Politics and Government in Netherlands

Netherlands in Politics takes place within a parliamentary democracy, a constitutional monarchy and a decentralised unitary State. Netherlands is a consensus democracy, where the political institutions aimed at a broad consensus between political actors.



Content
[hide] *1 Constitution  ==Constitution[ Edit] == The Dutch Constitution describes the main social and fundamental rights of the classic Dutch citizens and the main political institutions.
 * 2 political institutions
 * 2.1 King
 * 2.2 Cabinet
 * 2.3 States General
 * 2.4 political parties
 * 2.5 Council of State
 * 2.6 high Colleges of State
 * 2.7 legal system
 * 2.8 the social and Economic Council
 * 2.9 decentralized authorities
 * Policy 3
 * 3.1 foreign policy
 * 3.2 ethics policy
 * 4 political history
 * 4.1 1815-1917
 * 4.2 1917-1966
 * 4.3 1966-1994
 * 4.4 1994-now
 * 5 see also
 * 6 external links

The Constitution of Netherlands is only applicable in Netherlands (both the European and the Caribbean part). The Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands covers the entire Kingdom, including Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.

Although no Constitutional Court and judges Netherlands formal legislation (decisions of the Government and the States-General together) to the Constitution may not keys, can judges laws to international treaties and the Statute of the Kingdom keys and they can legislation that no law (such as Royal Decrees or General Local Regulations) be against the Constitution.

Amendments to the Constitution must twice by both houses of the States General be approved. The first time by a simple majority in both chambers. Then these should be dissolved and new elections held and both Chambers adopt the amendments with a two-thirds majority. ==Political institutions[ Edit] == The most important political institutions are the King, the Cabinet, the States General and the legal system. In addition, three high Colleges of State formally as important as the States General but a less political role, the most important of these is the Council of State. Other local authorities are municipalities, water boards and provinces. Although not included in the Constitution, political parties and the social partners are United in the economic and Social Council also major political actors.

Netherlands has no separation of powers in classical sense. According to the Constitution, share the States-General and the Government (King and Council of Ministers) thelegislaturetogether. In addition, it should be consulted when legislation to the Council of State. The Executive power lies with the Government. The judiciary is distributed across many different types of courts. For civil law and criminal law is the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, the highest court for administrative law is the Council of State, the highest court of which the King is ex officio President. ===King<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === King Willem-Alexander during his initiation <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Netherlands is a monarchy since March 16, 1815 and is ruled by members of the House of Orange-Nassau.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1813 was the Sovereign Prince William I of the Netherlands, after the French the country are extruded. In 1815, it became officially a Kingdom and Netherlands International Court recognized by the Congress of Vienna. The House of Orange-Nassau became the Royal family of the Netherlands, the current United Kingdom of the NetherlandsandBelgium. The Kings of this House were also Grand Duke of Luxembourg between 1815 and 1890.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The current King is Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange. His intended successor is Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange. Queen Beatrix, now Princess Beatrix, entered on 30 april 2013, with which the kingship passed by operation of law on Prince Willem-Alexander. He rules under the name King Willem-Alexander.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The constitutional head of State is the King and he has a role in the formation of Government and the legislative process. He must each sign this law enter into force. In addition, the King ex officio Chairman of the Council of State, which advises the Government on legislation and the highest court in the field of administrative law is. The King also plays a role in the formation process or at a Cabinet crisis. He has as of the elections in 2012 no longer have the control over the process, but will be kept informed. If the formation was successful he appoints the ministers. As a Cabinet has been dropped after a cabinet crisis should the Prime Minister to the King advice questions.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The King also plays an important role in representing Netherlands abroad. In addition, he has weekly contact with the Prime Minister about government policy and he also regularly speaks the other ministers and Secretaries of State. Traditionally, discussed the following three rights during these contacts: the right to be informed, the right to encourage and the right to warn. ===Cabinet<span class="mw-editsection" len="347" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The inner court including the turret and the Trêveszaal starting from the opposite side of Hofvijver<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Dutch Government consists of the King and the ministers. The King no longer has a formal role during a Cabinet formation, other than that he appoints the ministers and State Secretaries and affidavit. The ministers together form the Council of Ministers, who takes the initiative to laws and policies. This body meets every Friday in the Trêveszaalat the Binnenhof. In principle, each Minister head of a Ministry, but since 1939, is it possible to appoint a Minister without portfolio .