Republic of the seven United Netherlands

The Republic of the seven United Netherlands, also called the United Provinces, was a Confederation between 1588 and 1795 with pulling a defense Alliance and a Customs Union. They covered largely the territory of present Netherlands. In the 17th century they acquired great political and economic power and played a leading role on the world stage. The end came with the invasion of France in 1793-1795, though it was previously deployed the downturn.

The Republic consisted of eight sovereign provinces, seven of which were jointly ruled that the areas out there, but still belonged to the territory of the Confederation.These so-called generality lands were largely in what is now Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, the current Dutch provinces of North Brabant and Limburg, as well as in the southeast of the province of Groningen.

Outstanding in the small Republic of up to 2.5 million inhabitants was the success of the Dutch world trade via the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC) and those on the Baltic Sea, the great military successes against seemingly much stronger countries like Spain and England, the huge fleet-with 2000 ships larger than those of England and France together-and the flourishing of Arts (Rembrandt and many others) and Sciences (among other Hugo de Groot)for that time, accompanied by relatively large mental freedom.



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[hide] *1 History  ==History[ Edit] == ===For History[ Edit] === ====The low countries under the Burgundians and Habsburgs[ Edit] ==== The Burgundian circle within theHoly Roman Empire after thetransaction of Augsburg in 1555.A large part of the low countries belonged in the second half of the 15th century by inheritance and conquest to the Burgundians.Of all regions were the Duchy of Brabant and the County of Flanders by far the most important of the Netherlands. They had the largest population and were economically the most developed. Compared to the rest of Europe was matched only by the economic power North Italy. The County of Holland in the 15th century economic suggested little for. It had little export and had to have especially of shipping and fisheries. The cities in Holland with about 10,000 inhabitants were small compared with those in the southern Netherlands.
 * 1.1 prehistory
 * 1.1.1 the low countries under the Burgundians and Habsburgs
 * 1.1.2 beginning of the rebellion
 * 1.2 development of the Republic of
 * 1.3 Early golden age
 * twelve years ' truce 1.3.1
 * 1.3.2 resumption of the war and the peace of Westphalia
 * 1.4 Late golden age
 * 1.4.1 first stadtholderless period (1650-1672)
 * 1.4.2 Glorious crossing
 * 1.5 Expiration
 * 1.5.1 Second stadtholderless period (1702-1747)
 * 1.5.2 Orangist revolution
 * 1.5.3 Time of the Patriots
 * Regional format 2
 * 3 demographics
 * 3.1 population development
 * 3.2 Migration
 * 3.3 Religion
 * 4 Directors
 * 4.1 National Board
 * 4.2 Regional Directors
 * 4.3 stadtholder
 * 5 Economy
 * 5.1 agriculture
 * 5.2 Fisheries
 * 5.3 Industry
 * 5.4 Trade
 * domestic transport 5.5
 * 6 Persons
 * Science 7
 * 8 Culture
 * Batavian revolution 9
 * 10 Denominations
 * 11 Sources
 * 12 notes and references
 * 13 further reading

The southern regions were given more attention by their importance by the Burgundian dukes than the Northern. So was the Court of the Duke established, as well as the first University in the South. During the reign of Charles the bold was the Board of the Netherlands until displeasure of the regions more centralized, the army was expanded and the taxes were increased. After his death came Flanders revolted against the successor to Mary of Burgundy in 1477 and the great Privilege was enforced, in which the rights of the regions were described.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" len="193" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [1]  Maria married with Emperor Maximilian, with which the Netherlands switched to theHabsburg House. After the death of Maria Maximilian did everything possible to do away with the great Privilege, to the great displeasure of the regions that revolted. This great rebellion by military force was broken.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Then tried the Habsburgs of the seventeen Dutch regions to forge a unit with its capital Brussels. Of these regions were Flanders, Brabant and Holland, that grew from the16th century, by far the most important economic hard; they brought together 75% of taxes on. the northern regions were reorganized with financial resources from outside Holland.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" len="193" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [2]  the region Holland tried for some time to increase its influence on the north-eastern regions. Contacts of the northern regions, including Holland, were among other things because of the domestic trade, which via the rivers Rhine , Maasand Waal ran, more closely than that with the regions to the South. A unification of the northern regions was therefore obvious.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" len="193" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [3]  proponents of them tried to strengthen this sense of fueling the idea that the Dutch have sprung above the rivers of heroicBatavians.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Reformation began in the low countries at the beginning of the 16th century. One of the reasons for the discontent of the people on abuses in the Roman Catholic Church. In the beginning it was usually secretly professed Protestantism, because there was the death penalty. After 1560 the Calvinists were more foothold, starting in the southern Netherlands.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" len="193" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [4]  the Habsburg Government did everything possible to the Reformation, and left many sequels. These prosecutions were successful in areas where the Habsburgs had much power and that was mainly down the great rivers. ====Beginning of the rebellion<span class="mw-editsection" len="368" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== Offer of the petition of the nobles, by Frans hogenberg.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the war with France in the forties of the 16th century and the higher taxes to finance that war, it became restless in the low countries. This turmoil continued after the peace with France in 1559. With the transaction of Augsburg in 1548 and the pragmatic sanction of 1549 had Emperor Charles V in the Dutch regions merged and from the power area of the Holy Roman Empire met. In 1556 he resigned and carried the areas over to his son Philip II of Spain and also gave him the title of King. Philip ruled from Spain and made his half-sister Margaret of Parma Regent of the Netherlands. She was surrounded by a number of high nobles as advisors, including William of Orange.Despite the Inquisition took Protestantism, also among the nobles. In an attempt to enforce religious freedom and to abolish the Inquisition, United in 1566 two hundred nobles from the low countries and offered the so-called petition of the nobles to the Regent to. The Inquisition was thereupon suspended by Margaret and there came a further revival of Protestantism. In August 1566 iconoclastic in the Netherlands found the place. That led to a rebellion by the Habsburgs precipitated.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Philip II Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, sent the Duke of Alba, with an army of 10,000 soldiers to the seventeen provinces. Alva founded the Council of troubles on those responsible for the rebellion and other to punish heretics. Many of them had fled to the German States, such as William of Orange, but still were many other thousands of persecuted, including the popular and influential counts Egmond and Horn, who in Brussels were beheaded. To finance the cost high army, introduced three new taxes were in 1569 by Alva, whose Tenth Penny was the most hated. This weakened the position of the Spanish Crown in the low countries. An armed rebellion against it by Alva padded reign began in 1572 with the Intake of Brielle by the sea beggars. Soon after, other places, such as Vlissingen, Veere and conquered the rest of Walcheren.At the same time, Louis of Nassau fell with an army in the South. The East of the Netherlands was attacked by the count Van den Bergh. Many urban drivers who were loyal to the Spanish King, fled under pressure from the population. Some city governments Spaansgezinde withstood the pressure of the Protestants because the Sable rows that guarded the public order in the cities, many of whom were loyal to the Spanish King.

