History of England

This history of England describes the prehistory and the history of the largest and most populous part of the United Kingdom. England roughly corresponds to the area covered by the Anglo-saxons between the fifth and tenth centuries was conquered. The settlement history of the country ranges from prehistoric times to the present day.



Content
[hide] *the landscape 1  ==The landscape[ Edit] == In the course of history is the landscape in England largely by humans formed and affected. Once was to a large extent the country covered by forest . In the low-lying parts was this forest at the beginning of the iron age (~ 700 BC) already largely cut down. At the end of the middle ages there was of the 'primeval forest' almost nothing left. Once there were also many swamps. Many are drained in Roman times or thereafter. The greatFens of East Anglia were mined in the seventeenth century. While vast areas were deforested, was going on in other regions, such as in Breckland, precisely planted forest. Apart from the agriculture also have themining, quarries and farming changed. In other ways, man has influenced the landscape. A number of animals were tamed and held because of their economic benefits. The most important of these are the beef, the horse, the sheep, the pig and the chicken.To protect these animals from predators were built walls and fences at an early stage. This was also a means to mark property rights . Hilly landscape near Wye in Kent, part of the North Downs .
 * 2 Prehistory
 * 2.1 Neolithic
 * 2.2 bronze-and iron age
 * 3 Roman era
 * middle ages 4
 * 4.1 Anglo-Saxon time
 * 4.1.1 Unification under Wessex
 * 4.2 High Middle Ages
 * 4.2.1 Under the Normans
 * 4.2.2 Early plantagenets
 * 4.3 Late Middle Ages
 * 4.3.1 hundred years war
 * 4.3.2 wars of the Roses
 * 5 early modern period
 * 5.1 political history
 * 5.1.1 Tudor
 * 5.1.2 Stuart and protectorate
 * 5.1.3 Hannover: George I, II, III
 * 5.2 industrial revolution
 * 5.3 Religion
 * 6 modern times
 * 6.1 nineteenth century
 * 6.2 twentieth century
 * after 1945, 6.2.1
 * 6.3 twenty-first century
 * 7 Bibliography
 * 8 Nuts

A large part of the South of England consists of such a landscape. In prehistoric times the hills were to a large extent covered by forest.Still more drastic are the changes in the modern time. Cities are getting bigger, ever more closely the road network. There is in many places a landscape of asphalt and concrete created. Almost everywhere is much more sound than it used to be; even at night baths large parts of England in the light. In many places the water table dropped significantly as a result of the large-scale pumping up water.Some rivers are therefore at times dry.

England is a part of an island, Great Britain. The fact that the country to nearly all sides is lapped by the sea is a determining factor in English history. It made the area easily accessible for invaders from overseas. Both land and sea are repeatedly sung by English poets.Shakespeare compared England with "a precious stone, placed in the silver sea." [1]  the green hills in the South-East of England, theDowns, plays an important role as a symbol of the English identity. ==Prehistoric Times[ Edit] == As a result of the lack of written sources, most statements that we can do only suspicions and speculations about prehistoric times.Material culture is not so much the problem; so there are traces of housing and beploeging found, of plants and pollen, bones of cattle and loom weights. On the economic life of prehistoric man can therefore be reasonably reliable statements. On the other hand, it is hardly possible to penetrate into his thinking and experience. The archaeologist is all too easy, tempted to things that he cannot explain, for example, the find of votiefvoorwerpen broken, due to a mysterious 'ritual'. Without guaranteed to thus the world of prehistoric man to come later.

Finds of bones and tools in Norfolk and Suffolk show that Homo erectus, and also other hominids, from about 700,000 years ago lived in the South of England. Southern England was at that time connected to the Mainland by a strip of land. Important finds have been made in Stoke Newingtonand Swanscombe , Clacton. In Boxgrove in Sussex are traces of a primitive man, 2008other, which date from about 500,000 years ago. They hunted among other things on elephants, rhinos and hippos. Also lived in later periods there are different types of people in the British Isles, interrupted by ice ages that were too cold for human habitation. Also traces of Neanderthals . In comparison with findings in France and Germany, however, the result is lean.

During the latePalaeolithic (~ 35,000-~ 10,000 BP) appeared the anatomically modern man in England. These Homo sapiens manufactured tools to be counted the Aurignacian . This is specialized stone tools, such asspires, plugs and scrapers. Gradually developed a Division of tasks and associated social structures. Caves and rocks that were used as shelter in England during this period, billboards or cliff dwellings, Gough's Caveand include soldier's Hole in the Southwest, Boxgrove in Sussex, and Mother Grundy's Favorites Parlour and Robin Hood's Cave in the Midlands.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As in the rest of Northern Europe prevailed until about 12,000 years ago in England the last ice age, which here is called Devensian . Then it became progressively warmer. The Tundra gave way for a varied vegetation with especially dense forests in the South and West. First appeared Birch, pine trees and hazelnut trees. From 7500 BC followed oak, Elm and ash. The deciduous forests thus created were for many plant and animal species a favourable habitat. An attractive prey for hunters were the Red Deer, the roe deer and the wild boar. The dog, the first animal domesticated by man, served him to help with the hunt. The hunter-gatherers of the Mesolithic (~ 8,300-~ 6,000 BC) manufactured bow and arrow and microliths. They were inclined more than before on a fixed place to settle. The trade also took a clear at this time.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As a result of climate change and the ice cap melted the sea levelrose. Around 6,500 BC, the land bridge that had connected with France until then current England flooded. Now here was the English Channel. Great Britain was an island become. These changes, of course, had consequences for flora and fauna. Reindeer and wild horses were rarer. It was now mainly on deer, Elk and fireplace hunted. ===Neolithic<span class="mw-editsection" len="343" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The Silbury Hill, Wiltshire.

It is the largest artificial Hill of Europe. It will have cost an estimated 18 million man hours to build the monument. It seems to be a collective burial mound, but it is not. For the archaeologist is one big mystery.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the 5th millennium agriculture and livestock did their entry on the British Isles; Thus began the Neolithic, the new stone age. This groundbreaking development was already started in Southwest Asia. Also most agricultural crops were coming from that region. The innovation arose partly out of necessity, because hunting caused by population growth and inadequate wild was left to meet the food needs of the people. The nomadic existence gave way to living in permanent settlements, where farmers grew food, artisans and traders contacts maintained with manufactured tools other settlements. Moreover, not everyone is put on agriculture; some remained Hunt, fishor gather food. On term turned out to deliver a larger amount of food agriculture. This stimulated the manufacture of earthenware in order to preserve the food in and as cooking utensils. Because of this, there are also more objects left over that the archaeologist to source can serve.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Around 3,500 BC, the team used in southern England. Agricultural yields names this far. This was a reason to forests to harvesting.Traces of early quarries have been found in Blea Tarn in Cumbria (~ 4,500 BC) and in Hockham Mere in Norfolk (~ 4,050 BC).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The ' great pets ', sheep, goats, pigs and cattle, were kept for various reasons. Except meat they delivered milk and/or wool. Some were as last-or pull animal used. Also the wheel did soon made its appearance. ===Bronze and iron age<span class="mw-editsection" len="351" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the late Neolithic and the bronze age Stonehenge was built, a Grand megalithic monument. Around the monument John Aubreyhas a circle of 56 holes in the ground found, containing human remains. These were persons sentenced to death? Not far from Stonehenge is the Silbury Hill, a 40-metre high artificial Hill. There are countless explanations for the construction of such impressive monuments came up with. Many theories associate with religion and the afterlife. The remaining just conjecture.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the bronze age blew the bell beaker culture from the European mainland. An intriguing find from this period are the bronze spoons, two at each corpse, which are found in a cemetery in Kent. There are ruins of hill forts found, the oldest of which dates back to 1500 BC.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The iron age began in the British Isles around 850 BC. In this period established Celtic tribes in England. The Celtic languages and cultures have long and profoundly influenced English history. As the population rose, the different tribes carry more war with each other. It is striking that in the iron age the care for the deceased seems virtually disappeared. In the South East of England is hardly a trace of a careful burial found. Here and there are human bones found in Wells between waste. Valentine  even speaks of "the mystery of the unknown dead from the iron age".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" len="177" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [2]  it is likely that most of the corpses were burned. It has not yet explained why no traces have been found. ==Roman times<span class="mw-editsection" len="345" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p lang="en" len="468" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With Julius Caesar 's attempt to conquer the United Kingdom begins the English history in the true sense of the word.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=nl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F58_v.Chr. 58 BC] Julius Caesar began with the conquest of Gaul. The campaign led to surprisingly fast result. After he had subjected the area largely, his eyes on Julius Caesar founded Kingdom. The United Kingdom belonged to the Celtic world at that time. The South and East was mainly inhabited by the Belgae, who maintained regular contact with their fellow tribesmen on the other side of the channel. Caesars also the Celts in Britain to desire to be seamlessly applied topics in the tradition of the Roman imperialism. Getting conquered New Territories had to be to secure previous conquests. In military terms the Romans were clearly the stronger party, although the British tribes came to effective resistance were able. The Roman infantry was drilled, armored and armed with Spears and short swords. The British hardly wore protective clothing; their chariots were bombarded by the archers of the Romans. Caesar fell twice to England in, because the British had helped the Gauls. Presumably it was above all a commitment to military fame that drove him. Also he could his own ' indispensability ' as Army Commander-in-fact. Both invasions were left without real consequences. The first took place in [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=nl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F55_v.Chr. 55 BC]; It was only a reconnaissance expedition of the South coast. Caesar landed in Kent and left it at that. His ships were damaged by storms. Then when Caesar in [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=nl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F54_v.Chr. 54 BC] with a larger army landed again in Kent, United the British tribes under one leader, Cassivellaunus, King of the Catuvellauni. Caesar recorded some successes: Cassivellaunus suffered a defeat at Canterbury, whereupon Caesar crossed the Thames and took the ' capital ' of Cassivellaunus. Because in the meantime the great Gallic rebellion led by Vercingetorix was broken out, it was a compromise. In name subjected some tribes. British hostages were handed over to the Romans, whereupon Caesar withdrew. De eendracht under the British tribes did not last long; Despite the meager showing interest in the Roman Kingdom remained large. Bridle path along the Ackling Dyke, Dorset.

