Buddhism in Japan

The Buddhism in Japan early 21st century is divided into three main currents: the Pure Land Buddhism, the Nichiren Buddhism and Zen Buddhism. Buddhism in the 6th centurygot a foothold to Japanese shore.



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[hide] *1 History  ==History[ Edit] == The Japanese history of Buddhism is usually divided into three periods: the Nara period (552 to 794), the Heian period (794 - 1191) and the Kamakura period (from 1185). In each of these periods were introduced new theories. ===Timeline[ Edit] === ===Nara period (552-794)[ Edit] === Also the year 552-538 is called-is often referred to as the introduction years of Buddhism in Japan and as the starting point of the Nara period (552-794). This was the year that a Korean emissary appeared for EmperorKimmei of Japan. [1]
 * 1.1 timeline
 * 1.2 Nara period (552-794)
 * 1.3 Heian period (794-1191)
 * 1.4 Kamakura period (from 1191)
 * 1.5 Tokugawa period were (from 1603)
 * 2 Nationalization of Buddhism
 * 2.1 early nationalization
 * 2.2 Suden and tenkai, important pillars of the new policy
 * 2.2.1 Suden
 * 2.2.2 Tenkai
 * 3 Incident of the purple robe
 * 4 The Shimabara uprising and the Danka system
 * 5 Buddhism and the Edo Culture
 * 6 contemporary movements
 * 654: Dosho introduces the Hosso (Faxiang, East Asian Yogācāra).
 * 736: Bodhisena introduces the Kegon (Huayan, Avatamsaka).
 * 753: Ganjin introduces the Ritsu (Lu, Vinaya).
 * 807: Saichō introduces the Tendai (Tiantai).
 * 816: Kūkai founds the Shingon (Zhenyan).
 * 1175: Honing introduces the Pure Land Buddhism.
 * 1191: Eisai introduces the Rinzai (Linji).
 * 1227: Dogen introduces the Sotot (Caodong).
 * 1253: Nichiren founds the Nichiren Buddhism.
 * 1282: Nichiren Buddhism splits into multiple schools.
 * 1654: Ingen introduces the Obaku (Huangbo).

However, there are also Chinese sources that speak of an earlier introduction, namely in the 2nd century via the Silk Road from the Chinese Empire. However, when the Japanese were not yet receptive to this religion, unlike Emperor Kimmei who embraced Buddhism in the 6th century and it's a fantastic doctrine mentioned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hoffman_1-1" len="179" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [1]

Horyu-ji, founded in 607<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the first decades the presence of Buddhism still encountered resistance, until Emperor Yomei Buddhism in 585 officially recognized. Emperor named Shotoku Taishi Buddhism during his reign (593-621) to official religion of the country and he ordered his subjects to worship the three jewels : the Buddha, the dharma and the sangha. The emperor also wrote some comments on sutras, Buddhist study stimulated and allowed different build Buddhist temples .<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LexBoed_2-0" len="179" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [2]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The prevailing doctrine of this time was the sanron (¥ 10 sang) from the madhyamakatraditie of the Mahayana Buddhism. In the last episode of the Nara period, from 710 to 794, there were now six traditions from China. In addition to the sanron were that the Behnam, jojitsu, hosso, kegonand ritsu, the latter tradition was of great importance for the emperors in Japan. Later, in the 9th century, these traditions were officially recognized.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LexBoed_2-1" len="179" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [2] ===Heian period (794-1191)<span class="mw-editsection" len="349" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The years include the Heian period 794 to 1191 in Japanese Buddhism. The period was ushered in 794 when Heian-Kyō, present-day Kyoto, was declared capital of Japan. At this time arose forge ever closer links between the clergy and the Imperial monarchy and Buddhism was the official religion of the country again. The tendai and shingon were the predominant Buddhist currents in Japan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LexBoed_2-2" len="179" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [2]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Mid 10th century came the Pure Land Buddhism on. this movement in the later Kamakura period, another group with the traditions jodo shu and jodo shinshu.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LexBoed_2-3" len="179" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [2] ===Kamakura period (from 1191)<span class="mw-editsection" len="354" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Kinkaku-ji, the Temple of the Golden Pavilion in Kyoto, founded in 1398<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The year 1191 reads in the Kamakura period with the introduction of the chanboedhisme from China, which is further developed in Japan as Zen Buddhism. To in the 21st century, this remained the leading Buddhist tradition in Japan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LexBoed_2-4" len="179" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [2]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Within Zen Buddhism were two traditions dominate, the soto zen and rinzai zen. In the 13th century was then still the developed, after which Nichiren Buddhism Buddhism in Japan not drastically changed in centuries more. The Shintoism was named in the 19th century State religion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LexBoed_2-5" len="179" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [2] ===Tokugawa period were (from 1603)<span class="mw-editsection" len="354" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Edo period was a time of enormous cultural bloom; a time when the study of Sciences got a big boost by studying Western physics and technique, in which for the first time Japan faced with Europe and the European mentality, in which the fine arts are increasingly deployed and brought forth things as ukiyo-e, geisha, kabuki and bunraku. It's the time of the Tokugawa shogunate, a Government that is very strong in his shoes and strict policies carried out, mainly in terms of foreign politics and religion. Also for Buddhism a lot has happened during this period. ==Nationalization of Buddhism<span class="mw-editsection" len="360" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the Edo period Buddhism was nationalized by the religious Inquisition and the danka system to make a Institute, controlled by the State. The Danka system was a registration formula with which a family was connected to a temple, in fact just a registry to keep track of the number of Buddhist families. The monks served the census to keep track as official monks of the shogun. ===Beginning of the nationalization<span class="mw-editsection" len="354" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After he had become shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu known as military leader wanted more control over the Buddhist monasteries. They were rich and had large amounts of land so they could houses armies to defend themselves; they were a force to be reckoned with. He decreed control over the temples (ji-in 寺院諸法度 shohatto), starting with the ' decision ' Kooyasan stamp check in 1601. He continued to send to any influential temple to the decisions in July 1615. These temples were the main temples of the respective Buddhist sects.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The contents of each Ordinance differed per Temple. The most common were the withdrawal of the right of the temple to refuse military presence. Could before temples to each military commander (shugo, landlords or governors who the military command claimed in a province) to deny access to their domains; This was no longer the case. The monasteries were also redefined as learning environments, there were also small temple schools where peasants could learn to read, this helped the literacy rate Japan's huge up.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">These decisions provided that scholar monks could join historic temples and their life meadows to the study and propagation of Buddhism; things that today seem quite natural for a religious institution, but at the time had the Kofukuji temples Enrakuji, and Koyasan and some smaller others large groups of armed monks. Hence it's no surprise was that Ieyasu tried to disarm them, to commit to the study of Buddhist doctrine and its distribution and at the same time tried to put them under the control of the shogunate: they were a means of power and at the same time a threat. Any decision also had an individual name per sect, such as the "shingon-sect Control Ordinance" which also led to greater coherence between the main temple and the zijtempels of each sect, which triggered consolidation of Buddhism in General.

