would run the large groups of ethnic minorities. The Constitutional Treaty for Europe was rejected. And after 11 september 2001reduced the tolerance of the Islamic minorities, which, in turn, felt affected come. The murder of Theo van Gogh seemed to be the confirmation of the multicultural dramaof an ethnic underclass who don't eventually radicalizes and integrates. While the traditional tolerance, reduced in this area made allowing the same-sex marriage and abortion, euthanasia, prostitution under conditions and soft drugs sure that impression abroad have persisted.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">National is there after the decompartmentalization for many people no more ideological currents where they are to be able to focus, while the end of the cold war international relations has made any clearer. In addition, there are the core issues that Fortuyn by the appointment of it are large following gave and which is still current.Nevertheless, Netherlands despite the credit crisis and subsequent sovereign debt crisis a very prosperous country with good social care and a stable society, that despite the said political murders has experienced a relatively poor development of violence.