The Ackling Dyke is part of the Roman road between Old Sarum and Badbury Rings, a military reinforcement. The Romans were very proficient in the construction of field separations, roads and bridges. In many places the Roman presence remained visible in the landscape.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 43 ad Roman Emperor Claudius launched the invasion of Britain. In all likelihood was Claudius there especially on to increase its prestige. After several years of struggle were very England and Wales subject to the Romans. The Romans founded In the conquered areas the province of Britannia, with London (Londinium) as its capital. To speed up the Romanisation founded the Romans many more cities, such as Colchester (Camulodunum), Canterbury (Durovernum), Dover (Dubris), York (Eboracum) and St Albans (Verulamium).The repressive policies led to the rebellion in 61 of the Iceni led by their Queen Boudicca. Only after Boudicca London, Colchester and St Albans had plundered, the Romans managed to beat down the rebellion. They did this so thoroughly, that Roman rule was never disputed by the British; in the fifth century the Romans would itself leave. England then served as a base for the famous GovernorAgricola during its operations against the Night in Scotland. Despite a large victory at Mons Graupius Agricola was recalled by Domitian, whereby all conquests in Scotland were wiped out.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britannia became a quiet and peaceful province. Emperor Hadrian In 120 brought a visit to the northern border of the County and saw in that the province (roughly the modern-day border between Scotland and England) was poorly protected. He left therefore the buildHadrian's wall the following 300 years the province would protect against Caledonian attacks.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Died In 211 in York Emperor Septimius Severus, which in previous years had led a campaign against the Night. The crisis of the third century went to Britannia not go unnoticed. At the end of the third century Emperor called Carausius is a private Roman Empire inBritannia. After a brief existence was this realm by Constantius Chlorus attached back to the Roman Empire.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the fourth century became increasingly plagued by attacks of Britannia the Saxonia. The Romans built a defensive line along the coast, Litus Saxonicum ' the so-called. A more important problem for the Romans, however, was the defense of the long border along the Rhine and the Danube. When theHuns were no longer turned up to maintain these limits. A number of Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine in december 406 . The 'eternal city' was by the Visigoths led by Alaric in 410 plundered. All of this was for the Government to withdraw the legions. So left the twentieth Legion in 403 his army camp in Chester (Deva). [4] eventually, Emperor Honorius in 410 know that Britannia was specified; the residents now had to itself for their safety. The power fell to the romanized Celts. ==Middle Ages<span class="mw-editsection" len="344" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Thanks to zuurstofisotopen analysis of the Greenland ice sheet and other methods is now possible rulings on the climate. The century between ~ 350 and ~ 450 was a relatively cold period. Then also the increased temperatures and then the sea level. For centuries-to about 1180-was the average temperature in the summer in England about a degree higher than around 1970. That doesn't seem much, but the effect on nature and agriculture, a longer growing season, is great. Grapes grew in areas where that was impossible afterwards. After ~ 1300 followed a relatively cold period, which lasted until the nineteenth century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" len="177" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [3]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">It is often claimed that Britain-because it is an island-is hardly to conquer, as if it were a fort in the sea. History shows quite the contrary: a long coastline is very difficult to justify without strong or mighty fleet land force.England has repeatedly had to deal with invaders from overseas. Over the centuries the following peoples fell-with more or less success-the country: the Angles and the Saxons, Irish, Danes, Norwegians and theNormans. ===Anglo-Saxon time<span class="mw-editsection" len="351" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the move of the Roman legions begins a period from which very few sources at the mercy. The Germanic invaders knew not the Scripture. A surviving source from probably the middle of the sixth century De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniaeis the, a work of the British mental Gildasfled to Gaul. However, it is a much more important source written about 150 years later historical work, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, of the Northumbria in living "Venerable" Bede († 735); his story, however, is often at odds with data taken from the archaeology<sup class="noprint nopopups" len="312" style="line-height:1;">[source?]. Much is unclear.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The remaining Celtic British initially succeeded well in to counter incursions by Picts and Irish from the West from the North to defend. A stable, on Roman culture-based society held out. The antique heritage andChristianity remained influential. One also maintained relations with Gaul. Even theological disputes have continued. An important source for the first decades after 410 is a travelogue written by Constantius . In it the two travel to Kingdom described by the Bishop of Auxerre, Germanus. The Bishop fought in 428/29 and in 445/46 the heresy of Pelagius.