<p lang="en" len="641" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Herstructureerden the Edo shogunate policies the Buddhist sects and built the Shingon, Jodo and Nichiren-sects, which today still exist. ===Suden and tenkai, important pillars of the new policy<span class="mw-editsection" len="389" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p lang="en" len="256" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The 2 monks were during their lifetime and Tenkai Suden great promoters of the Tokugawa clan and their vision on Buddhism, they provided his own hand for the further spread of the power and fame of the Tokugawa and the consolidation of Buddhism. ====Suden<span class="mw-editsection" len="332" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Suden's full name was Ishin Suden (以心巣伝), however, he was also called Konichi-in Suden or Denchooroo. He was born as the second son of Isshiki Hidekatsu (一色秀勝) in kii (wakayama now. His father died at a young age, and went in the Nanzenji monastery Suden in Kyoto, where he studied Rinzai Zen Buddhism. Later he served as high priest in the Kenchoji in Kamakura and also in the Nanzenji.

<p lang="en" len="138" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1608, he was invited by Ieyasu to his hometown Sumpu (now Shizoka) where he founded the Kinchi-in Temple and lived there.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the death of Ieyasu, he moved to Edo. Since he was a confidant of the shogunate, Ieyasu made him primarily responsible for drawing up policies for temples and diplomatic records. When Toyotomi Hideyori (豊臣秀頼) the Buddha image in Hokoji 1941, he left an inscription engraving on the Bell: "may the State be peaceful and prosperous, they greet the pale Moon in the East, in the West the rising sun". Suden complained that this was very offensive for the Tokugawa, given they had their power especially in the East and the inscription already insinuated that their power was over and in the night lay. This was the impetus for the later Ōsaka no Jin (大坂の陣), a series of battles of the Tokugawa against the power of the Toyotomi Hideyori which was completely pulverized.

