Moscow

Moscow ( Russian : Москва, Moskva, IPA :  [Mɐskva]  ( information / explanations ))  is the capital and by far the largest city of Russia, formerly the Soviet Union . The inhabitants are called Muscovites.

Content

 * 1 Geography
 * 2 History
 * 2.1 Myths and legends
 * 2.2 Etymology
 * 2.3 Earliest habitation
 * 2.4 First Slavic residents
 * 2.5 Principality of Moscow
 * 2.6 Capital of Russia
 * 2.7 During the Russian Empire
 * 2.8 Soviet period
 * 3 Demographics
 * 4 Administrative divisions
 * 4.1 Position within Russia
 * 4.2 Stadsokroegs and districts
 * 4.2.1 Okroegen
 * 5 Sights
 * 5.1 Famous places and buildings in Moscow
 * 5.2 Churches
 * 5.3 Museums
 * 5.4 Other sights
 * 5.5 Nightlife
 * 6 Traffic and transport
 * 7 Sports
 * 8 Politics
 * 9 Birth
 * 10 Town twinning
 * 11 Landscape
 * 12 External links

[Geography edit ]
Moscow is situated at an altitude of 156 meters above sea level in the highlands between the Oka and the Volga . The river Moskva crosses the city from northwest to southeast over a length of about 80 kilometers. The width of the river in Moscow is 120 to 200 meters. In addition, there are about 120 smaller rivers flow through the city.

The city limits run about the same as the 1962 built to bypass the city ( MKAD ). The urban area has an area of ​​over 2511 square kilometers. About a third of which consists of green area. There are about 100 parks in the city.

Moscow had on January 1, 2013 11,979,529 inhabitants.

[Myths and legends edit ]
Exist from the Middle Ages all legends about the name Moscow that give this a biblical origin. According to this legend, the name "Moscow" from ancient names for the people in today's Russia. The Bible speaks of the nations 'Meshech' and 'Tubal' and these are treated in the legend with the Russians. However, these names probably hit nations / states that have existed in ancient Anatolia. The Assyrians called them the 'Tabal' and 'Musku "while Herodotus wrote about' Tiberanoi 'and' Moschoi. Tabalwas a neo-Hittite principality under the Luwiërs . Tiglath-pileser I (1100 BC.) Talked about the nation's Muska-a-ia. Moscow is that the name derived from here, is highly unlikely.

[Etymology edit ]
The old Russian name is El Mosk a d o v (град Москов), which literally means "city in the Moskvarivier". The origin of the name of the river is unknown, allowing several theories have emerged. [1] Examples of words which could be derived are: The wooden settlement was also called in Turkish language as Moskova.
 * the Mongolian word Mosjcha ';
 * Finno-Ugric Merja, who lived along the Moskvarivier and that would have had if greatest place Moskova;
 * a word from an old Finnish-Ugric language, that "dark" and "turbid" would mean;
 * a word from the Finnish-Permian Komi language, that "cow-river" would mean;
 * a word from the Finnish-Wolgische Mordvinic languages ​​that "Bear River" would mean;

Earliest occupation [ edit ]
The oldest finds of human habitation, the archaeological site Sjtsjoekino in Moskva, dating back to the Neolithic period . Other ancient sites within the present city limits a cemetery from the Fatjanovocultuur and a remnant of a residence of the Djakovocultuur Iron Age in the grounds of the Kremlin, the Setoenrivier, the Sparrow Hills , Forest Park Koentsevski and other locations.

First Slavic inhabitants [ edit ]
At the end of the first millennium AD. were in the current Moscow and Moscow Oblast inhabited by Slavic tribes Vjatitsjen and Krivichs . Late 11th century, when the city was named for the first time, Moscow was a remote provincial town with a feudal center and a trading center at the mouth of the river Neglinnaja (now an underground tunnel), in an area that was mostly occupied by the now extinct Finnish people of Merja .

Moscow is first mentioned as a city in 1147 when on April 4 knjaz (frost) Yury Dolgoruky of Rostov and Suzdal prince Sviatoslav Olgovitsj of the Novgorod Republic cried with the words "come to me, brother, to Moscow." [2]

In 1156 Dolgoruky built a wooden wall and a moat around the city. However, these had not the desired result, because in 1177 the city was burned to the ground and massacred its population. In 1237-38, the city was by the Mongols conquered, and once again the city was burned and massacred the population. The popes, Russian priests were alive hanged to a tree and put on fire. However, the city recovered and became the capital of an independent principality.