British and Anglo-saxon kingdoms, eighth century.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the course of the fifth and sixth centuries however, Germanic tribes settled in the country. Presumably had already for 450 a fair number of them in the East of England established. Some were as mercenary come to the country to help defend. The extent to which there has been large-scale migration is unclear.According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , Hengist and two Germanic leaders Horsa, a Kingdom founded in Kent . The original inhabitants were driven out over time to the Western reaches of the country, mostly to Cornwall and Wales. Many places remained Nevertheless, continuously inhabited, so plausible is that part of the British is not fled.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Driving out of the British went so gradually. The most successful resistance was provided by a dux bellorum (like Nennius called him) named Artorius. Probably this is the legendary King Arthur. He managed to a difficult peace that lasted a generation. However, the warlike Anglo-saxons would eventually prove unbeatable.It was fought in places like Searoburgh and elsewhere; the Germanic tribes occupy old Romano-British settlements such as Camulodunum (Colchester) andVerulamium (St Albans) and strengthened their dominion over the fertile part of the Islands. That way also became the Anglo-saxon precursor of the English language as if it were on the point of the sword entered.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">It was essentially three tribes who settled in England: the Jutes, Angles and Saxons. The name ' England ' is derived from the angles. This does not mean that these were the dominant party. There was infighting between the tribes, but the angles, Saxons and Jutes shared the same background and culture; they are collectively referred to as Anglo-saxons . The Jutes settled in Kent, on the Isle of Wight and in Hampshire, the Saxons especially in the Southeast. The name of the Saxons lives on in the name of the current counties of Essex and Sussex, the area of the East and the South Saxons respectively, the London and Middlesex region in Wessex, a former influential Kingdom in the southwest of England (the area of the West Saxony whose name revives in the nineteenth-century novels by Thomas Hardy). The angles settled mainly North of the Thames which is reflected in the name East Anglia, the region North-East of Essex.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Roughly between 500 and 850 formed the newcomers sometimes own States, which decided to go together. Thus was born the so-called Heptarchie: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Kent, Essex, Sussex and Wessex, an area that roughly corresponds with the current England. Distinguish between this seven kingdoms existed a certain ranking. One of the Kings, bretwalda, was considered the most influential of the seven princes. In the eighth century Mercia extended strongly; the Kings took advantage of a primitive bureaucracy. Wessex In the ninth century it was that took the lead.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A milestone was the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. From the seventh century England was also a part of the European Christian world.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">It's difficult to determine at what point the unification of England took place. Often Egbert, King of Wessex, regarded as the first King of all England. He ruled from 802 until 839. However, it wasn't until Alfred the great, resident in Winchester between 871 and 899, who calls himself King of England mentioned.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Starting from 793 was Anglo-Saxon England ravaged by Viking raids from Scandinavia, when the rich monastery Lindisfarne was plundered and destroyed by them. The Vikings in the ninth century carried out more raids from. Around 850, these forays into true conquest tours. In 865 landed the Big pagan army led byIvar the boneless and Halfdan Ragnarsson. This was in 870 completed with the large summer army led by the Danish King Bagsecg. Soon the Danes got large parts of the North and East of England in hands. The kingdoms of Northumbria (866), East Anglia (870) and Mercia (874) were one by one off. The area was conquered by the Danes later called the Danelaw . The name or also the last powerful English Kingdom, Wessex, was conquered by the Danes. In 878 King Alfred the great knew the Danish leader Guthrum at Edington, however, decisive defeat. In the Treaty of Wedmore and supplementary Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum in it was laid down that the Danes in the Danelaw , and could settle their own laws would apply, this is on condition that they would proceed to the Christian faith. ====Unification under Wessex<span class="mw-editsection" len="355" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== Westminster Abbey<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">That the southern half of Great Britain one Empire was, the Kingdom of England, was largely the result of the Danish invasions. In response created a new State.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Alfred the great was succeeded by some Kings of above-average skill: Edward the elder (899-924), Athelstan (924-939) and Edmond the older (939-946). The Danes still remained several years attacks, but were driven back, or subject by Alfreds successors. The three mentioned princes extended Wessex from to around the borders of England. In fact they conquered areas who have not previously had belonged to Wessex. In order to legitimise the conquest was proposed as a "reconquest" of previously Christian areas. Edward the elder captured the Eastern Mercia and East Anglia. To protect the Midlands he let build a number of forts, including Manchesterin 919. This part of England was also threatened by Norwegians who had founded a rijkje around Dublin . Was Mercia In 918 entirely with Wessex annexed thereto. York was conquered in 927; Northumbria also came under Wessex. Danes who are subjected, if their grounding. Long time gold in the Danelaw another legal system. The Danes repented in short time to Christianity. Athelstan as first the title rex totius Anglorum patriae. After his death in 939 went North again temporarily lost: the Norwegian King Olaf II Guthfrithsonof Dublin, conquered York and part of the Midlands. In Erik Blood axe 954 was ambushed and killed. After the authority of Wessex by York and Bamburgh accepted. The successors of Athelstan and Edmond the older knew actually make to King of England. King Edgar (959-975) functioned as such from his coronation. The fight against the Vikings by Alfred the great and his successors can be regarded as the birth of the English nation. Under the influence of mysticism that in continental Europe encompassing the reign ofCharlemagne, as proclaimed by the bishops Jonas of Orléans and Hincmar of Reims, also in England changed the views on the role of the kingship. From this time Greeks England for as an eminently Christian Empire under one King.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1002 Ethelred II 's second cousin unable Athelstans left on St Brice's Day killing all Danes in the country. This he called the wrath of the Danish Viking king Sven fork beard. That fell to England several times, but each time was bought off. However, In 1013 Sven decided that he himself wanted to become King of England and he exiled Ethelred. Sven could not long enjoy his rule, as he died a year later. His claim to the throne was taken over by his son, Cnut the great. Ethelred returned from exile, but he failed to expel the Danes and died in 1016. In the same year it came at Ashington to a meeting between Canute and Edmund Ironsideson Ethelreds. After the undecided battle was decided to divide the country between the two pretenders. Also agreed was that if the a would die, the other his country would get. Edmund died Later that year and was Canute, a Dane, King all over England.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">King Canute was a much better than expected. He respected the Anglo-Saxon laws and govern the country wise and righteous. Canute was in its time the most powerful Prince of Europe because he was King ofDenmark, Norway and England. His power made sure that he was surrounded by flatterers. When one of him noticed that he could even the sea commands, the King took his whole Court to the beach, where he commanded the sea to retreat. When this did not happen, he told his courtiers that Canute, even though he was King, but an ordinary person was. Cnut died In 1035 and there arose a succession battle between his sons, Harold Hare footand Harthacanute. Was the legitimate King of England harthacanute and put a expedition to Harold off. When the expedition arrived in England in 1040, Harthacanute was Harold, however, already died and was the undisputed king. He made himself very unpopular by high taxes. He took out the son of Ethelred, Edward the Confessor, back to England to make him successor to his throne.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When Harthacanute died in 1042 the Crown fell to Eduard, an Anglo-saxon. Eduard was a very religious man, hence his nickname the Confessor. As a result, he was very chaste and did he to sexual abstinence. He had no children. His Government was very uneasy, because Edward had spent his youth in Normandy-that-now many Normans gave an influential position. This did not suit the Saxon earls, led by Godwin, Earl of Wessex, not. There was occasionally talk of conflicts between the King and Godwin. Eduard left, with help from his Norman advisors, the Westminster Abbey building. Edward's entire reign was overshadowed by his childlessness, and when he died in January 1066, burst a follow-up fight out. ===High Middle Ages<span class="mw-editsection" len="349" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">It is common to the year 1066 as a fault line in English history to imagine. In political, social and cultural terms was that too. But this is not true for the economic basis of society. Which remained virtually unchanged.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The medieval economy was above all dependent on agriculture. Whether a good or a bad year was going through, Hung mainly on the harvest. In fact everyone was depending on the usually unpredictable weather. Amanure shortage limited the proceeds. To the fertility of the soil in order to maintain the fields lie fallow every few years. This was usual in many places, especially in the Midlands, where agricultural communities cooperated closely. Arable was usually a high degree of community work. The open fields (open fields) were divided into narrow strips. The higher parts of England such as Devon and Cornwall, as well as East Anglia and Kent, consisted mainly of grasslands. There was considerably less cooperation. Incidentally, the English agriculture pronounced local differences, so that we can distinguish a large number of economic regions. Much depended on the local soil conditions, climate, relief and drainage. Modern technical means to affect these factors were missing almost completely. Chalk grounds were otherwise operated than clay soils, Highlands other than the lowlands. The nature of economic activities and structures again had influence on the design of the landscape and the settlement pattern. On low-lying agricultural land in villages usually lived together; in the Highlands, on the other hand, the sheep farming dominated and did people live in remote farmhouses. ====Under the Normans<span class="mw-editsection" len="353" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1066 the English throne was claimed by three men: Harold Godwinson, earl of Wessex, Harald III of Norway and Duke William of Normandy. Harold Godwinson was by the English nobles proclaimed King Harold II and knew the Norwegians on 25 september in the battle of Stamford Bridge to beat. In October fell Walker into the country; He defeated King Harold Godwinson in the battle of Hastings on 14 October. After in the first years after the conquest the necessary to have put down rebellions knew Willem after the Harrying of the North to establish definitively the Norman power in England.

