History of Judaism in Netherlands

The history of Judaism in Netherlands (Hebrew: הולנד יהדות) starts from the second half of the middle ages.



Content
[hide] *1 middle ages  ==Middle Ages[ Edit] == Already in the-later-Middle Ages Jews have lived on the territory of present Netherlands (then part of the Holy Roman Empire), though there is not much known about them. What is clear is that there in the 13th and 14th centuries all Jewish communities were in Gelderland and Limburg, Brabant. The oldest known data come from's-Hertogenbosch where a group of Jews established themselves in 1164. A few years later they became (183 people) killed by burning on the Vughtse Heide[1]. The Jews Street from 1295 Maastricht is considered another old proof of their existence in Netherlands.
 * 2 new time
 * Discrimination 2.1
 * 3 French time
 * 3.1 Surnames
 * 4 emancipation of the Jews
 * 5 refugees in the 1930s
 * 6 Holocaust
 * 7 recovery after the war
 * 8 Contemporary anti-Semitism in Netherlands
 * Literature 9
 * 10 see also
 * 11 external links

In 1309 were Born in the South Limburg 110 Jewish refugees from Sittard and Susteren was murdered in a pogrom. The Jews had sought refuge in the Castle because they thought there to be safe. That turned out not to be the case: the Jews were murdered and the castle on fire. It was the first known mass murder of Jews on the current Dutch territory.

During the plague epidemic that raged between 1347 and 1349 Jews were accused of having poisoned the public water sources. It was thought this because there are far fewer Jews were the plague than others and made the Jews-for their faith-do not use this water sources. Later found that there are fewer Jews to the plague died by the Jewish cleaning laws, but at the time was not yet that plague among other things was caused and spread by poor hygiene. The Jews were during the plague period as scapegoats murdered or driven out. In 1349 were in various IJssel cities as well as in Arnhem, Nijmegen and Utrecht all resident Jews burned alive there. Across Europe many pogroms took place with tens of thousands of victims, in the cities of Basel, Frankfurt, Strasbourg and Cologne was the total Jewish population massacred. So were in the 14th century the Jews expelled from Germany, the Netherlands and from parts of survivors pulled further to the East, including to Poland where all a Jewish community.

The Jews had no private area and therefore no own local rulers, they fell in Germany therefore directly under the Holy Roman Emperor. This could give Jews the right junior dignitaries to take under their wing. A Duke or count, for example, a business could call on the services of Jews do, Jews were used by these large landowners to collect tax , which made them unpopular amongst the citizens.

In the 15th century, the position of the Jews there (again) what on ahead. There were Jews letters issued that have enabled the Jews themselves (again) to enter in the credit being; sampled Community producers charged the interests which they could amount to about 40% per year.