Massacre of Naarden in 1572.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">To break the rebellion, Alva figured hard with rebellious cities. So he let hundreds of inhabitants of Zutphen and almost killing the complete population of Naarden . Later it was conquered by the Spaniards and Haarlem was tried in vain to Lead and take in Alkmaar . Especially the relief of Leiden in 1574 is considered a turning point in the fight against the Spaniards. After the dykes were broken by the geuzen, the Spanish troops were driven out by the rising water. After Lead pulled the Spanish invasion army from Holland and were only Amsterdam, Haarlem and Utrecht still royalist.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Held in Breda In 1575 were negotiations about a possible peace. Conditions that the rebels demanded, religious freedom and limited power of the King, were not met. This made no compromise. By the bankruptcy of Spain in 1576 and the lack of payment of the Spanish army, struck the army mutinied and sacked in Antwerp and other cities.The regions of the Netherlands, except for Names, Luxembourg and part of Limburg, locks for fear of the looting the pacification of Ghent, in which they agreed to expel the Spanish troops and one provisional Government, the States General. However the regions recognize the sovereignty of the Spanish King and William of Orange was recognized by the States-General as stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland. The States General also determined that Protestantism should be professed in Holland and Zeeland and that the other regions officially remained Roman Catholic and that Protestants were not prosecuted. Philip II designated by Governor Don Juan of Austria was recognized by the States-General, provided that he would recognize the pacification of Ghent. Don Juan then signed the perpetual Edict in February 1577 (alleging that the Spanish troops would leave the Netherlands largely) but decided in July not to hold, because his power would decrease and because of growing divisions between the moderate and radical insurgents in the South. It put the regions, on Luxembourg and usernames after, the fight against the King. ===Emergence of the Republic of<span class="mw-editsection" len="373" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The last page of the Union of Utrecht contains signatures by signatories to the Convention.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Willem van Oranje tried the dichotomy between the North and South alike to iron out, but was unsuccessful. Despite the Dutch revolt was the North remained to a large extent Protestant and the South, supported by the nobility and the patricians, mainly Roman Catholic. Yet tried Willem religion to achieve peace, which means that both the Protestants and Roman Catholics could profess their faith freely. The States-General in Brabant tried to increase their power over the large rivers, but failed within the Dutch sphere of influence, while the northern regions drove.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By approaching Spanish troops threatened the northern regions felt and wanted more work together on Further military and political area in a ' Union '. The text of this Treaty had to be accepted by each region and led to much unrest. Acceptance meant that more the Dutch Calvinist-line would be followed and only one faith in a region should be tolerated. This would be done with the religion of peace. In the end, on 23 January 1579 signed the Union of Utrecht by the delegates of the provinces Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Arnhem and the ridderschappen of the Ommelanden and Zutphen quarters. The Nijmegen quarter in February signed the Treaty and the Chicago headquarters in March. In August 1579 signed after the Union also stribbelingen Friesland. Drenthe and Overijssel signed in april 1580, long time divided, also signed in that year. The city of Groningen joined not to because of its anti Dutch attitude. In the southern Netherlands cities such as Antwerp, 's-Hertogenbosch, Gent locks and Breda to join the Union, although the regions as a whole did not. The Walloon regions had been affiliated with the Union of Arras and wanted to reconcile with Spain.

The arrival of the Duke of Anjou in Antwerp in 1581.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">To get support from abroad for the rebellion the States-General decided to transfer sovereignty to the younger brother of the French monarch, the Duke of Anjou. In 1581, when of Anjou had arrived in Antwerp, he was proclaimed as ruler and Lord of the Netherlands. In June that year, the Spanish King renounced through the Act of abjuration. The new Commander of the Spanish army, Parma, yanked in the South and East of the Netherlands still further on and Anjou, frustrated by its limited power, committed suicide in 1583 a coup in Brabant and Flanders. That failed, after which his position had become untenable and he left for France. With the approaching Spanish troops in the South, left the States General Antwerp to settle down in the Hague. Also William of Orange left Brabant and left for good toDelft, where he was assassinated in 1584 by the Roman-Catholic Balthasar Gérard, after he had been declared an outlaw by Philip II in 1580. Holland was the only power Center in the Netherlands.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Spaniards were advancing further on in the southern Netherlands and thereupon the States-General decided to support questions toElizabethin 1585, the Queen of England. Just like the French King Henry III approached, they refused the offered sovereignty. Though she wanted to support the Republic in Exchange for control of the Board and appointed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester as a political and military leader. After the signing of the first treaty that locks the United provinces with a country, the Treaty of Nonsuch on August 20, 1585, the Republic was a protectorate of England become. The arrival of Leicester and his way of working sowed Division in the Republic. Continuous conflicts arose between Holland and Leicester and also in other regions were the pro-Dutch and the Pro-English parties opposite each other. The misconduct of the English soldiers in the cities led to opposition from the population. The pressure from the population was so large that some English garrisons surrendered to the Spaniards, with which cities like Deventer and Zutphen came in Spanish hands. When Leicester temporarily returned to England in 1586, seized the power lost the chance to Holland to take. After Leicester had returned, he tried to regain power by a military coup. This failed, after which he returned to England for good in december 1587. In 1588 it was decided to let the sovereignty no longer to a frost, but to the States. This was the Republic of a fact. ===Early Golden Age<span class="mw-editsection" len="366" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Under the military leadership ofMaurits Van Oldenbarnevelt and the politics of the Spaniards in the Ten Years were expelled from the North and East of the Republic.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Because Spain was at war with France, and Philip II in its military resources in the southern Netherlands, the Republic of France to come to on strength. In addition to the breathing space that the Republic got, flourished also trade, shipping and the cities. The financial position of Holland was further reinforced by reforms on taxation matters and with loans in the form of gemenelandsrenten. The increased creditworthiness of Holland that caused this financial revolution, according to James Tracy would have contributed to the transformation of the States of Holland by representing to a political body. In any case the financial situation made it possible to improve the army in size and in quality; the army of the Republic was after that of Spain's largest and most advanced in Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" len="193" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [5]  it was also at this time, that under Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange was conquered a large number of cities. The conquests brought great damage to the Spanish prestige in the northern Netherlands. This military success was only possible through collaboration with the skillful Dutch State Attorney Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, who was able to get support from the usually divided States General.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The small regions were constantly in conflict with each other internally unstable and layers. The only region that could bring some stability by his ascendancy was Holland. In april 1594 the Ommelanden were the seventh voiced province in the States General of the Republic. After the siege of Groningen in 1594, Groningen was included in the Union and made it with the Ommelanden part of the province of City and country. Get voting rights in Drenthe also wanted to the States General, but got this not because of the low population number, relative poverty and because Holland wanted to lose no power. However, it was considered as a full province of Drenthe and had its own States meeting and stadtholder.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the peace between Spain and France in may 1585 and the death of Philip II in 1598 the obedient provinces were transferred to his daughter, Isabella and her husband, the Austrian-Habsburg Archduke Albrecht. Although the territories were transferred, retained Spain there are army, which was paid for by Spain and whose soldiers were loyal to the Spanish King. The southern Netherlands remained in fact Spanish possession. Because of the large public debt of Spain wanted the Archdukes and the Spanish King in 1599 peace with the Republic. This peace talks had no chance of success, because none of the parties were willing to concessions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" len="193" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [6]  the Spanish army was due to the poor finances of Spain no longer so powerful and that gave the Republic the opportunity to deeply in Flanders attack against the dunkirkers. This plan was approved by Van Oldenbarnevelt, while Stadholder William Louis because of the great risks against was. The doubting Maurits decided to withdraw to Dunkirk with the army, but encountered at Nieuwpoort in the Spanish army. The ensuing battle was hard-won by Maurice. Thanks to its great risk that was taken, a defeat could lead to a collapse of the new Republic, clashed Maurits and Van Oldenbarnevelt, making their relationship ended.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first years after the battle of Nieuwpoort the situation remained the same, but after the conquest of the last Protestant stronghold in Flanders, Ostend, after a siege of three years, nudged by Spinola in the East of the Republic and captured a number of cities. This Spanish breakthrough caused great panic in the Republic and Maurits could recapture a number of cities. Groenlo was too strong to be taken and what followed was a stalemate, which led to a ceasefire and eventually to the signing of the twelve years ' truce in 1609. ====Twelve Years ' Truce<span class="mw-editsection" len="367" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Initially, the negotiations are not about a truce, but about a peace between both parties and recognize the independence of the United provinces. Spain wanted In Exchange for recognition that the newly established VOC would stop its activities in Africa and Asia. Spain saw the VOC as a major threat to its own trading position. The Republic wanted to admit it, at this point there was invested in the VOC. to reach, a 12-year-old ceasefire agreed from 1609 to 1621, provided that there is no West Indian counterpart of the Dutch East India Company would be established.