The meal prior to the battle of Hastings; detail of the Bayeux Tapestry.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Norman conquest, the conquest by the Normans, who uniquely is immortalized on the Bayeux Tapestry, had far-reaching consequences, not only in the field of the country's administration, but also on the development of the English language. For the English people was anything but a fun;  Valenzuela  speaks in this connection of "the establishment of a colonial regime of foreign, military domination and exploitation".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" len="177" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [4]  the Norman elite introduced its own variant of the French rule, spoke no English and. The Anglo-Saxon culture was regarded as inferior. England was during the rest of the middle ages France strongly oriented. Further, William the conqueror in the continental feudalism . The country of most Anglo-saxon nobles were expropriated and a fief given to Norman nobles. Thus came a new top layer of large landowners. William and his successors tried though the tradition of a strong monarchy, as established by the Anglo-saxon Kings, continue. The were especially the Norman barons who worked against this. For the monarchy, however, it was of great importance with the troubled elite work together. A tried and tested means to do so, was an adventurous foreign policy. The hundred years war is one example.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1086 the Domesday Book manufacture let William, in which the possession of all nationals in England per hundred (part of a county) was recorded. This allowed William easier tax.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 9 september 1087 William the Conqueror, died when he fell from his horse during a siege. After the death of William divided his domains were among its sons. Robert Curthose, the eldest son, succeeded his father as Duke of Normandy. The middle son, also called William, succeeded his father as King William II Rufus. Henry, the youngest son, was given a large sum of money. William II was an unpopular King, and he quickly came into conflict with his brother Robert. This was a source of concern for many nobles who had possessions in both England and Normandy. When Robert went on crusade, he carried the authority over Normandy over to William Rufus. When Robert returned it was long uncertain whether he ever Normandy would get back. On 2 August 1100 came William Rufus under suspicious circumstances during a hunting accident. Henry immediately made himself master of the Royal Treasury in Winchesterand ordered one to King of England crowns. He led another 6 years war against his brother Robert, until he put it in the battle of Tinchebrai (1106) inflicted a decisive defeat. Henry I did his best to stabilise the country and the disputes between the Anglo-Saxon and Norman smooth out populations and cultures.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the reign of King Stephen (1135-1154) were feudal barons in control and there was again talk of civil war and lawlessness. The weak King had to cede large parts of the territory to the morrelende at the borders constantly Welshmen and Scots. He also carried out a prolonged fight with his cousin Mathilde, who by her father Henry I as a successor was appropriate. This fight led to his temporary fall, after which followed a period of great turmoil again. Mathilde did not hold it long and returned in 1148 back to France. This period of civil war known as The Anarchy. Mathildes son would succeed Stephen ' Henry II. ====Early Plantagenets<span class="mw-editsection" len="352" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== The tomb of Richard the Lionheart<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Henry II (1154-1189) was the first frost from the Angevins. From his father he inherited the French counties Maine Anjou, and Touraine, as well as his predecessors he was also Duke of Normandy. In 1152, he married Eleanor of Aquitaine, which previously had been married with the French King Louis VII. She was the heiress to vast areas in the southwest of France; as a result, was Haider power in France exceeds that of its French feudal Lord. Henry II expanded his possessions in the South of France even out; Brittanywas also taken. Henry thus became one of the most powerful Princes of Europe. Also in other directions he tried to expand his empire. The instability of European politics to this end to a powerful King offered many opportunities. Cumbria and Northumbria were recaptured on the Scots; He also fell within Wales. In the 1970s by the twelfth century Henry conquered parts of Ireland. Invoked to justify his conquests in Ireland to Henry in a Papal Bull. His great rival was the French King Philip II Augustus, with whom he settled war. Church and State in England under Henry II came into conflict with each other. The clergy in the medieval society enjoyed all kinds of privileges; clergy could only be tried inecclesiastical courts. Because this also had financial implications, the derogation was a thorn in the side of the King. Haider main opponent was the Archbishop of Canterbury,Thomas Becket. Becket fled England in 1164. A compromise between King and Archbishop proved impossible, although an attempt was undertaken. Becket returned to England, but was soon after, in 1170, murdered by four overzealous Knights, who a had taken the King's execration may be too literally. The King had to openly do fine. Becket was canonized; Canterbury became a place of pilgrimage. Although the immunity of the clergy was again confirmed, the Kings would eventually draw the longest straw. Haider relationship with his wife Eleanor was in the meantime broken; his sons, who possessed large areas of France, rebelled against their father. After the death of the two pretenders (Henry the Young King and Geoffrey of Anjou) died on 7 July 1189 to Chinon.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">He was succeeded by his son Richard I the Lionheart, which England left almost immediately to take part in the third crusade. His Deputy was his brother Jan, who, according to Robin Hoodlegende a true reign of terror claimed. The crusade itself was not a great success and on the way back, he was captured by Duke Leopold V of Austria, whose banner he had during the crusade drag through the mud. After Jan a ransom of <span class="_nowrap" len="7" style="white-space:nowrap;">150 000 marken had paid, the King was released. When he returned he made an end to the reign of Jan, but made him as his heir. For the rest of his life Richard wage war against his former friend and comrade Philip Augustus.On 6 april 1199, Richard was mortally wounded by an arrow during the siege of fortress, a relatively insignificant Châlus.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Because Richard was King himself died without issue, Jan. The English areas accepted him almost instantly, but the French territories (with the exception of Normandy) moved John's nephew Arthur emerged as King.Arthur was a willing pawn in the hands of Philip Augustus. In 1203 the King Arthur's stripped by him to strangle. The wars in France lasted on and the battle of Bouvines (1214) lost Jan all areas in France. Like his father Jan was frequently in conflict with the Church, and he could only save his kingship by his country to drive as papal leen (he actually possessed no land, hence his nickname Jan without Land). His entire reign was marked by a struggle with the nobles. After the loss of the French territories, the nobles en masse in rebellion and King John had to sign the Magna Carta Runnymede, awarded to the barons that many rights. Jan died In October 1216 . He was succeeded by his nine year old son Henry.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the thirteenth century was the noticeable influence of a number of important developments in the social field. The cities were more important, as well as the Parliament of England. The English started up again to play a role as culture language. The serfdom in the countryside disappeared.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Because Henry III was a minor, the country was ruled by Regents. The Regents took themselves for to rule according to the Magna Carta, which was confirmed by them. In 1227 was Henry major and he was determined to restore the Royal power. This made the young King is very unpopular with the nobles. This discontent was reinforced by the choice of his courtiers. To the chagrin of the English nobility privileged Henry the French relatives of his wife, Eleanor of Provence. The discontent eventually led to armed resistance by the nobles. Their leader was the former French courtier, Simon de Montfort. After a short fight the King accepted the Provisions of Oxford, in which the permission was given to the formation of a Parliament. The King, however, quickly came back on this promise and the fight flared again on. In 1264 was the Royal Army soundly defeated at the battle of Lewes and the King was captured. The King was saved only by the timely intervention of his son, Edward, in the battle of Eveshamthe next year. From 1265 controlled Eduard in fact the Kingdom. In 1272, when Eduard was on crusade, King Henry and was Eduard died. ===Late Middle Ages<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The flag of England.