<p lang="en" len="242" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">He also wrote the Ikoku Nikki (Chronicle of foreign countries) and the Honkö Kokushi Nikki (Chronicles of master Honko), two works that are of great importance as sources about the diplomatic relations during that time and specific events. ====Tenkai<span class="mw-editsection" len="333" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Tenkai (天海) was born in Aizu (Fukushima-Prefecture in the current), nor his family nor his year of birth is known. In 1590, he started to study Buddhism under Gokai (豪海) in Kawagoe Kitain Temple. He lived in Nanko-Hieizan Enryakuji in in in 1607. The following year he had the honour to meet Ieyasu and acquired his pardon. He went to great lengths to restore the monasteries Enryakuji and to Nikkoosan (Tochigi) to develop.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the death of Ieyasu, Tenkai Suden confronted about his posthumous title. That had to be according to Suden Daimyojin (large good deity), while Toshogongen suggested Tenkai (Tosho-incarnation of the Bodhisattva (Buddha)). Tenkai Ieyasu won and got from the Emperor the title Toshonongen and the tomb of Ieyasu was moved from Kunosan to Nikko.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the support of Tokugawa Iemitsu (徳川家光) (1604-51) he built Toeizan Kan-eiji in Ueno, edo, in 1625. There he published Issai-Kyō, the complete collection of 6323 Buddhist scriptures. This collection was published in Korea, but in Japan many times was the collection of Tenkai the first. The publication lasted 12 years, from 1637 to 1649. Tenkai died five years before the completion of its work. ==Incident of the purple robe<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1613 the Shogun decreed that it is no longer possible was for the emperor to appoint to the high priest of a temple without the shogunate to involve in it. All applications for granting a high priesthood first had to pass along the Shogun before they could be approved. A serious battle for the Emperor, for whom this was a great source of revenue, given the monks had to pay quite a bit for their title. In addition, defeated the Tokugawa shogunate Toyotomi Hideyori in 1615 and spoke the law over the military services, the law for the Imperial Court and the law for the main temple and the sects all his power over the military, Imperial and religious activities to strengthen yet.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">This was a scheme for a Rinzai-zen Temple, Daitokuji, founded by Sôhô myôchô (1282-1337), it became a temple bath for the Imperial well. She was half destroyed during the Ōnin and Bunmei wars, but was restored by Ikkyu Sojun. In 1582 Nobunaga's funeral was held there by Hideyoshi. Important to this temple was that they fell under the authority of the Court, and not of the shogunate.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">This arrangement suggested that in order to be high priest of Deitokuji, the monk had to undergo training and 1700 30 years had to fulfill contracts to attain enlightenment and one had had to have a lot of mentors.Instead of adhering to this arrangement, not to the shogun, but wrote to the Emperor in relation to the recommendations for this high priest who followed and the appointed high priest. However, running the shogunate this decision back In 1628. Also wrote a letter to the priests of Daitokuji the Shogun that they disagree with his verordonnering about reaching enlightenment. However, this did not suit the Shogun and he exiled them to Dewa kaminoyama. This command clearly went in against Emperor Go-Mizuo (後水尾) (1596-1680) and this saw itself forced to resign. This is "the incident involving the purple robe" named because the high priests at the time wore a purple robe. ==The Shimabara uprising and the Danka system<span class="mw-editsection" len="368" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By October 1635 till March 1638 had quite an impact an incident that happened on the religious policy of the shogunate: the Shimabara rebellion. People on the peninsula of Shimabara in Hizen province (now Nagasaki) and on the island of Amakusa in the Higo province (now Kumamoto) allied themselves with Christians in the region in a rebellion with Amakusa Shirō Tokisada (天草四郎時貞) as leader. This region was very Christian as a matter of course and there was a deep dissatisfaction towards the anti-Christian policy of the shogunate. The Castle Lord, Matsukura Katsuie's Shimabara (松倉勝家) (1597-1639) explained a lot to heavy taxes on to his people. The farmers revolteerden and defeated the troops of Matsukura, the shogunate mobilized approximately 124,000 man and spent such a 38,000 ryô to crushing the rebellion. The shogunate subsequently suggested the heads of exhibit 4 leaders to the castle in Nagasaki, as well as the heads of 14,000 murdered Christians.

<p lang="en" len="195" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">This rebellion caused the shogunate was concerned about the relationship between the Christian influence and the revolt of the peasants and tensed his anti-Christian attitude and policy.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At the same time strengthened his own religious Inquisition and Danka system. The Inquisition Christians had to track down and was given a national. The religious Inquisitor Inoue Masashige was (井上政重). People who were exposed were sent to him as a Christian and he ruled then. There was also a temple register, completed by Buddhist monks: it served to determine whether someone was a registered Buddhist. This task was Later transferred from the monks to the village chief, where it also became the official population registry.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">To indicate that someone was not a Christian, one had to possess a terauke now: an official certificate of a certain Temple belonged; This was known as the Danka system. It existed also before al Families were attached to Buddhist temples through this system, but now it was become a requirement. In this way, thanks to the stricter Danka system and the more stringent prosecution of Christianity, Buddhism was further reinforced as religion. The monks were as it were officials of the shogunate.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As a result of the monks did this however, asymmetrical system little effort to lure people to their temple yet: they were sitting there already attached and committed mainly still in funeral ceremonies. From that point on appeared the image of the Japanese monk who only deals with funerals. ==Buddhism and the Edo Culture<span class="mw-editsection" len="355" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the Edo period Buddhism got its status as State religion and it exerted an influence on many aspects of the pre-modern society. It was a major source of culture, also for stage and entertainment. Rakugo bv, a comic story narration. Koodan, another form of storytelling also has its origin in the propagation of Buddhism to the common man. It is believed that traditional oral literature is derived from the preaching of sutras and the teachings of Buddha to the common people. In the Edo period changed telling a traditional Buddhist in a separate art form. In this sense was the source of the Buddhism culture in the Edo era. ==Contemporary movements<span class="mw-editsection" len="349" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the Second World War in Asia, Buddhism in Japan in assurance schemes, the sign of reform and adaptation to modern times. New popular movements as the Soka Gakkai, Rissho Koseikai and Nippon Myohoji-zan came on and there was a growing interest in Buddhism in the country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LexBoed_2-6" len="179" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [2]