The execution of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt in the Hague.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Tensions remained during the file, but both sides Medes an armed confrontation. Although the military field was quieter, that was by no means the case in society.The population of the Republic got into a dichotomy between two currents in the public Church, the remonstrants and the fuss. Among the followers of the remonstrants were most Dutch city governments, intellectuals; including Hugo de Groot and the State Attorney Van Oldenbarnevelt. Because most city councils, they were only active remonstrant pastors to. In the countryside, where the Regents could exert no power, a lot of fuss were active. The fuss gained following and also the Stadholder Prince Maurice stood by their side. By increasing pressure on the remonstrant town councils, they operated on behalf of the States of Holland to protect cities against remonstrant waardgelders to the contra-remonstrant supporters. Because this would be unconstitutional, practiced Maurits via the States General, which in Holland and Utrecht after fully contraremonstrants pressure to the mercenaries were to dissolve,. The waardgelders in lower dissolved and remonstrant town councils, the provincial States and other organizations were purged. Leading figures of the remonstrant movement were arrested. On May 12, 1619 Van Oldenbarnevelt was found guilty of high treason and sentenced to death. Hugo de Groot and Hogerbeets were sentenced to life imprisonment. After the assumption of power was the new leading person of the Republic of Maurice. The Synod of dort In 1618 was held, where by theologians the remonstrant leather was condemned.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the truce between the United provinces and Spain, Germany in the thirty years ' war broke out between Protestant and Roman Catholic States. Because Protestant allies were important for the survival of the Republic, those by the Republic supported with money, material and men. Spain supported the Roman Catholic States. So the fight was indirectly continued in Germany. ====Resumption of the war and the peace of Westphalia<span class="mw-editsection" len="396" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The fight was between the Republic and Spain with the expiry of the twelve years ' truce in 1621 resumed. From that time also began an economic downturn by among other things the re-enter trade embargoes, ramp up blockades of major rivers and attacks by hijackers. In addition to the economic downturn the taxes had to be filled in order to strengthen the own army. The crisis was aggravated because the Republic of France and England's got financial support. Beleaguered Spain In 1624 the well defended city Breda. At the time was Prince Maurice very sick and died in the Hague in april 1625. Two months later would Breda be taken by Spain.Because Spain was also in a bad financial situation wrong, the army after the capture of Breda downsized and was there for a defensive strategy chosen. Frederick Henry succeeded his half-brother Maurice as stadtholder and Army Commander.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Unlike Maurits Frederik Hendrik chose no match between the remonstrants and the contra-remonstrants and he strove to balance. So could take position again in the city administrations and remonstrants in the States.

With the peace of Westphalia in 1648 the eighty years ' war came to an end.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Around 1628/1629 shifted the ratios in the low countries, thanks to different developments. So improved the financial situation of the Republic, where those of Spain was deteriorating. The Spanish army was downsized, where that of the Republic was extended. England became involved in the war against Spain and France in conflict with this country hit about the succession in Mantua. Especially the battle between Spain and France to follow up in Mantua was important for the Republic, because that caused Spain had to bet a lot of money and troops in Italy rather than in the low countries.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">'S-HertogenboschIn 1629 Frederik Hendrik. Spain then wanted to like a new truce, but by the political divisions in the Republic that went. In 1632, during the campaign along the Meuse River by Frederick Henry, among others, the cities Maastricht, Venlo and Roermond conquered. To meet the Roman Catholic population in these cities, if that pretty her religion. Though had to be ceded to one church in every city the Protestants. Spain wanted to talk about peace, but also these negotiations failed due to the political difficulties in the Republic.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Eventually it came in the forties of the 17th century to peace talks, who in 1648 led to the peace of Westphalia. The new Republic was officially recognized as an independent nation by the surrounding countries, although at the beginning of the twelve years ' truce was all unofficial recognition by multiple States. ===Late Golden Age<span class="mw-editsection" len="364" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland and was thus during the first stadtholderless period the most influential person of the Republic.====First stadtholderless period (1650-1672)<span class="mw-editsection" len="391" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the rule of William II hit the Republic again in a political crisis. Under Frederick Henry could power the region's Holland to grow strongly at the expense of the stadtholder.After the peace of Münster had to be cut back the army, but the army wanted to shrink much further than Holland Willem II and the States General wished. Yet Holland decided unilaterally to the termination of army units. This was according to the States General and Stadholder William II in violation of the Treaty on European Union and it would endanger the security of the country. William II then decided with the Willem Frederik, stadtholder of Friesland to commit a coup by Amsterdam and the Hague to occupy and to arrest political leaders. So drew Willem Frederik with an army towards Amsterdam, but before they got there, was already warned the City Council and the city gates were closed.In the Hague six Regents from the States of Holland were arrested and locked to Loevestein. Long has not lasted because this coup Willem II soon after in november 1650 died of fever. His only son William III was born a week later. After the death of William II broke the first stadtholderless period, a period in which no has been appointed stadtholder in the provinces of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel. Willem Frederik remained stadtholder In Friesland and Groningen and Drenthe appointed Willem Frederik as their new Governor. During this period there were constant tensions between Oranjegezinden, who wanted stadtholder William III had to be and the new Republicans who wanted no stadtholder. By these tensions were the provinces often internally unstable and they followed the policy of Holland, where Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt had great influence.