All in all, it was fairly small numbers of Jews who lived at the time in Netherlands. Unlike in other European countries, not in separate did Jews in Netherlands (walled) city areas, ghetto's, to attend. They also have no mark to wear. Were the vast majority of occupations prohibited for Jews, Jews were allowed to absolutely no comment on the Christianity and they were allowed to marry only in own circle. ==New time[ Edit] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Only after the middle ages there were large groups of Jews within Netherlands. The first large group of Jews came to Netherlands at the end of the 16th century. This group came from Spain and Portugal, the Sephardic Jews. These Jews were fleeing the Inquisition, which them for choosing stated: convert to Christianity or leave it. Many Jews left for North Africa or the Ottoman Empire. A smaller group went to the North, especially in starting to Antwerp. At the beginning of the 17th century they sought a refuge in Holland. In 1604 had the Alkmaar Corporation as the first City Council officially approved the arrival of Jews in Holland. Provided that they are properly behaved, they could experience their faith freely. With 10,000 Jews had Amsterdam around 1700 the largest Jewish community in Western Europe. The Sephardic Jews are to date identified by surnames such as Pereira, Cardozo, del Castilho, Nunes, The Pinto or Vas Dias. Many Sephardic Jews were already in good ones do when she ended up in Netherlands. From their country of origin-Portugal or Spain-names they trade contacts with it. After all, Spain and Portugal were major players on the world stage and also strongly represented in the trade. Sefarden funded under other travel from the East India Company and also acted as home bankers of the Oranges. In the 18th century they played an important role in the cultural life. Also in the Netherlands came on the market often rightly Held (a large number of occupations was still forbidden for Jews).Sefarden had an important share in the Dutch golden age, a time when traders were even richer and more powerful.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 17th century raged the thirty years ' war (1618-1648) at our eastern neighbours, during that war, the persecution of the Jews. German and Eastern European Jews fled to Netherlands. They are called andAshkenazi Jews come from countries such as Germany, Poland and Russia. This origin is yet to see to their surnames, for example Polak, Hamburger, Bremer, Moszkowicz and of Prague. The Ashkenazi Jews chose later also often names of animals or fruits to last name as: the dog, the cock, S, Apple and lemon. Unlike many Sephardic Jews were Ashkenazi Jews determined not rich, they found their work in rural areas (as day worker or turfsteker), in the ambulatory trade or as butcher, cattle trader and small traders and merchants especially on markets.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Both groups lived isolated from each other for years, and had in Amsterdam, each with their own synagogue. ===Discrimination<span class="mw-editsection" len="362" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Jews were allowed in Netherlands in the predominantly Protestant Netherlands originally no join a Guild and so virtually no profession. Some looked for their salvation in the banking or trade, by far most however, tried as venter, Peddler or semi-permanent worker to earn what. In 1748 the guilds opposing against the lively street trade. Enforcement of strict rules triggered riots on and criticism of the influential Isaac de Pinto. ==French Time<span class="mw-editsection" len="360" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Early 1795 pulled the French army across the frozen rivers within the Republic of the seven United Netherlands . This is the beginning of the French time. The French took over power of the aristocracy of Regency and laid the Foundation for the Batavian Republic and the unitary State as it stands now. Not long after the arrival of the French founded a small group of Jews led by Moses Asser in Amsterdam on a Patriots club . under the name Felix Libertate (happy by liberty) they held in a local to the Nes their first public meeting with the intention to play an active part in equal rights for all Jewish citizens in Netherlands. The time was ripe for this endeavor, because the new regime wanted to break with many established traditions. It was the time of the Enlightenment, a time of new impetus. In order to know Libertate, founded the attention insured members itself continuously with petitions to the members of the National Assembly.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The National Assembly of the Batavian Republic (the Government) suggested the Jews on 2 september 1796 fully equal to the members of other religious denominations. Per that date a decision was proclaimed that no Jew will be uitgeslooten van eenige Burgerregt attached to the Bataafsch rights or advantages which zyn. That the meeting with the ideal of equality agreed was not surprising against the background of the French Revolution used during the adage of 'liberty, equality and brotherhood'. In the same year (1796) was the exclusion of Jews from membership in guilds undone. With the adoption of the Decree was an important step in the process of emancipation of the Dutch Jews, but was completed that not at all. After 1796 they insisted only slowly by to other professions. The civil equality was especially apply to men who had already made it socially. To women, the self-employed and certainly for the large mass of the so-called lumpen went the positive effects of the integration Decree over. Although Jews were now before the law equal to other Dutch people, but in practice was that far from being the case. In Amsterdam, the only Western European city that the French Revolution had in no way limited the immigration of Jews, was the legal inequality still highly noticeable. Sure sixty percent of the Jews lived part or all of the Administration of Justice. The tide turned when they themselves around 1850, on the waves of the economic progress, a Jewish Middle class could profile itself. An example of this development is the Jewish entrepreneur Tuschinski.