Charles I of England

Charles I (Dunfermline, 19 november 1600 – 30 January London, 1649) was King of England , Scotlandand Ireland (27 March 1625 – 30 January 1649). He is the only British monarch ever who was deposed and beheaded. [1]  he was the son of James I.

Charles I was born in the Palace in the Dunfermline (his father was at that time King of Scotland, but not yet of England). The intended heir to the throne was his elder brother Henry, the Prince of Wales. This died of typhoid in 1612 and Charles was heir to two thrones. In 1616 he was the Prince of Wales, either the intended heir to the throne of England.

He stood strongly under the influence of his father's favorite George Villiers, the first Earl of Buckingham. This took him to Spainin 1623, looking for a suitable bride. This turned up nothing because the Spaniards demanded that Charles would convert to Roman Catholicism.



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[hide] *1 English civil war  ==English Civil War[ Edit] == In his time Europe was to a large extent governed by princes who sought absolute power, as the French King Louis XIII. Charles knew that behavior of his father and pursued the same after. He was firmly thwarted by the Parliament. There was broad opposition to many of his plans, such as the use of the so-called room Sterre (Star Chamber) to the dissidents to take the wind out of the sails. He also took unpopular tax measures without the approval of Parliament and claimed he was a religion politics aimed at the Anglican Church to bring closer to the Roman Catholic Church.
 * 2 marriage and children
 * 3 For parents
 * 4 publications (selection)
 * 5 external link
 * 6 sources and references

The conflicts with Parliament on all issues rose. This concerned, inter alia, the question of the Huguenots, the arbitrarily imposed taxes and arrests. When Parliament wanted to introduce more laws which he disbanded Parliament, Karel are on on March 29, 1629. The following years are known as the "personal reign" and "eleven years of tyranny". Charles was barely able to control the country without regular tax revenue and had to find other means to get money. One was the so-called ' ship money '. This ship money was levied from residents of coastal towns on the conservation of the fleet, but was set as valid for the entire country.

After the death of Buckingham grew the influence of two others in the Government: Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, and William Laud, who was Archbishop of Canterbury and contributed to the dominating role of the State Church. He followed the line of Arminianism, which led to conflicts with the growing faction of the Puritans.

Everything, however, remained quiet and it went well with England to Charles I in 1637 tried to bring the Scots to the same conformism. The result was the revival of theNational Covenant and the first of the Bishops ' Wars ' (Bishop's wars), which Charles I ended in a humiliating truce on 18 June 1639. To be able to obtain funds for his fight against the Scots he called a Parliament meeting in april 1640. This so-called ' short Parliament ' didn't want to its needs and was dissolved on May 5. After a new defeat he called Parliament meets again.

This ' long Parliament ' soon took measures that endangered the position of Charles. Wentworth was indicted and when that didn't work, accused of high treason to turned out and put to death. Laud was also imprisoned and executed. Charles I had to one after the other concessions, such as the abolition of ship money and the room. But he could not accept the law that would deny him the authority over the military. This threat and the attacks on his wife Henrietta Maria brought him five members arrested that he regarded as leaders of the resistance movement. By armed aggression to intervene in Parliament he produced a lasting fracture and he was in London no longer safe. He headed north, while the Queen went abroad.

Both parties began to arm themselves and threatened a civil war . After fruitless negotiations Charles on 22 August 1642 the Royal standard. He established his court inOxford, from where he controlled the North and West of the country, while Parliament retained control over the South and East and London. The war raged undecided on in 1643 and 1644, until the battle of Naseby Parliament achieved a victory. This was followed by the siege of Oxford, from which Charles I in april 1646 managed to escape.He surrendered to the Scottish Presbyterian army at Newark, which uitleverde him to Parliament in January 1647. He was imprisoned at Holdenby House inNorthamptonshire, until Cornet George Joyce transferred him to Newmarket in the name of the army.

King Charles, on a portrait by Anthony van Dyckwhere he comes across as a glorious KingIn this period had developed an atmosphere of mutual distrust between Parliament and the military, where Charles I eagerly made use of. They began to name calling and to provide each other nicknames. The parliamentarians called the King-men ' cavaliers ', to the Spanish ' cavelios ', thus suggesting that they were aliens. The royalists on their part called the opponents 'roundheads', which indicated that they were rig. Charles I was transferred to Oatlands and then to Hampton Court Palace. Negotiations failed. One tried to persuade him to flee abroad or, if necessary, to the Isle of Wight. He decided to the latter, because Robert Hammond, the Governor of the island, seemed well-disposed to him. This turned out to be not so and Hammond turned it stuck in Carisbrooke Castle. From here, the parties continued to negotiate with Charles I and he finally reached agreement with the Scottish Presbyterians, which meant that he was the establishment of the presbyterianisme would allow both in Scotland and in England during a trial period. The royalists rioted in July 1648 and the Scots fell into the country. When the Scottish armies were defeated in the battle of Preston the pressure grew in the military to Charles I to justice.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">This was a novelty. Princes were dropped off before, but never in that capacity brought to justice. The originators of the plan believed that the King had to die, but they wanted to achieve in all openness. Had to serve a show trial. This began on 20 January 1649. Many from the opposition here wanted no part in it and Karel was tried by an illegal Parliament consisting of 135 members. The process lasted until 27 January, after which he was convicted of high treason. The vote was 68 against 67. Some sources claim that the casting vote came from Oliver Cromwell, who last brought out his voice. Charles I was beheaded on 30 January 1649. During the execution to hear there was no cheering, it expired almost in complete silence. Cromwell was by way of gesture that the head was placed back on the body, so the family could properly honor the ex-King, who was buried in Windsor Castle .

<p lang="en" len="317" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">This was followed by a period in which England no Kingdom was, but later by Cromwell and Richard Cromwell as Lord Protector was administered.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">This situation came to an end with the accession to the throne in 1660 when Charles's son as King Charles II, the kingship was restored. Henrietta Maria lived to 1669 and died in Paris. They made that her daughter Henriette Anne married the Duke of Orleans in 1661 and that her son Charles became King. ==Marriage and children<span class="mw-editsection" len="347" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Married on 13 June 1625 Henrietta Maria of France (1609-1669), daughter of the French King Henry IV. They had nine children (four sons and five daughters):

<p lang="en" len="100" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The marriage seems to have been, but was not very popular among the British population. ==For Parents<span class="mw-editsection" len="337" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==
 * Charles James Stuart, Duke of Cornwall (13 March 1629-13 March 1629)
 * Charles II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685)
 * Maria Stuart, the future wife of William II, Prince of Orange (4 november 1631 – 24 december 1660)
 * James, King of England and Ireland as James II, King of Scotland as James VII (14 October 1633 – 6 september 1701)
 * Elizabeth Stuart (29 december 1635-8 september 1650)
 * Anne Stuart (17 March 1637 – 8 december 1640)
 * Catherine Stuart (29 January 1639-29 January 1639)
 * Henry, Duke of Gloucester (8 July 1640 – 13 september 1660)
 * Princess Henriette Anne Stuart, by marriage Duchess of Orléans (16 June 1644 – 30 June 1670).