The threatened Swan by Jan asselijn, says Johan de Witt for which the egg (Holland) protects against the enemy.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The years after the peace of Westphalia expired for part of the low countries economically very prosperous. The sea trade with other areas grew significantly, at the expense of England. This caused a severe economic downturn in England and the English Parliament response took the Act of Navigation to protect its own trade. This new law was accompanied by kaperijen of Dutch ships by English pirates and the English Navy. To the dominant position in world trade not to lose the Republic in the counterattack and in 1652 the first Anglo-Dutch war broke out. England won the battle on the North Sea, where Admiral Maarten Tromp, the most important of the Republic, was killed. To trade not to harm even more peace there in 1654, was closed. This peace took the friction between the two countries not a war broke out again in 1665 and away from, the Second Anglo-Dutch war. Michiel de Ruyter In this war destroyed a large part of the English fleet in the RAID on the Medway.Knew the English new Amsterdam (now New York) on to conquer the Republic. The peace provisions at the end of this war were favorable for the Republic. So if the Republic ofSuriname conquered it on the English, and the English Shipping laws were relaxed. Nieuw-Amsterdam remained in English hands.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Also this peace didn't last long. The French King Louis wanted to expand its territory by colonial power France make a trade and, similar to England and the Republic. To this end, Louis closed an alliance with the English King and the Bishops of Cologne and Münster against the Republic. In May of the year 1672, also called the disaster year called, started the Franco-Dutch war and the Republic was invaded. The Dutch States army was greatly outnumbered and ill-prepared, making the French could easily advance to Holland, which remained safe thanks to the Dutch water line . The RAID caused a violent people's anger towards the Regents, because by their actions the army in such a bad state would have expired. In addition, cripple the serious trade war. The anger resulted in dropping off Regents, the murder of the brothers de Witt and the appointment of William III as stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland. The war at sea was against England won. In 1674 ended the Republic of peace with England and the German dioceses. With the support of Spain and the Austrian Emperor was continued the war against France. In 1678 the peace signed in Nijmegen . ====Glorious crossing<span class="mw-editsection" len="368" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== The landing of William III with a Dutch army in England to the English King off.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The French King Louis XIV held itself soon after the signing of the peace no longer meets the conditions. So he again annexed cities in the southern Netherlands and he increased the import levies again in 1687, to which the Dutch trade experienced a lot of damage. Although the city holder because of these provocations like the war wanted to explain to France, the majority in the States General against a war, because that would harm the trade even further. France and England by the Alliance of the Republic had also to do with a strong opponent. However, it was thought that it would be only a matter of time, before the Republic itself would be attacked from two sides, as had happened in 1672. Instead of waiting for that, behind the scenes a plan was prepared: the English King James II was weak and not popular. That created the possibility of a State Army to invade England and depose the King. After this, England on the side of the Republic against France will compete. This plan was approved, and eventually began in november 1688 an invasion in which a force of more than 21000 transport ships with 400 soldiers, accompanied by 53 warships, was put on the channel .<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" len="193" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [7]  after this, James fled to France and Glorious Crossing Stadholder William III became the new King. At the time of the war with France that followed, the nine years ' war, Louis could not be beaten. Though he had to give up after the conquests of 1678 and the high import tariffs to be deleted. ===Expiration<span class="mw-editsection" len="355" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ====Second stadtholderless period (1702-1747)<span class="mw-editsection" len="391" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">William III died childless in March 1702. Although he the Frisian stadtholder Johan Willem Friso had designated as successor, was there after his death in Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel again no new stadtholder appointed. This broke the Second stadtholderless period to. Johan William Friso drowned on 14 July 1711 when his ship eventually turned on the Hollands Diep. His son William IV would be born six weeks later.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Two years before the death of William III was the Spanish King Charles II died. He had no offspring and in his will he had Philip of Anjou, grandson of King Louis XIV, designated as successor. This would allow powerful French-Spanish block, that was all the more threatening because it was feared that the trade with the Spanish colonies would be taken over by the French. An Alliance of the Austrian Habsburgs with among other things the United provinces and Great Britain attempted during the Spanish Succession war the Franco-Spanish power bloc to break and Archduke Charles as King of Spain to install. When French troops entered the Spanish Netherlands eliminated the barrier between France and the Republic which had to defend the Republic. During the war brought the Republic with 119,000 man the largest army from its existence on the leg. The States had to pay much money to borrow. The high expenditure at the expense of the expenditure went to the army to the Navy, leaving the British got the predominance at sea. The first years of the war led to many achievements on the Allied side. So, the French were expelled from the Spanish Netherlands, was won the battle for the Mediterranean Sea and booked one successes in Castile. The allies were again expelled from Castile and Later followed a stalemate. The French then peace negotiations that began in 1713 led to the Treaty of Utrecht. Philip of Anjou as King of Spain stayed on, but had to cede the Spanish possessions in the Netherlands and in Italy to Austria. ====Orangist revolution<span class="mw-editsection" len="372" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the peace army units were disbanded and the expenditure for the army reduced. This downsizing meant a definitive break with the past and the Republic was a world power has become a medium-sized power.The Republic fell into an economic crisis. The trade with the colonies, the industry stagnated in the cities fell back and the taxes needed to be increased in order to be able to repay the debt. This caused a severe slump in the Republic and fueled the discontent of the population about the Regents to. When William IV came of age in 1729, he was proclaimed stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe and Gelderland. This appointment caused a ferocious of the struggle between Republicans and Orange order.

At the pachtersoproer, mainly caused by the high tax rates that the tenants asked in conjunction with the economic decline, tenant houses were plundered.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the war of the Austrian Succession had to the Republic because of a treaty contribute to the side of Great Britain and Austria. The army was again expanded and deployed in the Austrian Netherlands that was invaded by the French. When the French State to doorstoomden in april 1747 in Flanders and the weakness of the Defense became obvious, that among the population caused a violent riot. From the population was the call for the stadtholder so great that the Regents were forced to support the city. Of the province of Zeeland was the first that the provinces period stadtholdership set again. Holland, Utrecht and Overijssel followed soon afterwards, leaving William IV in the middle of may 1747 the first stadtholder of all the provinces of the Union was. Even after William IV had become stadtholder, it remained uneasy, because he was in the eyes of the people, but few Regents left replaced. The pachtersoproer, where houses of leaseholders were looted, was an expression of the anger. Willem could draw a lot of power, making the Republic draw got from a constitutional monarchy without crowned monarch. In 1748, the war ended with peace of Aachen.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">William IV died unexpectedly on 22 October 1751 at 40 years of age. The stadtholdership was already hereditary explained, but his son William V was in his fathers death only 3 years. Until his majority was its function observed by his mother, Anna of Hanover, and after her death by the famous Army Commander Brunswick. In those years the population remained quiet despite the economic and social tensions.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1766 became of age and thus the new stadtholder William V. Brunswick remained an influential political figure at court. Traditional alliances in Europe, because Austria changed state of mind an alliance with France and Great Britain a new superpower with the Prussia. Ideally, wanted the Republic of a neutral position, but that was hard by border conflicts with the presence of Austria and Prussia along the eastern border. Despite the threat of war were the army and the Navy hardly expanded by the conflicting interests of the provinces. When the American Revolutionary War broke out, took care of that for increasing tensions between the Republic and Great Britain. The Dutch were selling weapons and ammunition via the island of Sint Eustatius to the American insurgents, to anger by the British in 1780, with the result that the fourth Anglo-Dutch war broke out, authorising the Republic of crashing was defeated and many overseas territories were lost. ====Time of the Patriots<span class="mw-editsection" len="371" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== The liberty tree on the Grote Markt in Groningen, after the French were marched into the Republic in 1795.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By 1782, inspired by the American Revolution came and the Lighting, a move on: the Patriots, which demanded more freedom for the people. The spark that kindled this revolutionary process in many cities of the Republic was the publication of the written by Joan Derk Van der Capellen pamphlet to the people of Netherlands. Van der Capellen wrote herein that the Government of the country had to show responsibility towards the people. He also wanted more democratization in the Board and led by the people to protect the people Freikorps . The Patriots saw their case as the continuation of the Dutch revolt for more freedom-freedom in their eyes by the stadtholder and his minions was suppressed. By a stream of pamphlets and posters and mass demonstrations were given the Patriots more and more following. In cities with much patriotic adherents were Freikorps were founded and, with or without violence, reforms such as limiting the power of the Stadholder and setting new city councils. The rise of the Patriots took care of tensions and violence between them and orange order. Because the Hague no longer was safe for the Stadholder and his family, weeks they forward to Gelderland, that still orangist was. When it seemed that the city in 1787 there on holder no longer could stop the Patriots movement, attacked the Prussian King Frederick William II, who is also the brother-in-law of the stadtholder by the British, supported the Republic with an army to help the Governor. Despite the armed there was practically no opposition to the Prussian Freikorps troops. After this intervention pulled the city back to the Hague and holder were introduced some measures against the Patriots. Also in the southern (Austrian) Netherlands came the people in revolt. There were established the United States of Belgium, which, however, by intervention of Prussia existed for only a short visit. In France, the French Revolution, which began in 1789, more success. French soldiers withdrew In 1795, after they had defeated the Austrians in the southern Netherlands, the Republic, where they were welcomed with great enthusiasm. This brought the Dutch Republic to an end and created a new State: the Batavian Republic. ==Regional format<span class="mw-editsection" len="370" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p lang="en" len="117" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The eight provinces (also referred to as regions) who joined the United provinces were:

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Landscape Drenthe was a region with a States meeting, but had no voting rights and representation in the States General.
 * 1) Lordship Of Friesland
 * 2) Duchy Of Guelders
 * 3) County Of Holland
 * 4) Lordship Of Overijssel
 * 5) City and country (Groningen)
 * 6) Lordship Of Utrecht
 * 7) County Of Zeeland
 * 8) Landscape Drenthe

General map of the Republic, byJohannes Janssonius; his collection "Belgii Foederati Nova Descriptio", published in Amsterdam in 1658<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1648, at the peace of Westphalia, were parts of Flanders (State-Flanders), Brabant (State Brabant, including the countries of OvermaasBrabant, also called generality lands ) as national land to the Republic added. A part of upper guelders around Venlo, that at the end of the 16th century already had been temporarily in the hands of the Republic, was due to agreements at the Treaty of Utrecht in 1715 as State upper guelders joined in the Republic. The generality lands did not have the status of an autonomous region and were governed by the States-General. Westerwolde in Groningen was also formally a national country, but was in fact controlled by the city of Groningen. Maastricht also had a special statute.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After Holland was the most important trading region Zeeland. Middelburg was after Amsterdam until the third quarter of the 17th century the largest trade and port city of the Republic.

<p lang="en" len="84" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The territory of the Republic did not entirely match the current Netherlands. ==Demographics<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Population Development<span class="mw-editsection" len="371" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The northern Netherlands were against 1300 relatively thinly populated. This changed around 1500 when the urbanization increased. The northern Netherlands, with around one million inhabitants, were among the most urbanized regions of Europe. That was not obtained by the high population of the cities (for example, in comparison to the cities that fell in the southern Netherlands with it), but by the large number of cities. Between 1500 and 1650 doubled the total population in the Republic. The population was even tripled In the coastal provinces. After this, there was a decline in population until 1750 village in Noord-Holland and Friesland and a blockage around the Zuiderzee. The number of inhabitants sank in very strong in Dutch industrial cities as Delft, Leiden and Haarlem. After 1780 the growth was again deployed in the North and South of Holland and in Germany. Also in the East was there from 1500 slow growth, but that was because of the eighty years ' war, which raged to the East and South, especially limited. After 1650 took the growth here. Especially in the South, where during the first half of the 16th century a large population growth, caused the war for a large depopulation. Also the reduced economic importance of the South was responsible for the decline. After the war entered into the Bailiwick of 's-Hertogenbosch and in what is now North Limburg is recovery in Dutch, that between 1700 and 1750 stagnated and then continued. The development in what is now Dutch Zuid-Limburg, was opposed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the closure of the Scheldt in 1585 established many city dwellers from the southern Netherlands is mainly in Middelburg, Amsterdam, Leiden andHaarlem. In the first two places spoke a third of the population at that time with an Antwerp accent. In Leiden and Haarlem was, related to the textile industry, many West-Flemish and French are spoken. In addition to the large influx of southern Dutch there was talk of an unprecedented large immigration from France and Portugal, Westphalia, among other things, whereby in the beginning of the 17th century one third of the residents from the southern Netherlands was of foreign origin or came. In some cities, such as Lead, that was at one time even more than half of all inhabitants.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Between 1525 and 1675, the urban population of the northern Netherlands from 300,000 to EUR 815,000 inhabitants. Around 1600 only the five largest cities counted more than 20,000 inhabitants: Amsterdam, Leiden, Haarlem, Utrecht and Middelburg, together approximately 160,000 inhabitants. In 1675, the six largest cities (more than 25,000 inhabitants) Amsterdam (over 200,000), Leiden (about 65,000), Rotterdam (about 45,000), Haarlem (about 37,000), Middelburg (over 27,000) and Utrecht (more than 25,000).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Between 1514 and 1680 the population grew in the region of about 275,000 to Holland 883.000 persons, the majority of which in the 19 cities. In the next century the population rose slowly to around 783.000 (circa 1750 reached, then stable until the end of the 18th century). In the period up to 1800 there was also talk of a surplus mortality of about 800,000 people and 250,000 people emigrated abroad. Calculated that about 1.4 million people are drawn to the cities during that period, of which 1.2 million by immigration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" len="195" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [10] ===Migration<span class="mw-editsection" len="357" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Between 1585 and 1650 by Dutch and Zeeland cities made an explosive growth. This was in the early modern period quite extraordinary, because in cities the death rate exceeded the birth rate as a result of diseases and a high infant mortality rate. Growth was possible only by a continual influx of people from the surrounding countryside or from other regions. Immigrants moved to 1590 mainly because of religious motives to the Republic, then immigrated people because of the better chances on the labour market and the higher wages in the Republic — and in particular in the provinces of Holland and Zeeland. The expanding and prosperous economy of the West of the Republic had a suction function in other areas; not only were immigrants from the southern Netherlands and Germany, but also from the eastern provinces. While the urban growth in Holland and Zeeland was very large, was that in the other provinces less strong. Though grew there, as in the rest of the Republic, the demand for agricultural products and thus the rural population. Had this in the West especially to do with the growing cities, in the East came across this mainly due to the thirty years ' war in Germany where the armies due to their size had to import food from abroad. In addition to immigration also emigration took place. People left for religious or economic reasons also to others countries. This group was not large. Bigger was the number of people who are in service of the Dutch East India Company and Dutch East India Company at sea or in one of the offices remained. There it frequently to departing men, disturbed especially in Dutch towns the sexes ratio. ===Religion<span class="mw-editsection" len="356" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the Union of Utrecht was the inhabitants of Holland and Zeeland freedom of conscience granted. Every other province had the freedom to decide for themselves how the religious issue was addressed, although the Union of Utrecht called the subpoenas that every person had to be free in the choice of his personal religion and no one was allowed to be prosecuted based on his or her religious choice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" len="195" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [11]  William of Orange was a strong supporter of both public and individual freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Roman Catholics in the new State. The Union was a defeat for him, as it is not guaranteed that everyone was allowed to publicly profess his religion. In practice, in all provinces Roman Catholic Church services quickly banned and the reformed church became the ' public ' Church in the Republic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" len="195" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [12]  the possessions of the Roman Catholic Church were confiscated by the (local) Governments almost everywhere.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the Republic was the only country allowed to keep a public worship. In order to hold public office in the Republic, to be adhered to and that the reformed faith served an oath to be. The extent to which the worship services of the different religions were persecuted or currents, depended very much on the era and the Regents of a particular city or region. In the beginning of the Republic was this especially directed against the Roman Catholics, the religion of the ' enemy '. In the Lead of the 17th century, people could for example be fined 200 guilders for opening their home for non-reformed church services and be banished from the city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" len="195" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [13] Nevertheless, in the Republic of always the personal freedom of religion exist. Along with economic reasons led to large immigration of refugees from other parts of Europe.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the first years of the Republic there arose a controversy within the reformed church, especially around the theme of predestination and that grew into a fierce battle between Arminianism (remonstrants) andGomarisme (contra-remonstranten). The Synod of dort in 1618, which tackled this, led to the prohibition of the remonstrant faith and purifying of the remonstranten from city councils and the banning and prosecution of remonstrant worship services.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the 17th century changed the situation of a more or less active persecution to a State of limited tolerance of other religions, as long as it is not visible were professed. Worship services in churches, for example, were allowed. ==Board<span class="mw-editsection" len="356" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The way in which the Republic was governed through its institutions, was formed between 1572 and got its final form between 1587 and 1588, 1609 and remained thereafter virtually unchanged. The Board was substantially different than under the Habsburgs and it differed also with the Treaty of Union, the constituent document of the Republic. It was originally intended that the different sovereign provinces cooperate went on a number of points, namely tax for paying the defense, the Defense itself and abroad-policies. The provinces retained a very far-ranging autonomy. Within these provinces enjoyed in turn the cities (and certainly the larger cities) display a very large degree of self-government.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Later the Republic itself with many more issues than with the aforementioned topics. So went the Republic also deal with shipping, the Board over conquered areas, the promotion of colonial expansion and religion.However, it may not be talking about a full-fledged Federal Republic, because appearance and ceremonial given the regions sovereignty showed. The Covenant was more a cross between a Confederation and aFederation, in which the Covenant in form and theory was more a Confederation and a Federation in practice more.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" len="195" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [14]  It was on the one hand the stadtholder, who as Captain-General (Commander-in-Chief) of thearmed forces acted, and, on the other hand, the very dominant position of the Holland region (that for about 60% of the State income was responsible), which any degree of political cohesion insured. ===National Board<span class="mw-editsection" len="366" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Meeting of the States-General of the Netherlands in the ridderzaal in 1651<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The National Board consisted of the States-General, composed of representatives of seven of the eight regions. They met for a long time at the Binnenhof in the Hague. The States General already existed at the time of the Burgundian and Habsburg administration, but then came little together; It was only adopted by the meetings on the Danvers topics and no decisions. When the States General had established in 1583 the great rivers, they came more often together, some 16 to 28 days per month, also on Sundays.They held, among other things, with shipping, the Board over conquered areas, the promotion of colonial expansion and religion. They were assisted by a number of institutions.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">These areas were called the generality lands. By conquests and switched the boundary treaties during the about two hundred years that the Republic existed. They existed from the end:

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The generality lands weren't all contiguous areas. State upper guelders, generality lands and spread in the Southeast the Redemptiedorpen layers of the Confederacy.
 * State-Flanders, roughly the current Zeeuws-Vlaanderen
 * Generality lands, largely the current North Brabant, but also the Redemptiedorpen in what is now the provinces of Belgian Limburg and Liège, as well as what now is in the Belgian province of Limburg Lommel
 * State upper guelders, in what is now the Netherlands, in the province of Limburg is
 * Generality lands, mostly in what is now Dutch South Limburg and in some villages in the current Belgian province of Liege
 * Westerwolde, in the southeast of the province of Groningen, formally belonged to the generality lands but was for practical purposes, controlled by the city of Groningen.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">One of the institutions affiliated with the States General was the Council of State, the highest Committee of experts of the States General. It administered the army, the fortified towns and the generality lands. Another institution was the National Auditors. This was responsible for keeping track of revenue and expenditure of the Republic and suggested the budget. an institution under the State Council fell was the high court martial.This was a permanent military court that engaged in punishing soldiers who had committed an offense. The national currency room was another institution which the value, weight and the content of the coins that were struck in the seven regions certain. Finally, there were five Admiralty colleges who were responsible for the fleet, the collection of customs fees, operating the ships, the recruitment of crew, monitoring of rivers and estuaries and ensuring compliance with rules on shipping and fishing. ===Regional directors<span class="mw-editsection" len="368" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Meeting of the States of Holland and West-Friesland in 1625 <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Board of the regions was carried out by the individual regional States. Each region had its own provincial administration and differed by region. Representatives of cities, districts, the ridderschappenor a combination of these had sitting in the States. The Church was only represented in Utrecht, albeit with less weight than the other delegates.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">For each States meeting were the items to be discussed by the Executive Board to the cities making city governments could form their opinion about a particular topic. The delegate of that city had to pass that position at the meeting. So were topics discussed in the meeting not only, but also in the cities and ridderschappen and their influence was more direct. In Friesland and Gelderland was not the agenda sent by the Executive Committee, but by a new Commission.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The day-to-day administration of the regions lay in the hands of the college of the Gedeputeerde Staten or Committed Councilsfor Holland. The members of the colleges were chosen from and by the members of the States. In Gelderland the situation was different. Due to the large differences between the three quarters it was not possible to achieve a daily management. Every quarter of an hour was a private college of Gedeputeerde Staten consisting of three members of the knighthood and three of the cities. ===Stadtholder<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the Act of abjuration was the function of stadtholder became obsolete, since there is no recognized landlord more was no longer there and so could be of part. However, it was decided to uphold the function of stadtholder. The reason was that the most important captains of the Dutch revolt, such as William of Orange, a main function in the Executive wanted to give, without having to make to yourself landlord. In practice, pulled the stadtholder mostly great personal power for itself. At regional level, he often carried members of the vroedschappen of cities before and knew his own followers in the most fundamental decision making bodies to nominate. The provinces could itself choose a stadtholder. Holland and Zeeland shared the same stadtholder. In practice, there is always one person was stadtholder of multiple regions. From 1747 was only one stadtholder for all provinces. The position of stadtholder was in the time of the Republic occupied by a member of the family of Orange-Nassau.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Republic had two periods without stadtholder. The first stadtholderless period lasted from 1650 to 1672 and the Second stadtholderless period was from 1702 until in 1747. ==Economy<span class="mw-editsection" len="357" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == A fish market in 1683 by Cornelis Dusart.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">For the northern Netherlands in 1585 was there mainly acted in bulk goods like grain, wood and salt. Grain and wood mostly came from the Baltic Sea region and salt was imported from France and Portugal. The salt was used to preserve herring to. The herring fishing was an important industry with fleets in Zeeland, around the Meuse estuary and in Enkhuizen and was not for nothing called the great fishing . There were also many other maritime related industries important to the economy, such as shipbuilding and the rope and sail makers. The Dutch shipping was the largest in Europe. In 1565 1000 Dutch ships sailed to the Baltic Sea, which was three times more than the number of North-German ships.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" len="195" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [15]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Starting from 1590 started slowly for the Republic of the golden age by large-scale changes in the economy and urban society. Mainly low-value goods were traded for this transformation, after this transformation was also deal in high-value goods such as spices, and there were corresponding processing industries. This development had to do with a number of factors that brought the Republic into a forehand: the Republic was internally stable, the strategic position improved, waterways open, skilled labour and capital went to Germany from Antwerp after 1585, the temporary lifting of the trade embargo for Dutch ships in the Iberian Peninsula and the maintenance of the embargo for English ships, an improved grip on the estuaries of the EMS and the Scheldt and finally the blockade of the Flemish coast.