In the thirteenth century, the St. George's cross the national symbol of England.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Eduard spent most of his reign by with war: he wanted to be very bring United Kingdom under his rule. His first target was Wales. 1267 Henry III had to Llywelyn ap Gruffydd in recognize as Prince of Wales. However, refused to recognize as his feudal Lord Edward Llywellyn and Edward let Eleanor de Montfort, the fiance of Llywelyn and Simon de Montfort, daughter of the illustrious kidnap, which led to a conflict. Eduard fell Wales within Wales, and Llywelyn had to be very onGwynedd after, give up. Though he was allowed to retain the title Prince of Wales. The peace was short lived. Llywelyn's brother, Dafydd in 1282, launched an attack on the English and had to come to the aid of his brother Llywelyn. His forces were no match for Eduard and Wales was conquered. Eduard would in 1301his heir Edward, Prince of Wales to make.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On domestic area was Eduard known for convening the first Parliament with a House of Lords and House of Commons and a because of expelling the Jews in1290.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Eduard also had interest in the Affairs of the neighbouring Kingdom of Scotland. He saw his chance in 1286, when King Alexander III of Scotland with horse and all off a cliff collapsed. Because the minor was Norway's heiress Margaret, feared the Scottish nobles for a throne struggle and they called in the help of Eduard.In 1290 Margaret to Scotland would travel, but she died on the Orkney Islands before they had taken over the country's administration. A violent throne battle los and Scotland had no less than thirteen pretenders to the throne, including Floris V, count of Holland. Was again asked if he could intervene to Eduard. EduardJohn Balliol to be as the rightful King of Scotland and used him as a straw man to control the country. John Balliol rebelled, but the Scots dolven on 27 april 1296 lose in the battle of Dunbar . Eduards attempt to control Scotland fell into bad Earth and later that year came the Scots in rebellion led by William Wallace and Andrew Moray. They defeated on 11 september 1297 an English army at Stirling Bridge. This could not let go and Eduard he took personal charge of the English armies in Scotland in itself. On 22 July 1298 at Falkirk became Eduard clashed with Scottish troops under the command of William Wallace. Edward obtained a resounding victory, with which he demonstrated his tactical skills and the nickname Hammer of the Scots (Hammer of the Scots) received. His successes in Scotland were not permanent and in 1307 he was on the verge of increasing to cope with Robert the Bruce, but he died at Burgh-on-Sands (near Carlisle).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Long time historians have also the Late Middle Ages, the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, idealized. It is an end. In particular the fourteenth century is regarded as a period of disasters and social disruption. The fourteenth-century poet William Langland had in his poem "The Vision of Piers the Plowman" already proclaimed that the world drew to a close. Tuchmanstresses the panic, the brutality and the violence that prevailed everywhere.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Edward II, the son and successor of King Edward I, was from completely different stuff than his father. He was compared to his father week and not to be born to soldier. Eduard was also the first English monarch of who we know that he was homosexual . According to Edward I was ruined by the love for his son Piers Gaveston, a Knight from Gascony. This was murdered in 1312 . Eduard left the country are increasingly driving by barons from Parliament. In 1314 Edward decided to put an end to the continuing rebellion of Robert the Bruce in Scotland, but he was soundly defeated on 24 June in the battle of Bannockburn. This marked the end of the wars of Scottish independence de facto, from which Scotland emerged as the Victor. Eduard made himself extremely unpopular by the country to drive using the corrupt Despenser family. In the period from 1315-17 England was hit by a great famine. In 1327, Edward's wife Isabella of Franceput, him off with the help of a powerful baron, and her lover Roger Mortimer, replaced her husband by their minor son, Edward III. She hoped to exert influence on him. The position of the Queen and her lover Mortimer became, after an adverse peace with Scotland, becoming more untenable. They sat in captivity, Edward II, who decided to kill him. The reign of the Queen was short-lived: one year later her son put her off in a coup and he began to control the country. ====Hundred Years ' War<span class="mw-editsection" len="353" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== The battle of Crécy the English right with their longbows defeated the French left with their crossbows.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Eduard proved to be an energetic King, and in 1333 he began interfering with Scotland. His victory in the battle of Halidon Hill was an early success for the young King. In 1337, Edward became involved in a small feudal conflict with his feudal Lord, Philip VI of France, on the loaned Guyenne. King Philip tried to take off, which Edward the Halder title Edward III declared himself King of France. Although England was regarded as much weaker than France, succeeded Eduard there in this image completely disprove in the battle of Crécy (1346). The English archers with their longbows proved too strong for the French Knight hosts.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1348 was England, just like the rest of Europe, hard hit by the black death. Nevertheless, the fight in France went further. In 1356 the English brought the French again a heavy blow in the battle of Poitiers. In the following years more and more resistance met the English of French troops led by Bertrand du Guesclin and the war came into a deadlock right. This eventually led to peace talks and in 1360, the Treaty of Brétigny closed. The English got the control over Aquitaine and Eduard saw off the French throne.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By Edward III is known to have in addition to French, the language of the Norman nobility, also spoke English. English was the language of the Anglo-Saxon people and had undergone major changes since the Norman Conquest, perhaps by migration or by hyper correction in response to the falling prestige of French: the war against France made sure English was promoted. It was also around this time that the first truly Middle English literature after the conquest by the Normans appeared, namely the Canterbury Tales byGeoffrey Chaucer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" len="177" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [5]  In the course of the hundreds of years had formed an English identity, symbolized by the language and the flag. Edward III died In 1377 . Eduard is still seen as one of the most successful Kings in English history.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">His successor was his 10-year-old grandson, Richard II. Richards Government began promising but high taxes led to a peasant rebellion, led by Wat Tyler. Richard distinguished himself by his courageous action. The rebels demanded the resignation of the King's advisers, his uncle John of Gaunt and Robert Hales, and the abolishment of the serfdom. Unique was that Richard feel very conciliatory fielded and entered on the requirements. The rebellion eventually failed because Wat Tyler was killed in a skirmish with the Mayor of London, William Walworth. The concessions were quickly reversed. Although the serfdom persisted in England until the seventeenth century, meant the rebellion the de facto end of the institution in England. Also stirred a sect of Church reformers, the Lollarden, who wanted to return to early Christianity was when there was no church and priests did not exist. They were led by John Wyclif. His movement was described as heresy by the Roman Catholic Church.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After Richard had removed themselves to the guardianship of his uncles, he developed into an extremely tyrannical frost. When Richard in 1399 on campaign was in Ireland, the son of John of Gaunt, Henry Bolingbroke, returned from exile. He left Richard to the throne and kill to mount as Henry IV. The reign of Henry was plagued by rebellions. The main broke in 1401, when the Welshman Owain Glyndŵr proclaimed himself Prince of Wales. Although the rebellion was not very successful, it took until 1414 for this was suppressed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Henry IV, however, was already a year earlier died and was succeeded by his son, Henry V. Henry decided to go to battle against France, so as to distract attention from domestic problems. So was the hundred years war resumed. On 25 October 1415 delivered the King battle against a French force majeure near the village of Agincourt. Despite the fact that his men were tired and hungry, Haider ' men, with help the charisma of the King and their ancient arts, a resounding victory over the French. The battle had such an influence on the French morals and French politics, that Duke John the fearless of Burgundy Henry V as King of France recognized. In 1418 Henry V was in the Treaty of Troyes to heir of the insane Charles VI of France appointed. However, he died a few months before Charles died in 1422 .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">His son, Henry VI, was only nine months old when he succeeded his father. Charles VII of France In France followed his father Charles, but he dared not to be crowns, because the coronation city of Reims was threatened by the English. In England, Andrew, the Duke of Bedford, regent. The first years of Haile Government were the English Supreme in France, but after a stunning French victory at Orléans led by Joan of arcturned the tide. In 1435 the Burgundian Duke Philip the good ran over to France and in 1453 the English were, after a defeat in the battle of Castillon, finally played out in France. Calais was only retained for England.The hundred years ' war was so to the detriment of England settled. ====Wars Of The Roses<span class="mw-editsection" len="346" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The defeat of the hundred years ' war caused much turmoil in England. Nobles led by Richard of York, descendant of the rightful heir of Richard II, gave the ruling Lancasters blame the defeat and accused the Regents of Henry VI, which by now had become morons, of abuse of power. Eventually succeeded Richard in it self to be regent (Lord Protector). When Richard in 1455, after the restoration of Henry VI, had to leave the Court forced, he started the wars of the Roses by battle in Albans, where he won with great ease. After successive victories at Blore Heath and Northampton called Richard himself King. "The battle of Tewkesbury", miniature in a French manuscript, " Histoire de la rentrée victorious du roi Edouard IV and son royaume d'Angleterre ", hs 236,Ghent University Library.