Principality of Moscow [ edit ]
Around 1300, the principality was ruled by Daniel, son of Alexander Nevsky . Due to its strategic position near the headwaters of the Volga, the city grew slowly but steadily. Her stability and wealth attracted refugees from elsewhere in Russia.

Slowly expanded the city itself, and under Ivan I Moscow defeated Tver in the battle for the throne of Vladimir . The khan he gets the important concession that the principality is not divided among his sons, but if one becomes entirely on his eldest son. The khan of the Golden Horde initially tries to limit the power of Moscow, but as the power of Lithuania grows, he sees in Moscow an important ally.

[Capital of Russia edit ]
Under Ivan III Moscow rid of the Mongol domination and grows into capital of the Tsardom of Russia (until the 17th century Muscovy called). Moscow remains the capital of Russia until 1712. In that year, callingPeter I of Russia St Petersburg, which he had found in 1703, to new capital.

During the Russian Empire [ edit ]
Drawing of Moscow at the beginning of the 18th century ( Cornelis de Bruijn )

In 1812, Napoleon began his Russian campaign . On 14 September 1812 he was in Moscow, but when he and his army took possession of Moscow, the famous broke Moscow fire out. Moscow fire destroyed three-quarters of the city.

After the withdrawal of Napoleon, however, immediately started rebuilding, partly in European style, but (and is thus distinct from St. Petersburg ) retaining its own Russian style. The Red Square was a real public space from which three new avenues fanned out over the city, connected by two major ring roads (the Boulevard Ring and the Garden Ring ), who still constitute the main arteries of the city. A major project was also the renewal of the Theatre Square, the Bolshoi Theatre, which was completed in 1824. There was also a lot of private money into rebuilding the city and it was not long before the avenues were flanked by elegant villas and grand palaces. Eventually, the fire contributed so much to the beautification of the old 'wooden' city and became the symbol of Russia's national revival after 1812.

[Soviet period edit ]
After the Russian Revolution makes Lenin about 1918 Moscow again the capital. Throughout the Soviet period they remained the center of power, and even now the government of Russia sits still in the Kremlin.

[Demographics edit ]
Moscow is a rapidly growing city. In 1920, the population of about 2 million inhabitants of the First World War fallen to about 1 million. Until 1925, the population doubled almost to steadily grow to 5 million in 1950. In 2000 the population 8 million. However, in recent years the population grows tremendously. In 2004, the population was 11.2 million. This demographic change is due to the massive immigration from the surrounding area. Economic growth, which amounts to 20%, makes many people flock to the city and surrounding rural areas increasingly depopulated. This is despite an internal passport system that makes people very difficult to settle legally in the city.

The city also had a time the highest number of billionaires in the world. According to an article from Forbes in July 2004 because Moscow has 33 billionaires, two more than New York . In 2008, this number had risen to 55, but in 2009 the number fell to 27 in which she was again overtaken by New York and London. [3]

Population Development

[Position within Russia edit ]
Moscow is the administrative center of the Central Federal District of Russia, is a federal city, which means that it has the same status within Russia as a province ( oblast ). Moscow is within the Moscow oblast, but is not part of it. However, Moscow is the administrative center of this.

The Patriarch of Moscow is the head of the Russian Orthodox Church .

Stadsokroegs and districts [ edit ]
Moscow consists of 12 administrative districts ( Okrug ), including 124 counties, districts, include:

Okroegen [ edit ]
12 okroegs are administrative units of the central municipality, while the territories autonomy as municipalities have ( district municipality ).
 * 1) Zelenograd (3 districts)
 * 2) North (Северный: 16 rayons)
 * 3) Northeast (Северо-Восточный: 17 rayons)
 * 4) Northwest (Северо-Западный: 8 rayons)
 * 5) Central (Центральный: 11 rayons)
 * 6) East (Восточный: 16 rayons)
 * 7) South (Южный: 16 rayons)
 * 8) Southeast (Юго-Восточный: 12 rayons)
 * 9) Southwest (Юго-Западный: 12 rayons)
 * 10) West (Западный; West: 13 rayons)
 * 11) Novomoskovsky since July 1, 2012
 * 12) Troitsky since July 1, 2012

Famous places and buildings in Moscow [ edit ]

 * Red Square
 * Lenin's Mausoleum
 * Kremlin
 * GUM

[Churches edit ]

 * Mary-at-Heaven-Inclusion Cathedral
 * Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception
 * Cathedral of the Archangel
 * Saint Basil's Cathedral (St. Basil's Cathedral)
 * Christ Savior Cathedral
 * Trinity Church "in the Sheets"
 * Trinity Church in Kozjevniki
 * Trinity Church in Starych Tsjerjomoesjki
 * Florus and Laurus Church
 * Kazan Church in Kolomenskoje
 * Intercession Church of the Mother of God to the Gorodnya