The Dutch East India Company Hougli factory in Bengal. See also the article: VOC Governor General in chinsura, Bengal.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Many spices were traded on the pile of Lisbon and Sevillemarkets. In order to make more profit, merchants in Amsterdam in 1594 theCompagnie van Verre, which departed with four ships to India. This was followed by more merchants who financed expeditions to India. Against 1597 the Republic had the spice trade in Northern Europe conquered. To stop this economic success of the Republic, suggested Spain in 1598 the Dutch again in a trade embargo, which no longer have access to the stack had markets of Lisbon and Seville. This forced the Republic itself to get the spices from India, if they wanted to maintain the position. In response to increased investment in the embargo were expeditions to India, so that more ships could leave. In 1599, there were eight companies that were settled, in 1601 fleets that there are fourteen.The companies were going to compete with each other, making the prices fell. There were the Dutch interests by Johan van Oldenbarnevelt held discussions to merge the different companies. This new company, the Dutch East India Company, was founded in 1602 and was under the supervision of the States General. Under the Dutch East India Company set up a trading area and colonial empire that stretched from the Cape of good hope to the shores of Japan and the Philippines. The headquarters of the Dutch East India Company in Asia lay in Batavia. The Dutch West India Company, which only after the twelve years ' truce in 1621 could be founded, on the same basis and focused on trade with America and West Africa. ===Agriculture<span class="mw-editsection" len="357" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Agriculture in the Republic of the largest sector of the economy. He had almost half of the total workforce. In the early 16th century the grain yields were low due to a lack of specialisation and the lack of investment. The East consisted of sandy soils that with humus manure and fruitful was to be held. The essen and degraded lands there were common managed by marken. In the West and North were the soils wet and isolated, but in the neighborhood of the urban market and waterways. The inklinkende country in this region caused a transformation of agriculture to more cattle shed. By far the most important crop was still rye.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From the late 15th century the population grew strongly in Europe and increased food prices. Grain prices in the Netherlands rose less harsh, because Amsterdam developed into grain market and bread basket of Europe by importing cheap grain from the Baltic Sea region. Low grain prices, and thus low revenue, did farmers search for alternatives such as intensive horticultural crops and industrial crops such as flax, hemp, hops,madder and oil seeds. Some stepped over on animal husbandry. The livestock was the main specialization and consisted of two branches: the production of dairy products like butter and cheese and the seasonal fattening of animals, with lean beef from outside the Republic were commanded to be fattened and slaughtered. The higher agricultural yields offered the possibility to make investments that enhance productivity and efficiency improved. Also it was finance and run large land reclamation projects (such as the reclamation of the Beemster in 1612) attractive, so that the amount of agricultural land could be extended considerably. These developments remained In the land provinces by military activities and the lack of market orientation in the crop sector. The agricultural depression which started against 1650 until the middle of the eighteenth century would last and hit all farmers in Europe. In the coastal provinces were affected farmers extra because of their specialization. By falling revenues were many companies not even able to pay the rent (fully), which, among other things, took care of divestments. In the East the problem was smaller, because they are less dependent on the market. From the mid-18th century, the prices international another increase. In this period, the importance of the agricultural sector by its growth, while the economic importance of the cities sank. Domestic demand for industrial crops took off and instead became the potato growing in importance. ===Fisheries<span class="mw-editsection" len="357" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Allegory on the bloom of the Dutch fishing after the Second Anglo-Dutch war (1665-67), Willem Eversdijck ~ 1667.