At Tewkesbury, 1471, members the Lancasters a decisive defeat. Eduard, the Crown Prince, died.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Parliament refused to drop off, but Henry VI appointed Richard to heir of Henry. However, Richard was killed during the battle of Wakefield and QueenMargaret jerked on to London. The son of York, Eduard, stood West of London and got support of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, nicknamed The King maker. The advance of the Lancasters was encountered when the citizens of London the gates locks for the troops of Queen Margrethe and then Eduard binnenlieten. After statements of support by the people of London Parliament called him out to King Edward IV. Ten years succeeded Eduard managed to control the country peacefully. Edward married Elizabeth Woodvillein 1464 with, daughter of an ordinary citizen. This thwarted the plans of Warwick to through a marriage between Edward and a member of the French Royal family to strengthen the ties with France. Also the family of the new Queen quickly got more influence at the expense of the influence of the Nevilles, much to the dismay of Warwick.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1469 Warwick came in revolt. In the battle of Edgecote was King Edward reports and later imprisoned. Edward, however, was quickly released by his brotherRichard, Duke of Gloucester, the future Richard III. Warwick and another brother of Eduard, George, Duke of Clarence, were accused of treason and had to flee to France. In France closed Warwick joined the exiled king Margaretha. Together they fell in England in 1470 and Henry VI was put back on the throne. Eduard, however, continued to not sit still and with the help of Charles the bold of Burgundy in 1471 he landed in England. During the battle of Barnet was Warwick reports. A month later the fought battle of Tewkesbury, where Haider son, Edward, Prince of Wales, was killed. After on 14 may 1471 Henry VI McWhirter, seemed to be the rule of the House York assured. Died on 9 april 1483 King Edward after a successful reign.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Edward IV was succeeded by his minor son, Edward V. In his will he had his brother Richard to appointed Lord Protector . On 25 June 1483 Richard stated, however, that Edward V and his younger brother Richard illegitimate children were and he ordered their arrest. They were imprisoned in the Tower of London and became known as the Princes in the Tower. There was never something she's learned. Richard then called himself King Richard III. The remaining supporters of the House of Lancaster, Henry Tudor, gathered itself around a distant descendant of John of Gaunt (son of Edward III). Henry landed with French assistance in Pembrokeshire (Wales) and marched to England. On 22 August 1485, the Royal Army clashed with the troops of Henry Tudor; Thus began the battle of Bosworth. Richard had a clear act of God, but by the betrayal of the powerful Stanley family was the Royal Army crushed and killed Richard.Henry Tudor himself crowned as King Henry VIIleft. Historians consider the event as the end of the wars of the roses. That's obviously hindsight. So it had to Henry in the battle of Stoke Field John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln and heir Richard, face up. This had a youthful con artist, Lambert Simnel, put forward as "King Edward VI". John de la Pole was killed and Haider hold on the throne was completely secured. ==Early Modern Period<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Political history<span class="mw-editsection" len="355" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The tradition sees the arrival of a new dynasty, the Tudors, as the end of the middle ages in England. In any case, the surviving sources material from the sixteenth century, considerably larger than that of previous centuries. This was due to spread of the printing press, a strong increase in the population and increase the number of literates. Also the fact that the Government under the Tudors usually stronger than before was inclined to intervene in social life actively promoted the building of archives; showed the kingship under the Tudors absolutist tendencies. From a social point of view there was clearly modified ratios. The power and influence of the nobility was limited by an emerging middle class. The importance of the cities, of Commerce and industry, had increased; also the rise of a capitalist economy is to the Late Middle ages and the early modern period can be traced.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The above developments are by no means unique, but fit into the general European pattern. However, the development of England in the new time in some respects fundamental on the developments on the continent.

<p lang="en" len="303" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The implemented under Henry VIII break with the Church of Rome is a clear fault line in English history. ====Tudor<span class="mw-editsection" len="338" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== Page from the First Foliofrom 1623, the edition of the works of Shakespeare.

King Lear wanted to divide his Kingdom among his three daughters. That something like that would happen with England in the sixteenth century was unthinkable. The work of Shakespeare brings us into direct contact with the thinking and experiences of his time. At the same time is a big part of his theme still relevant.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The English became under the Tudors the language of the authority. Thanks to the work of William Shakespeare (1564-1616), whose still frequently staged plays, live the culture of England under the Tudors still continuing. Especially the second half of the 16th century was culturally a flowering time. Also from this period there were significantly more active, which, in addition, more realistic portrait painters painted. The work of a painter like Holbein allows face to face with some key players from this period.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Princes of the genus Tudor were: Henry VII (1485-1509), Henry VIII (1509-1547), Edward VI (1547-1553), Mary I (1553-1558) and Elizabeth I (1558-1603).England claimed in the sixteenth century as both war against France against Spain. The Reformation and related conflicts determined to a large extent this period.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">For Henry VII had restore the Royal authority, which weakened during the wars of the Roses was, priority. He is similar to the Princes of his generation in Franceand Spain. He focused on the further expansion of the economic power of England. This he hoped to achieve by increasing the English fleet. He gave John Cabotin 1497 the command to an exploration into North America to undertake. On domestic area was to make every effort to establish his authority Henry permanently.He therefore founded the Star Chamber , a court consisting of himself, the Lord Chancellor and some confidants. In 1502 Henry VII lost his son Arthur and he let his widow Catherine of Aragon remarriage with his second son, Henry.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1509 Henry VII died and was succeeded by his son Henry. The young Henry VIII had grown up under the influence of the emerging renaissance and was a talented composer, Hunter and tournament Knight. In the beginning of his reign, Henry VIII war with France. In 1511, Pope Julius II had the Holy League was established. The Alliance was aimed to break the French power in Italy. Henry saw the Holy League as an opportunity to increase his possessions in Northern France and, therefore, on to. The English defeated a French army in the battle of Guinegate. King James IV of Scotland, an ally of King Louis XII, Northumberlandfell within. This invasion was ended when James was killed in the battle of Flodden Field. In 1519, Henry was a candidate for the reign of the Holy Roman Empire; eventually the Habsburg Charles V chosen. Was In 1520 at the Field of Cloth of Gold ended the war with France.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Problems in Haider private life gave the history of England a radical turn. Haider wife Catharina did have children, but only a daughter, the future Queen Mary, reached adulthood. Henry was very shy to a male heir. When Henry met Anne Boleyn he was looking for a way to separate themselves from Catherine. He was helped by his Lord Chancellor, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, who with the Bible in hand to dissolve the marriage collected arguments. One of the arguments was that Catherine's marriage to Haider deceased brother Arthur was not disbanded. Catharina moisture separation with the Pope. Pope Clement VII refused his approve the separation. Up to this time had Henry is diligently dedicated to eradicating the reformation in England; in 1520 he had even the title defender of the faithreceived from Pope Leo X. Following the rejection of the separation by the Pope refused all further cooperation with Cardinal Wolsey the King's plans. Only the death of the cardinal avoided a conviction for high treason. His successor as Lord Chancellor was the pragmatic philosopher Thomas More. Also More could not be found in the divorce of Catherine and the abolition, as between the King and the Church. More took therefore in 1532 his resignation. In 1535 he was beheaded for high treason. Haider solution was radical: Henry VIII broke the centuries-old ties with Rome. A State Church, which was entirely secondary to the monarchy, was introduced. It was especially Thomas Cromwell that the measures devised and executed. Copy by Remigius van Leemput of a work by Hans Holbein, oil on canvas. The original is lost in 1698.

Pictured are Henry VII, Henry VIII, Elizabeth of York and Jane Seymour.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Eventually married Henry in 1533 with Anne Boleyn, after he himself (by means of the Act of Supremacy) had been declared head of theChurch of England. However, this meant no break between the Church of England and the Catholic tradition. Henry maintained the Catholic Liturgy. In the eyes of the Pope and most Catholics was the actions of Hendrik equal to apostasy and heresy. The English Parliament worked willingly to the break with it. In 1536 Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England; in the same year, Anne Boleyn, a daughter Elizabeth- Elizabeth I -had given birth to the later, beheaded. Less than a month later the King remarried, this time with Jane Seymour. She bore a son in 1537, the laterEdward VI, but died 12 days later in childbirth. His next wife was Anne of Cleves; the King divorced her during the first year of marriage.Then Catherine Howard, married Henry who was beheaded in 1542 . Haider last marriage, and might also be his happiest, was withCatherine Parr.

<p lang="en" len="107" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The eldest daughter of Henry VIII, Mary, tried in vain to restore Catholicism in England.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Elizabeth acted as a unique national symbol. In England had now developed a strong national consciousness . Many Englishmen believed to belong to a "chosen people". The victory over the Armada contributed to this increase. Also the adventures of the ExplorersDrake and Raleigh spoke to the imagination. Much more than her predecessors saw Elizabeth I compelled to take into account the wishes of Parliament.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">England ran In economic terms clearly behind in the Dutch Republic. ====Stuart and the protectorate<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Elizabeth I was succeeded by James I (1603-1625) from the House of Stuart who was King of Scotland for several decades. Thus apersonal Union between the two kingdoms into being. Jacobus aspired to further unification, including in economic and administrative matters. The English were opposed to and there was therefore nothing; It stayed with symbol politics. James called himself ' King of Great Britain '. From the English and the Scottish flag was the Union Jack created. Though succeeded the border area between the kingdoms, where it was Restless for centuries, to the central authority to submit.