Museums [ Edit ]

 * Armory Museum - Unlike the name suggests, this collection of crown jewels in the Kremlin.
 * Tretyakov Gallery - Russian painting
 * Pushkin Museum
 * National History Museum

Additional points of interest [ edit ]

 * Novodevichy Convent
 * White House, seat of the Government of Russia
 * Seven Sisters skyscrapers of Stalin
 * Triumph Palace, the tallest building in Europe
 * Kolomenskoje, the residence of the Tsars in Moscow
 * Bolshoi Theatre
 * Moscow Zoo
 * Sparrow Hills (Sparrow Hills)
 * Tverskaya Ulitsa (Tverstraat)

[Going edit ]
Moscow has many nightclubs, often equipped with the latest lighting and sound equipment. The prices are high, even compared to other European capitals. Some notable clubs are:
 * First (here the Russian millionaires).
 * Zona (a prison that has been converted into club).
 * L'eto
 * Fabric
 * Gaudi Arena
 * Infiniti
 * Mio
 * B2

Traffic and transport [ edit ]
Moscow has five international airports : Sheremetyevo , Domodedovo , Bykovo , Ostafjevo and Vnukovo .

Furthermore, Moscow is the most important railway junction in Russia. So here starts the Trans-Siberian Railway and there are direct connections with most former Soviet states and the European Union, for example, Warsaw and Berlin . In addition to long-distance traffic, there is an extensive electric suburban network that reaches far outside Moscow. Some suburban trains are an east-west along the north side of the Moscow center. There are nine headends, which all have a direct connection to a metro line to the center of the city: Except Rizjskaja, that is a little further, though these stations are served by underground circle line 5, the Koltsevaya Line .
 * Beloroesskaja
 * Jaroslavskaja
 * Kazanskaja
 * Kievskaya
 * Koerskaja
 * Oktyabrskaya
 * Paveletskaja
 * Rizjskaja
 * Savjolovskaja

The Moscow subway provides local transportation for the city of over 10 million people every day. The construction of the subway system began in 1935 . Today, there are 12 lines and more than 150 stations. The metro is best known for its rich decorations in the stations: wall decorations, mosaics, chandeliers, and so on. At peak times there is every 90 seconds a new train.

Recently, the metro station Park Pobedy opened officially the deepest station in the world, although the subway Pyongyang probably lies deeper. The subway is extended with "light" subway lines to the suburbs. As the underground stops pretty far apart, there is a dense network of bus routes departing from any tube station and serve the surrounding neighborhoods. The buses come fairly regularly, sometimes more than once per minute, and are inexpensive with tickets of about € 0.50. None of the 13,000 residential blocks in Moscow is more than a few minutes away from a bus stop.

There are also several tram and trolleybus network in the city and recently in the north of the city is a monorail line in use. Mostransavto provides intercity bus service between Moscow and other cities of Moscow Oblast.

Compared to the former possess more people cars causing traffic jams one of the biggest problems for the city council to form his.

[Sports edit ]
The Olympics of 1980 took place in Moscow, with the exception of the sail, which was diverted to Tallinn .

It houses in Moscow many football clubs, including internationally known as CSKA Moscow (part of sports CSKA Moscow ), Dinamo Moscow , Lokomotiv Moscow , Spartak Moscow and FC Torpedo Moscow .

In 2006 the Indoor World Athletics Championships were held in Moscow.

[Politics edit ]
Moscow is the Kremlin, the seat of the national government.

City links [ edit ]

 * Amsterdam (Netherlands)
 * Baku (Azerbaijan)
 * Berlin (Germany), since 1990
 * Brussels (Belgium), since 1996
 * Buenos Aires (Argentina), since 1990
 * Cuzco (Peru)
 * Düsseldorf (Germany), since 1992
 * Yerevan (Armenia)
 * Helsinki (Finland), since 1993
 * Ljubljana (Slovenia), since 2000
 * Madrid (Spain), since 1997
 * Paris (France), since 1992
 * Beijing (China), since 1992
 * Prague (Czech Republic), since 1995
 * Pyongyang (North Korea)
 * Reykjavik (Iceland)
 * Rome (Italy), since 1996
 * Seoul (South Korea), since 1991
 * Tel Aviv (Israel), since 2000
 * Tokyo (Japan), since 1991
 * Warsaw (Poland), since 1993
 * Vienna (Austria), since 1991