The great importance that was attached to the fishery shown by this painting with a number of Dutch admirals, some of whom a net with fish. Adriaen Banckert and others are shown under Michiel de Ruyter.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The fishing was an important economic sector in the Republic. Not only have many people work directly in fishing, there was also work and turnover generated in all kinds of fishing leaning industries, such as shipbuilding, rope, sailing and meshes dairy and Saltworks.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the declining herring fishing in the Baltic Sea the demand for herring from outside the Baltic Sea far. Merchants from the Republic played eagerly on in. Technological improvements that began in the 15th century and were perfected in 1600, provided an efficient fishing technique and processing. The JAWS and salts of the fish (to the sustainability) was already on the herring tube done, whereby those could stay at sea for weeks. By the size of the ships and their twelve-to 14-person crew were the herring tubes seen as floating factories and made the herring fleet of 400 to 500 ships big impression. The highlight of the herring fishery was around 1630. After sank the importance of the sector by competition from cheaper English and Scandinavian herring.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Freshwater fish, which was caught in the rivers, the originally sweet Zuiderzee and the IJ, was until about 1600 the main fish that was eaten. After the middle of the 17th century the importance of freshwater fish off, among other things by the salinisation of the Zuiderzee, overfishing and the reclamation of Lakes.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From the 17th century began the systematic and organized whaling to oils and fats to win, also called the small fishing because of it compared to the herring fishery-the aforementioned large fishing -smaller economic importance. Because of the strong smell of whale oil these oils were not for consumption, but mainly for lighting and the production of SOAP used. In 1614 was because of the intense competition and hostilities with the English, the Dutch Noordsche Compagnie was established, which the monopoly between Novaya Zemlya and got Davis Street . There were settlements, such as smeerenburg on Spitsbergen, where the whale oil from whales killed was won. After the middle of the 18th century whaling was no longer profitable. By the end of the 18th century, whaling and fishing for herring even grant. The final stop for whaling from the Republic came in 1795. ===Industry<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Different processes of the textile industry in Leiden: spinning, shaving the necklace, and weaving by [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=nl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIsaac_Claes_van_Swanenburg Isaac Claesz. of Swanenburg] (1594-1596)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Another important sector was the manufacturing sector, which in the cities with the craft being provided most of the work. In addition to cities there were also rural areas where industry an important role such as the zaanstreek, around Twente and Tilburg. The Netherlands was in this unique, because it is of rural area developed into an industrial area with hundreds of mills in operation. Raw materials Via European networks could easily be imported and finished goods exported. Dutch cities layers favourable by the cheap transport options over water, the cheap energy (peat) and the availability of a widely used production medium (water).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" len="195" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [16]  major branches within the industry were the textile and the building industry. Other branches were the brewery, salt plant, sugar refinery, sawmill, distillery, pipes dairy, shipbuilding, tarpaulin weaving, brick yard, pottery industry, paper industry and tobacco mill. In some cities existed in other different industries, had a certain industry the upper hand. So it was in Leiden and Haarlem was that big, the textile industry in Delft pottery, in Gouda the pipes dairy and the distillery in Schiedam.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During most of the 16th century was the growth in the industry limited. Starting from the 1980s of that century took the growth exponentially by the arrival of people, knowledge and money from the southern Netherlands. Until the middle of the seventeenth century the industry flourished. One could strongly benefit from the turmoil in the 17th century in Europe allowing Dutch merchants could export many goods. When the tensions cooled down in England and France went through those countries stimulate the private industry and the English Shipping laws and the French tariff politics of Colbert. Mercantilism was Later followed by other European countries. The Dutch export took off and the domestic market was too small to keep the industry afloat. Starting from the second half of the 17th century there were industries with a constant decline, where some remained the same, and again some others stood up. From the mid-18th century there was in virtually all industries to see decline and by 1813 was the new Kingdom Netherlands de-industrialised nearly completely. ===Trade<span class="mw-editsection" len="355" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The Amsterdam Stock Exchange(Job Berckheyde, ca. 1670) was established as a meeting Center for the traders. Along with other branches of the service sector, including banking, they made an important contribution to the flourishing of trade.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The towns in the middle ages in the northern Netherlands could all benefit from its location between the economic centers in the southern Netherlands, the Rhine area, England and the area to the North and Baltic Sea. In the mid-16th century Amsterdam could, thanks to the use of superior ships, the grain trade on the Baltic Sea take over where previously the Hanseatic League had a monopoly . The Dutch trade with the Baltic Sea region, by its importance, called the mother trade consisted mostly of the import of grain and the export of herring, salt and English woollen fabrics. The trading network to the Iberian Peninsula and France could be expanded by the demand for cereals and the availability of salt. Amsterdam was going to develop into a stack market. This in turn sparked in the Republic of the fisheries, agriculture and industry, of which the products were intended for export to a large extent. Also during the war with Spain continued to prop up the market, because of the common interest of both parties. The Republic had the supply of textile and grain and unprocessed wool Spain on landings of salt, and silver from the new world. Between 1585 and 1621 could trade network grow strongly, making it virtually ruled the world. Dutchmen imported from Russia under more talk, was, skins, fur, flax and hemp. Wool was imported from England and Norway from wood. In Sweden, the supply from iron, copper and weaponry. From France was wine and salt imported and exotic goods were bought in the Levant, such as silk, cotton, angora, camel hair and currants.Pepper and spices were bought in Portugal. By the irregular supply and high prices thereof went Dutch in 1595 to Asia to purchase those products themselves. In 1602 were the merchants who acted on Asia, United in the monopolistic organization VOC. In the following years from the Asian capital of the Organization, Batavia, an Asian trade network established and were sent to the Republic of pepper and spices. Similar to the Dutch East India Company, was for West Africa and the new world in 1621 a patent granted for the creation of the WIC to trade in gold, ivory, sugar cane and later also slaves. In the mid-17th century Amsterdam had a leading international position, the Dutch merchant fleet was by far the largest with about 2,000 seaworthy vessels and offered the Dutch shipping work to 46,000 people.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Starting from 1650, the undisputed economic leadership of the Republic put to the test. So she got to do with mercantile policy of France and England and finally she was outpaced by those countries. The Republic lost its leading position on the Baltic Sea because the offer no longer completely with the question. Facing a drop in the trade volume in the trade within Europe was a growth of trade with East and West Indies. The profits of the VOC and the WIC, however, ran back. Eventually the losses and the end of the eighteenth century, both companies held to exist. ===Domestic transport<span class="mw-editsection" len="368" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Between cities, the demand for transport services of cargo, people and mail. Transportation between cities was about water because of using existing rivers, lakes and streams. Roads were at that time outside the city mostly unpaved and therefore the water was much faster and begaanbaarder. From 1529 were the first regular timetables by cities set up by turn Springs. These vessels carry on fixed routes at fixed times, regardless of whether they are laden or not. The following years expanded this network of services to more and more cities. Around the middle of the 17th century was every city can be reached by water was included in the transportation network. Other cities had to use car services. The service was great for goods smaller than a shipload. For larger loads, such as peat, stone and grain was a charteredship. The arrival times of the feathers were changeable by the wind and the tidal currents. In order to have a more reliable and berekenbaarder system, let participating cities channels graves with towpaths trekschuit services could be lined so that set. These barges were pulled by horses and thereby could be better planned arrival. The first trekschuit service was created in 1632 between Haarlem and Amsterdam and Holland was a network spread over 33 years later.Where no trek speed could be dug, existed between some cities a short paved road. Late 18th century improved road transport with coaches, but until the arrival of the railways remained the main means of transport in the Netherlands. In the East of the country one had no rides and no paved roads. There was one pretty much anywhere appropriate on winding dirt roads with deep ruts, which made expensive and unreliable transport. ==Persons<span class="mw-editsection" len="357" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Republic found her first leader in William of Orange in 1584, who on his death was succeeded by his son Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, followed by Frederick Henry, William II, William III, William IV, RegentAnna of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick and then became the guardian William V. Significant other politicians were Johan Oldebarneveldt's, Constantijn Huygens, Johan de Witt, in addition to fleet guardians as the most successful and Michiel de Ruyter, Piet Hein, Maarten Tromp and his son Cornelis Tromp, Jan Evertsen, Witte de With. In the area of trade were the cannons King Louis de Geer, his companion, Jacob Trip and the Zeeland owner Cornelis Lampsins leading. If the Regents exerted a dominant influence over the Republic from Amsterdam mayors, including Cornelis de Graeff, Gillis Valckenierand Andries Bicker , Nicolaas Witsen. ==Sciences<span class="mw-editsection" len="362" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In addition there were scientists and skilled craftsmen on all kinds of terrain in the Netherlands to find during the golden age. A small selection: Hugo de Groot (1583-1645) as never matched instigator of the war,international lawand maritime law, Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) as maths, physics and astronomer, inventor of the pendulum clock and explained by the rings of Saturn, nature- Simon Stevin and hydraulic engineering which extended the decimal numbers with decimal places, Jan Leeghwater as hydraulic engineer and architect of the most important Dutch polders, Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677) as a philosopher ofPantheism. The French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes (1596-1650), famous for his philosophical statement "I think therefore I am", lived for an extended period of time in a number of Dutch cities, including Lead. ==Culture<span class="mw-editsection" len="356" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Because of the enormous wealth of the Republic as a result of the successful trade flourished the culture, especially the painting, strong in the 17th century. This century was also the nickname golden age. According to calculations by art historians were In total three million paintings produced by about 5000 artists, including Rembrandt, Vermeer, Frans Hals, Govert Flinck, Ferdinand Bol and Jan Steen. Also architects such as Jacob van Campen (Royal Palace) were successful. The number of writers was left at the number of painters, but in the own language area were Joost van den Vondeland P.C. Hooft , Bredero known. Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck (1562-1621) was well-known as a composer and organist.

<p lang="en" len="1301" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 18th century the cultural life in the Netherlands as a whole dropped in, and was completely drowned out by France (literature, music, Theatre), Germany (music including Bach, literature including Goethe), Italy(music) and England (literature and music). ==Batavian Revolution<span class="mw-editsection" len="367" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the last twenty years of the eighteenth century it was very restless in the Republic. It was the time of the Patriots and their counterparty, the Orangists. The unrest resulted in 1787 in a Prussian intervention in favor of the stadtholder, William V, and a French invasion in 1794. With French support in 1795 the Batavian Republic was proclaimed. This brought an end to the Republic of the seven United Netherlands. ==Denominations<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p lang="en" len="70" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Common names for the Republic of the seven United Netherlands:


 * the Republic of
 * Republic of the United Netherlands
 * Republic of the United provinces
 * Republic of the seven Provinces
 * Republic of the seven United Netherlands
 * Republic of the seven United provinces
 * United Provinces
 * United Provinces of the Netherlands
 * the United Regions
 * the seven United Provinces
 * Belgica Foederata (Latin)