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The cabinet consists of all the ministers and State Secretaries. Secretaries of State take a part of the portfolio of a Minister where. They have no voting rights in the Council of Ministers and only take part in the deliberations if they are asked to do.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Council of Ministers makes decisions on the basis of equality, all ministers including the Prime Minister are each other's equal. Behind the closed doors of the Trêveszaal ministers can discuss freely proposed decisions. Once a decision has been taken, all ministers must publicly support the policies and bound. The Council of Ministers seeks to decide in principle on the basis of consensus. The Council of Ministers can vote on decisions.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Cabinet is accountable collectively guilty of and must enjoy the confidence States General. Ministers and State Secretaries are expected to resign if a majority in Parliament denounces the confidence in a Minister. It is not possible for a Minister or Secretary of State, at the same time, to be a member of the States-General, except in the case that the Minister or Secretary of State has offered his resignation to the King and so outgoing. As long as no decision has been taken on the dismissal can be combined the functions. This happens pretty much just after elections for the second Chamber, which seated outgoing ministers and/or Secretaries of their combine function with politics as they are elected. However, once the Cabinet formation has ended and the ministers and Secretaries of State are (re) appointed they must specify their seat. The maxim is that Cabinet members never member of the second or first Chamber can be, subject to the aforementioned exception.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Prime Minister is the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. His official role is to coordinate government policy. He is also Minister of General Affairs. The task of this small Department is to support the Prime Minister in his coordinating role and communicating Government decisions. The Office of the Prime Minister is the Turret. ===States General<span class="mw-editsection" len="355" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The entrance to the Second Room on the square <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Dutch Parliament is the States General that consists of the First and Second Room. Both chambers must agree to legislation and ministers to account. The second room has the right of initiative and of Amendment No. In the second Room the political takes a more important role in the first Room.<sup class="noprint nopopups" len="309" style="line-height:1;"> [source?]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The House of representatives has 150 members and is elected once every four years on the basis of proportional representation based on electoral lists of parties. The second Room is three days in the week (on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday). The Senate has 75 members and is once every four years through multistage elections chosen by members of provincial Council based on proportional representation. The first Room is often seen as the chambre de réflexion where former politicians to the Constitution legislation keys, away from the hustle and bustle of the daily politics. The first Room comes together once every week (on Tuesday).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As a check on the Government may interrogate ministers both rooms (the right of interpellation), both written and oral. Ministers need to answer the questions of the Rooms. The Rooms are allowed to express their opinions in the form of (non-binding) motions, and if the Rooms there feel the need, they may perform extensive investigations with hearings (the right of survey).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the elections are almost always members of groups on the basis of the lists to which they were elected. The lijsttrekker is almost always Group Chairman. MPs are elected in a personal capacity so they canthemselves splitting off of their groups. As a member of Parliament of leave the room is the next person on the list which he initially elected, Member of Parliament. As a Cabinet falls before the term of the lower House ends, new elections for the lower House.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The second Room was last elected in 2012 which led to the compositionbelow. The first Room was last elected in 2011 by newly elected provincial Council. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">(*) The independent Senate group party did not participate in the elections of the second Chamber in 2012. The independent Senate group is an alliance between several provincial parties, which by definition do not participate in national elections. ===Political parties<span class="mw-editsection" len="358" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Proportional representation combined with the social pillarisation has led to a multi-party system. The main parties are the VVD, the Labour Party, the PVV and the CDA. Currently the following parties are represented in the House of representatives.