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The French King Louis Napoleon was counting the Jews to the "Dutch nation" and so no longer to a separate community. He bundled the Jewish municipalities by establishment of the Supreme consistory (1808). King William I made of this consistory in 1814 the ' main Committee to the business of the people of Israel '. The consistory was later divided into a separate Dutch-Israelite (for the Ashkenazi Jews) and a Portuguese-Israelite Church Fellowship (for the Sephardic Jews). While there is still a separation was between Asjkenazim and Sefarden were the differences in income between the two groups of Jews decreased. After the golden age were the poorer and the Asjkenazim Held something richer. Most Jews In the 19th century belonged to the lower tree of the economy. Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews went more with each other and also began to marry among themselves more. ===Surnames<span class="mw-editsection" len="360" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the introduction of the civil status also in 1811 Napoleon demanded that Jews were to adopt a surname, involving the use of names of cities from the promised land was prohibited. In addition, it was working on a new Bible translation, which would be acceptable both for Jews and Christians. The use of the Yiddish was discouraged in order to promote the emancipation. ==Emancipation of the Jews<span class="mw-editsection" len="373" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the emergence around the turn of the century (1900) of the socialism and the trade union movement began there all of a sudden just to the good of the masses disadvantaged people to change. This development was partly due to the efforts of the Jewish trade unionist and co-founder of the Socialist SDAP, Henri Polak. As Chairman of the General Dutch diamond workers Bond, he was one of the founders of an association, which after the Second World War model would stand for the modern trade union. Also the Communist Party of the Netherlands with the Jew Saul (later Paul) de Groot as leader attracted many Jewish members. TheZionism, propagated that the establishment of a Jewish State, found few followers in Netherlands. Though there were various training centres for pioneering work in Palestine and there existed a Zionist Youth Organization. The direct involvement of the labour movement brought the emancipation process of the large group of poor Jews gained momentum. The introduction in 1919 of the general suffrage for men and women was the completion of that long process. ==Refugees in the 1930s<span class="mw-editsection" len="381" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In neighbouring Germany after the Nazis came to power in 1933 and in 1935 introduced the Nuremberg race laws which the Jews did take from all civil rights, came a stream of Jewish refugees on gang direction Netherlands. Until then, Netherlands had a liberal admission policythat allowed refugees to get asylum quite easily. However, the more stringent the Government from 1935 requirements: only mediated Jewish refugees were still allowed, others had to prove when returning to their residence in life danger, they wanted to have a chance to win a residence permit. However, this evidence was difficult to deliver, so few German Jews could come into the country.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Government had several reasons for this sharpening. To begin had the global economic malaise also in Netherlands to towering inflation and unemployment led. A massive flow of refugees to the country in these circumstances could not, reasoned the Cabinet. Secondly, the Government feared that the admission of large groups of Jews it would play into the hands of emerging anti-Semitism . The more Jews allowed, the more reason the Netherlands population had to hate them, so it was thought. The growing number of members of the National-Socialist NSB was viewed with argus eyes .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the lead-up to the war even further to the admission requirements and sharpness Netherlands the border was eventually fully closed for Jewish refugees. The Anschluss of Austria to Germany in 1938 and that same year caused the Kristallnacht in an even larger flow Jewish refugees. In May 1938 Carel Goseling certain Minister of Justice that Jews were regarded as undesirable aliens. Just then Jewish refugees could prove to be in mortal danger, the border went on lock. Netherlands are also more stringent admission policy in order not to run out of sync with other States in Europe. Asked if other States more stringent requirements could be a free port, Netherlands for refugees, thought the Government. ==Holocaust<span class="mw-editsection" len="358" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == The Auschwitz monument by Jan Wolkers in theWertheimpark in Amsterdam.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the Second World War found the Holocaust took place. On 19 may 1941 took the top of the German Reichskommissariat (Seyss-Inquart and his fourGeneralkommissare) the decision that all Jews should disappear from Netherlands. Their overall ability would be led by Generalkommissar für Finanz und Wirtschaftas the robbery of the Jews be ordered to pay the operation. So the Jews would have to pay their own deportation. After the German occupiers in Netherlands also all kinds of restrictive and discriminatory measures against Jews had entered, 1942 the razziacame from the start. Some Dutch names Jews in hiding in the House on, but others, including many members of the Duitsgezinde National Socialist Movement (NSB), helped the Germans right at the detection and arrest of Jews. Some did this (police) in the context of their work, others simply out of fear or indifference, still others (criminals) even in Exchange for money. Of the estimated 140,000 Jews who counted Netherlands in may 1940, there are about 101,800 were murdered. Some, such as Anne Frank and Etty Hillesum, by journals become famous. Most others were less known, outside of their work, community and families to. Most of them were murdered, gassed in extermination camps, tortured to death, starved or otherwise murdered. Other neglected and exhausted prisoners were victims of infectious diseases such as typhus. In total in Europe by the Nazis killed an estimated six million Jews, a genocide that is unparalleled in this region. Netherlands knew, on Poland after, the largest Jews destruction of Europe: 87 percent of the Jewish population survived the German occupation not.