<p lang="en" len="244" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">James I was succeeded by his son Charles I (1625-1649).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the English civil war (1641-' 51) was England during the Protectorate, until 1660, controlled by the strand- Oliver Cromwell Puritan ruler and his son Richard. The dictatorship of Cromwell was not regarded as a success. Therefore, the monarchy was restored in 1660, under King Charles II (1660-1685), a son of Charles i. He is succeeded by his Catholic brother James II (1685-1688). Both of them actually wanted to rule as an absolute ruler. Renewed conflicts with Parliament remained not out.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1688 the Dutch stadtholder William III landed (1650-1702) with an army in England. During this Glorious Revolution James II fled to France. William III settled the throne, along with his wife and niece-the Protestant daughter of James II- Mary II of England. The Glorious Revolution reaffirmed the primacy of the Parliament of England. After the death of William III on 8 March 1702 (according to Julian calendar) followed a long battle over the succession in various fields. In England, his sister-in-law, sister of Maria, Anna (1702-1714) on 23 april 1702 crowned. None of her children reached adulthood. The Act of Settlement (1701) determined that the descendants of Sophia of Hanover would follow up. As a result, George Iwas elector of Hanover, King of Great Britain in 1714. In 1707 England and Scotland were United into a single Kingdom namely: the United Kingdom of England and Scotland.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A result of the Glorious Revolution was that war with England in France, which was ruled by Louis XIV. Apart from a brief delay lasted this war until 1713. Public spending and the national debt sturgeon strongly. Under James II the national debt amounted to more than 10 million pounds. Within a few decades it grew to more than 40 million pounds. At the same time, there was talk of strong economic growth. An important part of this was submitted by the increasing trade with European colonies, where England are increasingly on pointed. In 1700 went even 85% of the goods exported by England-including-the re-export to Europe. In 1724 was more than 40% of exports shipped to the other side of the Atlantic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" len="177" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [6] ====Hannover: George I, II, III<span class="mw-editsection" len="360" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== Lord Horatio Nelson defeated the French-Spanish armada at Trafalgar.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the 18th century the aristocracy dominated political and social life; reduced the power of the King. Only a small group was represented in the House of Commons. In England had now formed two political factions : the whigs and the Tories. Belonged to the whigs the entrepreneurial middle class and the dissenters. Virtually all landowners were Tory 's; also the establishment of the Anglican Church was usually tory-minded. In fact, many decisions were taken by a widespread patronage system. Only at the end of the century, movements that pursued reforms.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Shortly after his accession to the throne in 1714 George Idismissed, elector of Hanover, all ministers who had served under they predecessor Anna. He replaced them by whigs.This began the era of the so-called whig oligarchy. Many, including the King, suspects the Tory's it secretly to sympathize with the Stuarts, the descendants of James II. In 1715, the supporters of the ousted Royal family, the Jacobites, rebelled. Their trailer was the largest in Scotland, but also the North East of England rebelled. The Jacobites were defeated at Preston. Thus was averted the threat temporarily, until the second rebellion of 1745 Jakobitische took place.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The whigs were also internally divided. That was not so much ideological differences as well as to personal rivalry. Very influential was Robert Walpole, a land owner from Norfolk.From 1717 to 1720 he belonged to a group of whigs in the opposition. The South Sea bubble and the outrage that followed the bursting of the bubble made the way for Walpole.From 1722 to 1742 he was the undisputed leader of the Cabinet; in fact, Walpole the first prime minister. His main rivals among the whigs, Stanhope and Sunderland, died shortly after each other were.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Also in the eighteenth century France and England several times carried out war with each other. Great Britain expanded its Empire after several resounding victories strongly.However, the American colonies in 1776 came in revolt against the British mother country.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The French Revolution of 1789 was the beginning of a very unstable period in Europe, which lasted almost three decades. In France came to an end to the monarchy and to the dominant position of the nobility. Then it went on to become a revolutionary reign on expansion-oriented politics, in which the French armies a series of victories over the other European powers won. The European balance of power was severely disrupted. England was one of the few countries where passed largely to the turmoil. The ruling elite looked at the developments in France with distrust. The disruption of the balance of power was reason for France to declare war. United Kingdom performed almost continuous war against France, usually in cooperation with Russia, Prussiaand Austria /or. A French invasion in England or Ireland for a long time belonged to the possibilities. Important victories were those of Admiral Horatio Nelson in the battle of Trafalgar and that of the Duke of Wellington in the battle of Waterloo. ===Industrial revolution<span class="mw-editsection" len="354" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The Iron Bridge in Shropshire, the first cast iron bridge in the world, built between 1777 and 1779. The nearby Coalbrookdale was an important center of the emerging iron industry. Here were also manufactured the first cast iron rails . <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In England was made during the decades before and after 1800 a true ' revolution ' place: the so-called ' industrial revolution '. This was one of the most dramatic developments from human history, for example, only in terms of interest similar to the Neolithic revolution, the development of agriculture. The industrialization did change dramatically the economic life; the production of goods rose strongly, new techniques were developed and also the distribution of goods took place over new roads. The effects were not purely positive. Historians had long time even considering eye for the negative aspects such as the often appalling conditions in which the factory workers lived.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1801 there was a 2000 census for the first time held in England. According to this count lived there in that year about 9 million people in England and Wales together. London was with nearly 900,000 inhabitants is by far the largest city in the country, and the largest city in the world after Beijing . With approximately 80,000 inhabitants Manchester was the second city of the country. Also Liverpool,Birmingham, Bristol and Leeds each had more than 50,000 inhabitants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" len="177" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [7] ===Religion<span class="mw-editsection" len="340" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The importance that religion was awarded and its impact on everyday life and the intellectual climate was in England to fluctuations. The seventeenth century was a period of strong religiosity. The early eighteenth century was a time of religious indifference. Founded In 1738, John Wesley (1703-91) the Methodists and by the end of the eighteenth century there was a religious revival and was there within the Anglican Church, for example, campaigned to end slavery. This revival, however, especially form during the nineteenth century. ==Modern Time<span class="mw-editsection" len="345" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the nineteenth century began the pace at which change significantly speed up skirts. Spectacular in this century was the revival of the English economy. The industrialization, which had begun in the eighteenth century, persevered and is no longer limited to a few regions. Modern times was in England arrived. In technology was Great Britain the undisputed leader, the example that the rest of the Western world tried to imitate. ===Nineteenth century<span class="mw-editsection" len="349" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === J.m.w. Turner: "Rain, Steam and Speed", (c. 1840), oil on canvas, National Gallery, London.