===Council of State<span class="mw-editsection" len="354" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The Council of State to the kneuterdijk<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Council of State is an Advisory Board of the Cabinet on the constitutional and legal aspects of policy and legislation. All the laws that are made by the Cabinet does for the Council of State opinion. This advice is not binding. In addition, the Council of State the Supreme Tribunal on a part of the administrative law.
 * The people's Party for freedom and democracy is a conservative-liberal party. It attaches to entrepreneurship and political, social and economic freedom.
 * The labour party is a centre-left social democratic party. Her program focuses on greater social, political and economic equality of all citizens.
 * The Freedom Party is a conservative-Liberal Party which stands for islam and less tax reduction. In addition they are resistance against the further enlargement of the European Union.
 * The Socialist Party is a Socialist party that stands up for human dignity, equality and solidarity.
 * The Christian Democratic Appeal is a centre-right Christian Democratic party. It puts a lot of emphasis on the responsibility of the civil society and the family. For example, the party between the emphasis on market forces and individualism of the VVD and the emphasis on government intervention of the Dutch Labour Party.
 * Democrats 66 is a social-liberal and radical-democratic party. It supports liberal policies on abortion, euthanasia and reform of the welfare state. In addition, the party much to direct democracy.
 * The Christian Union is an orthodox Christian party that conservative social positions and in the area of abortion, euthanasia and same-sex marriage combines with center-left positions in the field of immigration, thewelfare State and the environment.
 * Green Left is a progressive, left-wing and Green party with a strong emphasis on environmental theme's combines with a plea for a multicultural society.
 * The reformed political party is orthodox and conservative reformed party that the Government sees as the servant of God.
 * The party for the animals focuses on animal rights and has an affinity with environmental issues.
 * 50Plus comes on for the elderly interests.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Council is ex officio chaired by the King. However, the Royal family's day-to-day operations over to Vice-President Piet Hein Donner and the other Councillors, which legal experts, particularly former ministers, judges and professors rights. ===High Colleges of State<span class="mw-editsection" len="363" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Dutch Constitution has five high Colleges of State. In addition to the two Rooms of the States-General of the Netherlands and the Council of State, the Court of audit and thenational ombudsman. The first examines whether spending public money effective and legitimate. The national ombudsman investigates citizens ' complaints about the Government actions. ===Juridical system<span class="mw-editsection" len="357" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The Supreme Court on the Lange Voorhout<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The judiciary consists of 19 courts, five courts, three administrative law bodies: the Centrale Raad van Beroep, the College van Beroep voor het Bedrijfsleven and the Council of State, and one Supreme Court of the Netherlands with 24 Councillors. The latter is the highest instance for civil law, criminal law and tax law. All judges are appointed for life by the Crown. Almost all judges deal with their 70th retired. The local courts no longer exist as a separate dish, but are part of the courts. The district judge is now so judge, Court, sector Canton. ===Social And Economic Council<span class="mw-editsection" len="365" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Important social actors, the social partners, in particular the trade unions and the employers ' organisations. The main trade unions are the Federation of Dutch trade unions(FNV), which emerged from the Socialist and Catholic Trade Union, the Christian National Vakverbond (CNV) and the National Trade Union Center for Professionals (VCP). Major employers ' organisations are the VNO-NCW, derived from liberal and Christian employers ' organisations, SMES, that stands up for small and medium-sized enterprises andLTO, that stands up for farmers.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Both trade unions and employers ' organisations be involved in making socio-economic policy. The Government calls on the economic and Social Council regularly for advice about this. This Council consists of 11 representatives of trade unions (FNV, CNV and VCP) and employers ' organisations (LTO, SME and VNO-NCW). In addition, there are 11 members appointed by the Government, these are economics professors and directors of the Central Planning bureau and the De Nederlandsche Bank. In working groups representatives of environmental and consumer organisations are also represented.