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Not all Jewish and non-Jewish Dutch have the Holocaust happen without resistance . The resistance came down to individuals, for example, in Denmark-because-unlike the Jews and their helpers could not count on support from the State. Those who were in hidingJews at home, this ran severe risks to their own existence. Also among them are victims. 4513 non-Jewish persons or their survivors have been awarded for their brave deed by the Israeli State institution Jad Wasjem. The names of Dutch citizens who helped Jews, can be found on the ' path of the righteous "in Jad Wasjem, striking is the large number of Dutch in comparison with other nationalities. This has to do with the fact that the resistance, as said, amounted to individual actions.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sixty years after the war, on 11 april 2005 during a symposium on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the Center for information and documentation Israel (CIDI), Dutch Prime Minister Balkenende suggested the collaboration of officials with the German occupier during World War II [1]openly to the jaw. He was the first Dutch Minister who put a direct link between the failure of the Dutch Government and the murder of the Jews. Shortly thereafter offered the current Directorate of the Dutch railways, without whose active participation the deportation of Jews would not have been possible, for the first time officially her excuse to the Jewish community. Known is that the Government after the Kristallnacht on 15 december 1938 and closed the border for stamped them Jewish refugees to undesirable aliens. Prime Minister Hendrikus Colijn felt nothing for admitting more refugees because of the economic pressures that could cause and that the existing anti-Semitism in Netherlands according to him that just sparked by the admission of Jewish refugees would be.Campbell said: "I am saying this in the interest of our Dutch Jews themselves. In this time is no people perfectly free of anti-Semitism, the traces of it are also found in our country and when one is now unlimited a flow of refugees from abroad would let in here, it would be necessary consequence of it are that the mood in our own people against the Jews could undergo an unfavorable change. " Eventually the Dutch Government by the Parliament forced the admission quotas more flexible.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" len="170" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [2] ==Recovery after the war<span class="mw-editsection" len="369" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The few Jews who returned from the camps after the war were traumatized, destitute or deprived of all their possessions. For example, their pre-war homes were inhabited by others and now they had to a spot, usually without any help from family, which, after all, was killed. Legal conflicts concerning Jewish pre-war property that had come into the hands of others last until today.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" len="170" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [3]  Young people found it after the war often difficult to resume their studies. Under these circumstances, attracted many survivors to Israel, others tried again, in spite of everything, to continue their lives in Netherlands. It has taken a long time before Dutch Jews could recover from the trauma of the Holocaust and for many will be the (mental) wounds never heal. Not only the survivors of the Holocaust itself, but also their children and grandchildren (the second and third generation war victims), lived with continual thoughts to the confrontation with death under the most terrible conditions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" len="170" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [4]  for many Dutch Jews remains fraught with outsiders to speak about own origin. According to a count conducted by the Jewish social work (JMW) lived there in the year 2000 between 41,000 and 45,000 Jews in the Netherlands, including approximately 10,000 Jews from Israel who live here due to study or work. The JMW has at its count both mother-if vaderjoden counted. Anyone with one Jewish parent became so classified as Jewish. According to the Jewish laws (Halakha) only someone with a Jewish mother is Jewish. With those laws is at this count not taken into account. Also converts (people who officially joined the Jewish community) are counted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" len="170" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [5] ==Contemporary anti-Semitism in Netherlands<span class="mw-editsection" len="387" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Since the second world war bring expressions of antisemitism (hatred of Jews) memories of the Shoah (or Holocaust) upwards. Some of the critics of the State of Israel does not distinguish between (English) Jews and Israelis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" len="170" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [6]  on the other hand, criticism of the administration of the State Israel confused with anti-Semitism. It came for that in the football stadium offensive slogans were groups.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" len="170" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [7]. In some neighborhoods in Amsterdam was a long time dangerous to with a yarmulke on walking.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" len="170" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [8]. it happens that synagogues and Jewish graves are daubed. Also on internet forums expresses anti-Semitic feelings. This is the impression, often fed by personal experiences of Jews, that anti-Semitism in Netherlands rather increases than decreases. The latter is in its annual research by the CIDI (2007) confirmed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" len="170" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [9] ==Literature<span class="mw-editsection" len="360" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==
 * History of the Jews in the Netherlands, under editorial by Hans Blom, Rena Fuks-Mansfeld and Ivo Schöffer, 1995, 502 p., Balance -Amsterdam, ISBN 90-5018-296-8
 * The small Shoah: Jews in post-war Netherlands, Isaac Lipschits, 2001, 206 p., Mets & Schilt -Amsterdam, ISBN 90-5330-310-3
 * The Jews in Europe, 1550-1750 (translation of European Jewry in the age of mercantilism, 1550-1750), Jonathan Israel, 2003, 356 p., of wines -franeker, ISBN 90-5194-222-2
 * History of the Jews of the low countries, Kelly a, 2006, 486 p., Manteau -Antwerp, J.M. Meulenhoff -Amsterdam, ISBN 90-8542-042-3