The train was a symbol of a time of change. Turner, one of the greatest English painters, manufactured this painting after a train trip.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Few developments illustrate the process of accelerated development so aptly as the relatively sudden construction of railways. This revolutionary development was made possible by the development of the steam locomotive and the expansion of the industry. In 1822was by George Stephenson built the Hetton Railway . In 1825 followed the railway line from Darlington to Stockton. Queen Victoria opened In 1851 Crystal Palace, the symbol of technological progress.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">"In 1815 Britain was the most powerful country in the world."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" len="177" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [8]  that position has a century long, until 1914, was able to maintain. Often called the pax Britannica in order to indicate the ' hundred years ' peace ' in which Britain was the leading power . For a century it mastered the oceans and increased his colonial possession such that it is at the end of the century a substantial portion of the world's population under his rule had brought: the medium-sized European country was the center of a 'Empire on which the sun never sets'. As a result of the British economic dominance, there were also the ' informal ' colonies, areas that are forced on a leash of the Empire had to walk. The period was preceded by the large-scale wars against Napoleon. Afterwards there were a large number of wars in Europe, but these all had a limited character and never lasted long. only once, during the Crimean War, the United Kingdom took an active part in a war in Europe.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">George IV, the latest in a series of four kings who were called ' George ', died in 1830. With him had the popularity of the monarchyreached a low point. His brother, William IV, succeeded him. William IV broke with a number of medieval traditions, such as theCoronationbanquet in Westminster Hall, and cut on the precious court life. The monarchy came to stand closer to the people.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Victorian era was a period of rapid population growth, democratisation and great confidence in the national identity. The period takes its name from the long reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901). A few years before her accession to the throne, in 1832, it was considerably expanded suffrage . In 1846 went Great Britain over on free trade. About halfway through the century, the country reached the height of his power. During the later decades of Victoria's reign was also the education reform. Victoria and her husband PrinceAlbert gave shape to the uniquely British kingship.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From the 1970s the expansion of the global economy stagnated. Especially the agricultural sector was hit hard. For the English aristocracy picked up the crisis very disappointing. Gradually came to an end to her political dominance. The year 1870 is a clear fault line in the nineteenth century. In that year the German Empirewas formed. Both politically and economically developed the new State developed into a fierce competitor of the United Kingdom.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Reform Act of 1867 was a comprehensive review of the political system. Moreover, the past-the-post system was maintained. The right to vote was again significantly extended. Party discipline made its appearance.It was then almost always the voters who brought down a Cabinet. Newspaper stamp was abolished because the newspapers were cheaper. In combination with the development of the Telegraph names thereby both the size and the influence of the press strongly. A period of emancipation of the working class had begun. ===Twentieth century<span class="mw-editsection" len="348" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Poster from the first world war<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">No period in human history was accompanied by such sweeping changes on almost all areas of the twentieth century. War and decolonization for England were determining factors in the half a century after 1914, the year in which the first world war broke out. It was the end of an era. Since then, the balance of power changed dramatically. To the British hegemony came to an end, on the Victorian values and complacency as well. Signs of economic downturn were already there, after 1914 was also the empire no longer safe. At least as far-reaching were the consequences of scientific discoveries and technical innovations. A list of these is incomplete in advance. Were ground-breaking innovations and discoveries in the field of transport, the use of energy, medicine, agriculture and information. The prosperity rose strongly and reached a-compared to earlier periods-unprecedented high level. This again had far-reaching consequences for the expectations and demands with respect to a ' cherished,average standard of living' were made respectively. A good education, good healthand participation in cultural life now seemed within everyone's reach. People visited far away places and "new" was the magic word.Scientific and technical progress, however, also had a downside. The man had now about forces that also can be used on highly destructive and irreversible changes may bring about. Starting from the 1960s took the concern about damage to the environment strongly.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although there has been no talk of a revolution, the political and social structures underwent significant changes. After 1914 the workers ' Party took the place of the Liberal Partyin as one of the two major parties. Also in business got the working class now suddenly influence. The laissez-faire ideology was abandoned. Now many education, turned out many traditional settings, such as the Church, barely equal to rational criticism. The pace of secularisation was high.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Both the First (1914-1919) as the Second World War (1939-1945) in Great Britain and so also in England deep traces. In both cases the United Kingdom together with Francefought against the Reich. In both cases a European war grew into a global conflict. Twice was the intervention of the United States shall prevail. World War II was In many ways a repeat of the first. The United Kingdom always belonged to the winning camp; the price for the victory, however, was very high. The terrible massacre in the northern Frenchtrenches was only the beginning. The twenty years between the wars, the interwar period, were afterwards considered rather a truce than a true peace. It was already in 1919 concluded peace treaty by all those involved in the negotiations as a truce considered then as a real peace. British Prime Minister David Lloyd George and the French premier Georges Clemenceau had sufficient statesmanship to Germany not to want to humiliate to the extreme, but the peace conditions of Versailles, with heavy reparations, occupation of the Rhineland, return of Alsace and Lorraine to France and a number of smaller territorial concessions were bad enough for Germany. What the Allied victors of the war still the worst found was that the potency of Germany as the strongest European power essentially remained unbroken.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" len="177" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [9]  as far as trust already was in 'collective security', which turned out to be misplaced. The US president Woodrow Wilson advocated by the League of Nations, of which the us not even joined, was above all a ' paper tiger '. That turned out to be already in 1931 when Japan invaded Manchuria .Mussolini and Hitler also could go a long time without hindrance their gang. The heroic role played by Britain during the second world war, led by Prime Minister Winston Churchill, has reinforced the already existing sense of British superiority. Crucial was the battle of Britain Spitfire airplanes in which defended the island.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the inter-war period Britain was mainly ruled by the conservatives. Political extremism had in England hardly influence. England was hit hard by the economic crisis of the thirties. The crisis struck mainly the areas where ever the industrial revolution had begun. The English industry was now largely out of date. ====After 1945<span class="mw-editsection" len="340" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After 1945 turned out Great Britain too exhausted to the British Empire to maintain longer. India became independent in 1947 ; almost all other colonies were lost during the next two decades. Erode the huge Empire was unprecedented fast. Since the 1970s the United Kingdom member of what was then called the European Economic Community . This organization is still not popular in England.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Within the United Kingdom is England always been the dominant partner. In the course of the twentieth century took to the opposition in Scotland and Wales. In Scotland, the Scottish National Party was founded in Wales Plaid Cymru. However, the parties failed to acquire only with difficulty into seats in the House of Commons. The Conservative Party (officially called ' Conservative and Unionist ') is for historical reasons against Division of the United Kingdom and the Labour Party sees its relatively strong following in Scotland and Wales do not like lost for at national level, so had the regional parties hardly influence. Face on London in the direction of Shaftesbury Avenue. This photo was taken in 1971 from the BT Tower, a telecommunication tower, the tallest building in England until 1980.

From the seventeenth century London was one of the largest cities in Europe. In 1971greater London had about 7.5 million inhabitants.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The changes in the social field were in the second half of the twentieth century, possibly even more far-reaching than before. Much by tradition certain values and norms were overridden. This is also visible in art and literature. London In the sixties was a center of the"hip" culture. Nevertheless, all kinds of traditions and a highly developed sense of history in England still influence.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1945, the Labour Party, the Labour Partywon a resounding victory in the elections. There followed significant changes: a part of the economy was nationalized. The National Health Service and the welfare State were introduced. The decades after the great war for England were a time of continuing economic problems. The United Kingdom was not a great power more. The irresponsible action of the powerful trade unions often worsened the situation significantly. From 1979 to 1989 was Margaret Thatcher, nicknamed the iron lady, Prime Minister. Her term was relatively long; Thatcher was the langstregerende and most controversial British Government of the twentieth century. They threw the helm to radically. She conducted systematically a neo-liberal, monetarist policy, focused on privatisation. This encountered in large parts of the country on fierce resistance. Thanks to its determined leadership, the British victory in the Falklands war (1982), her uncompromising performance at theBritish miners ' strike of 1984/85 led by Arthur Scargill and the Division of the left opposition Thatcher broke the power of the unions eventually. Her Euroscepticism could both at left and at right on much sympathy. It is generally recognized that it has a large stamp printed on the eighties of the twentieth century. Her successor John Major, was a party colleague. His reign began with the recession of the early 1990s. Historically, the events that led there on 16 september 1992 that the British pound out of the European exchange rate mechanism was bumped. Due to the low exchange rate then the economy could recover quickly. In the mid-1990s, the Conservative Government of John Major weighed down by scandals. He was also overdue maintenance in the NHS and education reproached.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although the economy is stunningly good stood for Labour in 1997, won the elections; the voter was after eighteen years of conservative rule to some news; at the beginning of may, Tony Blair became the new Prime Minister. Blair also turned out to be a supporter of the American version of a free market economy. The under Thatcher implemented restrictions on the power of the trade unions he not turned back. Though gave Blair as the years passed, more and more money. The Blair Government strove to reform the political system. After referenda in 1997 were both Scotland and Wales its own legislative body: the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly. For both were the first elections held in 1999 . The Scottish Parliament was also given powers in the field of taxation. Northern Ireland also got its own legislative body, and its own Executive power. Subsequently, a start has been made on the reform of the House of Lords. Most members, the so-called hereditary peers, who owe their seat only to a hereditary title, lost their right to vote. The original plan was to appoint most members to leave by the Government. This idea came across a lot of resistance. ===Twenty-first century<span class="mw-editsection" len="353" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Tony Blair in 2007 after two won elections made place for Gordon Brown. The British banking sector was relatively hard hit by the financial crisis of 2008. At the 2010 elections neither party achieved an absolute majority. The Conservatives were the largest party to form a Government with Liberal Democrats . The conservative party leader David Cameron became Prime Minister, the Liberal-Democratic Party leader Nick CleggDeputy Prime Minister. A major challenge for the new Government is balancing the public finances.