<p lang="en" len="548" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The SER is also at the top of a system of PBO, which in certain economic sectors, agriculture in particular, self-regulation.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Other important social movements are the environmental movement, including Greenpeace and friends of the Earth Netherlands, Natuurmonumenten. ===Local and regional authorities<span class="mw-editsection" len="361" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The regional government in Netherlands is formed by twelve provinces. These are particularly responsible for spatial planning, health care and recreation, within limits set by the Government. They are overseeing the Administration and finances of municipalities and water boards. The Executive power in a province is located at the Queen's Commissioner and the college of Gedeputeerde Staten. The Queen's Commissioner is appointed by the Government. The gedeputeerde staten are appointed by the provincial Council, the Parliament of a province, with which the Executive Council share legislative power. The States-provincial are directly elected.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Local government in the Netherlands is formed by 441 municipalities and 27 water boards. The municipalities are responsible for education, spatial planning and social security, within limits set by the Government and the States-provincial. The Executive branch in a municipality lies with the Mayor aldermen a which, together with the college of B & W forms. The Mayor is appointed by the Government. The aldermen are appointed by the City Council, the Parliament of a commune, with which the aldermen legislative power parts. The municipal councils are directly elected. In the appointment of mayors and Commissioners of King shall take into account the relative size of parties.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The large municipalities Amsterdam, Rotterdam and the Hague are divided into districts and thus have separate District Councils, District Chairmen and District Councillors. They have limited responsibilities.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The water boards (or mention) are responsible for the hydrological care in an area. The following tasks are done: the Weir to the tasks of water boards care, the water quantity management and water quality management. In addition, for reasons of efficiency also other tasks be entrusted to the water board. For example, road management and waterway management. Lift water boards to perform their duties tax itself.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Water boards are chaired by a Dijkgraaf is appointed by the Crown for a period of six years. In addition, as in municipalities and provinces an Executive Committee (the college of Dijkgraaf and heme councils) and a General Board, which is elected by the population. These elections take place through a persons system and not like the other Governments through a system of lists with political parties.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Water boards are like the provinces and municipalities decentralized bodies. While province and municipality have an indeterminate job in principle, is the job of a water board exclusively in the field of the water care.This limitation makes the water Board to a body of functional decentralisation. County and municipality are called forms of territorial decentralisation. ==Policy<span class="mw-editsection" len="347" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Foreign policy<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Netherlands's foreign policy is based on four pillars: Atlantic cooperation (especially in the NATO), European cooperation (especially in the European Union), development cooperation and international law (the last two in particular in the United Nations).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Between 1815 and 1940 Netherlands was a neutral State, but since the Second World War is Netherlands member of many international organizations. The Dutch economy is very open and is highly dependent on international trade. Controversial Dutch soft drugs policy and the position of the Netherlands as the main exporter of hard drugs. Since the Netherlands built a golden age on colonial empire collapsed after World War II this in.. ===Ethics policy<span class="mw-editsection" len="355" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p lang="en" len="1015" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Dutch policy on drugs, abortion, gay marriage, euthanasia and prostitution is internationally known as very liberal. ==Political history<span class="mw-editsection" len="363" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===1815-1917<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Liberal Prime Minister and writer of the Constitution Thorbecke(1849-1853; 1862-1866)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Netherlands is a monarchy since 1815 and a parliamentary democracy since 1848 is the. Between 1581 and 1806 Netherlands was a Republic and between 1806 and 1810 it was a Kingdom. It was part of France between 1810 and 1813.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1813 William I was Prince while in 1814 the new Constitution was adopted. Netherlands since 1815 had a bicameral legislature with a past-the-post system and census suffrage, in which only men were allowed to vote with sufficient possession. William I printed a great stamp on the Board, and his ministers had little to say. Although he is compared to theenlightened despots, he had very much to do with the Constitution and the First and Second Room. This did not prevent him from outside of the rooms to rule.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the year 1848 revolution it came to unrest across Europe. The starting point was France where again the reactionary King was deposed and a civilian Government came to power.Also came soon after popular uprisings in Germany and Austria, among others. In Netherlands this year went relatively quiet because William II said it had become from conservative to liberal in one night. He left a new Constitution drafts by the liberal Thorbecke. Netherlands became a constitutional monarchy, while the ministers responsible from now on for the policy instead of the King.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although the new Constitution initially politics were liberal, not yet dominated by the Liberals. Still, members of political parties were United in informal alliances and electoral associations. The Liberals were most clearly distinguishable as a political force in the House of representatives. In addition there were conservatives, which, however, lacked a coherent ideology. The most part consisted of a disorganized Middle group of the conservative-liberal moderates.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the battle for the parliamentary system of 1866-1868 lost the conservatives to influence, while the conservative-Liberals disappeared. The Liberals dominated after the House of representatives. Other groups were excluded by the census suffrage. The Liberals, the State thereafter in accordance with the liberal principles. This created a freedom which couldemancipatethemselves previously discriminated minorities, which began around 1870 to bet. The Catholics fought for equal rights with the Protestants, the Social Democrats wanted to improve the position of the non-churchy workers, while the Orthodox Protestantism tried to protect its own identity.

Anti-revolutionary Prime Minister Abraham Kuyper (1901-1905)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Especially the school struggle would then ensure that party formation occurred. There confessional parties began to form in opposition to the ascendancy of the Liberals, with the Protestant Anti Revolutionary Party led by Kuyper in 1879 as the first national political party. To not being exposed to a liberal society, were founded by the confessionelen in many areas private organizations, followed by the Socialists. It also had to better organize the Liberals themselves. Thus the pillarization began to take shape.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Where the ARP has spoken up for reformed small luyden, started also the Catholics to organize themselves politically. Between 1890 and 1920 they were the main opponents of the Liberals. There was a strong contrast between the Catholics and Protestants on the one hand, and the Liberals on the other hand: the antithesis. This contrast was important in the formation of political parties, but not dominant by the contrast within these parties between progressives and conservatives who came forward by the emphasis on renewed social planning. The extension to universal suffrage and the school question were in this climate to 1887 insoluble. In the years that followed were more and more concessions.With the pacification of 1917 this process was completed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The cabinets alternated between the Christian Coalition and the "concentration" of Liberals. An important theme in this time was the census, the ARP, progressive Liberals andSocialist, organized in the emerging social democratic workers ' Party (SDAP) movement wanted to extend the right to vote. ===1917-1966<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Election poster from 1918 of the social democratic SDAP<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1917 were the main political issues of the time the right to vote and the school struggle resolved. All parliamentary parties supported a compromise were introduced: proportional representation, universal suffrage for men and equal funding for special schools. Women's suffrage was also introduced In 1919. The social question was not resolved and after the mistake of Troelstra was severely weakened the position of the Socialists. This mistake was that Troelstra, the leader of the SDAP, after the revolutions in Germany and Russia, also called a revolution in november 1918 among the workers, however, was given no hearing to where.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the pacification and the antithesis between the confessionelen Liberals lost its function. However, the confessionelen kept the idea of the anthithese, while their constituencies by universal suffrage had grown such that they always from 1918 to 1994 were part of the Government. The Protestants and Catholics had lost a joint endeavor with the pacification and came more opposite each other, what a further denominational segregation worked in the hand. The period of 1918-1973 was also characterized by the pacification policy, seeking to resolve ideological differences, what was especially in philosophical issues not always succeeded.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Between 1917 and 1939 Netherlands was ruled by Christian parties, the ARP, the Catholic RKSP and the conservative-Protestant CHU. Anti revolutionary Hendrikus Colijn led Netherlands during the crisis years. The Dutch society was characterised by pillarisation. The society was divided into a number of vertical segments moving past one another on the top level, and lived in the Government had contact with each other. These pillars had own organisations. There were at least four columns, which brought forth the big five Parties: the social democratic column, (politics led by the SDAP), the Catholic (RKSP), the Protestant pillar (led by ARP and the CHU) and the neutral column, which also includes the liberal State party belonged. While there with the NSB and the CPN have antiparlementaraire movements were, was the parliamentary democracy to the Second World War never in danger. After the strained relations with the Royal family in the nineteenth century, grew the popularity of the Queens, which counted for something that they are not pursued more direct political influence.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although the different columns worked in the resistance during the second world war and after the liberation the breakthrough thought prevailed, one soon returned back to the denominational segregation before the war. This was how the war could be a fraction less than expected. Some parties changed their name (RKSP to KVP) or merged, such as the PvdA was formed from the SDAP and the smaller left-liberal VDB and the Christian Democratic CDU and the VVD, which was formed by the successor of the liberal State party and former members of the VDB. However, the Government composition changed greatly. The labour party became the largest party and formed a centre-left now, Roman-red cabinet with KVP, ARP, CHU and VVD or alternately led by Social-Democrat Willem Drees. The cabinets are committed to building the welfare State and decolonization of Dutch East Indies. In 1959 the last classical swine fever fell PvdA-ARP-CHU cabinet formed. After the elections became a Cabinet of KVP, ARP, CHU and VVD formed, this formation would doorregeren to 1971, with a small break in 1965-1967. ===1966-1994<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === CDA-premier Ruud Lubbers, the longest serving premier in history (1982-1994)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The growing prosperity in the 1960s had the attention for the development of individual talent increases, leaving decompartmentalization occurred. There were new parties, which were particularly popular among young voters, who felt themselves less concerned at the columns. The baby boom and the lowering of the voting age to 18 (of 23) ensured that young people were an important group. Where the rank and file during the pacification was held largely outside the political decision-making, now came the call for more public participation. Especially the social-liberal Democrats 66 made himself strong for the participatory democracy.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the secularization was raised the proportion of the population that is not charged to one of the columns. The confessional parties saw their support plummet. In 1972 they had only half of the voices that they had met in 1963 . Within the left-wing parties was hoped for a left majority Cabinet. D66, the PvdA and Christian-radical PPR formed aprogressive accord, that was only partially successful.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 1970s had to follow the political society with a renovation. That the cabinet Den Uyl herein between 1973 and 1977 largely failed, was among other things due to the economic downturn after the oil crisis of 1973. In particular, the labour-intensive industry turned out to low-wage countriesthen pull away. The subsequent large unemployment, particularly among the low-skilled guest workers , including many that were won during the period of economic prosperity. This does not end the welfare State to be fully sustainable. The idea of the malleable society also fostered increasing government intervention with an increase in bureaucracy that the Government not made more effective.The formation of the CDA in 1980 from the three largest denominational parties could still stretch their presence in the Centre of power, but in general they lost following liberalparties D66 and VVD to if, or to the social democratic PvdA.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 80 's was the reform of the welfare state a major theme. Two centre-right cabinetsLubbers I Cabinet ( Cabinet Lubbers II and of CDA and VVD are committed to do this since 1982. They tried the unemployment and the budget deficit limit. The first was raised to 11% of the labour force at the beginning of the 1980s and the second to 11% of thegross national Product. Government services were privatized, reduced taxes, reduced benefits and cut back a lot. After the Dutch general election, 1989 the CDA and the PvdA formed a cabinet with the same objective. Also some minor left-wing parties merged In 1989 to Green Left. ===1994-now<span class="mw-editsection" len="348" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Lost in the 1994 elections the ruling parties CDA and PvdA many seats. D66 and the VVD won and also the Socialist Party came into the room. For the first time in 80 years was formed a coalition without the Christian Democrats. PvdA, VVD and D66 formed a PvdA'er purple Cabinet led by Wim Kok, which would remain in power until 2002. The Cabinet oversaw a time of strong economic development and implemented liberal laws in on abortion, euthanasia and gay marriage.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When Pim Fortuyn joined the politics were eventually ignored the long integration policy a compulsory part of the politics. The flamboyant populist Fortuyn, who founded the "purple" (the State of the public sector), security, immigration and integration. Frustration over the alleged failing government policy turned out in 2002 after the murder of Fortuyn nine days after his party, the Pim Fortuyn list, brought about an unprecedented shift in the Dutch general election. Out of nowhere the LPF was larger than the VVD and PvdA. Also the CDA clears a Giants win and came after 8 years back in the Centre of power as the largest party. The SP also doubled its seats. In the elections presented two small Christian parties, GPV and RPF a joint list: Christian Union. The first Balkenende Cabinet was formed by CDA, VVD and LPF, led by Jan Peter Balkenende. The Cabinet fell after 87 days in power because of internal conflicts in the LPF. Although the Cabinet with the LPF not last long held, the dissatisfaction with the traditional ruling parties remained since then.

Mark Rutte, the current Prime Minister of the Netherlands (2010-present)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At the 2003 election the LPF lost much of its following. The labour party doubled its seats. The CDA remained the largest party. After failed negotiations between PvdA and CDA became a cabinet formed by CDA, VVD and D66. Against considerable social resistance in the Cabinet, reformed the welfare State and health care. There were also a stricter immigration and integration policy. After the elected Mayor was rejected by the Senate in May 2005, there remained the ambitious plans in the area of democratic renewal little about. In June 2005 the Dutch population in the European Constitution by a large majority in a referendum.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In June 2006 D66 said her trust in people's Party for freedom and democracy Minister Rita Verdonk in the aftermath of a controversy about the asylum procedure of VVD MPAyaan Hirsi Ali. The Cabinet fell and there was a hull cabinet formed by VVD and CDA that would prepare a budget and the elections of 2006. In these elections the PvdA lost many of its seats, while the Socialist Party almost tripled. The LPF disappeared from the House of representatives and the party for freedom of ex-VVD MP Geert Wilders won nine seats. Led the cabinet formation, after the waste of SP and Groenlinks, to a Cabinet of CDA, PvdA and Christianunion. This formed the social Christian Coalition cabinet Balkenende-IV that the emphasis on solidarity, sustainability and values.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Dutch general election, 2010 brought about a major shift in the political landscape. The CDA, that at the past three elections with over 40 seats had been the largest party, lost 20 seats and became the fourth party of the country. CDA leader Balkenende and Minister/president stepped on the same evening. the VVD became the biggest party and won 9 seats compared to 2006. The labour party narrowly followed, with 30 seats. The big winner of the elections was the PVV of Geert Wilders, the party went from nine to 24 seats. After four months of negotiations, the cabinet Rutte I presented, a minority Cabinet of VVD and CDA (along 52 seats), which got support of tolerance of the PVV (total: 76 seats).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On March 20, 2012 is Hero Brinkman from the PVV group stepped in and continued as group (Member-Brinkman). At a press conference on March 22, 2012 announced Brinkman, flanked by Ehsan Jami, his departure from the PVV to. This is the majority of the Cabinet that it had come to an end by the tolerance and opposition to the war expressed the Cabinet is more dependent on parties to big decisions.

<p lang="en" len="312" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After cessation of the cost-cutting negotiations in the Catshuis by Geert Wilders (21 april 2012) is the Cabinet cases on 23 april 2012.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Dutch general election, 2012 took care of profit at ruling party VVD and opposition party PvdA, which together got a majority in the lower House. The coalition partners of the VVD from the first cabinet Rutte, CDA and PVV, delivered both in. Both D66 and the SGP won respectively two and one seat (s). Greenleft lost six seats in the House of representatives and came new 50Plus with two seats. After the negotiations between VVD and PvdA was on november 5, 2012 the cabinet Rutte II sworn.