The Dark Knight (film)

The Dark Knight is a 2008 superhero film directed, produced, and co-written by Christopher Nolan. Based on the DC Comics character Batman, the film is the second part of Nolan's Batman film series and a sequel to 2005's Batman Begins. Christian Bale reprises the lead role of Bruce Wayne/Batman, with a returning cast of Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth, Gary Oldman as James Gordon and Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox. The film introduces the character ofHarvey Dent (Aaron Eckhart), Gotham's newly elected District Attorney and the consort of Bruce Wayne's childhood friend Rachel Dawes (Maggie Gyllenhaal replacing Katie Holmes from the first film), who joins Batman and the police in combating the new rising threat of a criminal mastermind calling himself "The Joker" (Heath Ledger).

Nolan's inspiration for the film was the Joker's comic book debut in 1940, the 1988 graphic novel The Killing Joke, and the 1996 series The Long Halloween, which retold Two-Face's origin. The nickname "the Dark Knight" was first applied to Batman in Batman #1 (1940), in a story written by Bill Finger.[5] [6]  The Dark Knight was filmed primarily in Chicago, as well as in several other locations in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Hong Kong. Nolan used an IMAX camera to film some sequences, including the Joker's first appearance in the film. On January 22, 2008, some months after he had completed filming on The Dark Knight and six months before the film's release, Heath Ledger died from a toxic combination of prescription drugs, leading to intense attention from the press and movie-going public. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros. Warner Bros.]initially created a viral marketing campaign for The Dark Knight, developing promotional websites and trailers highlighting screenshots of Ledger as the Joker.

A co-production of the United States and the United Kingdom, The Dark Knight was released on July 16, 2008 in Australia, on July 18, 2008 in North America, and on July 24, 2008 in the United Kingdom. Considered by film critics to be one of the best films of the 2000s and one of the best superhero films ever,[7] [8]  the film received highly positive reviews and set numerous records during its theatrical run.[9]  With over $1 billion in revenue worldwide, it is the 19th-highest-grossing film of all time, unadjusted for inflation.[10]  The film received eight Academy Award nominations; it won the award for Best Sound Editing and Ledger was posthumously awarded Best Supporting Actor.[11]  The Dark Knight Rises, the final film in the trilogy, was released on July 20, 2012.



Contents
[hide]  *1 Plot 
 * 2 Cast
 * 3 Production
 * 3.1 Development
 * 3.2 Filming
 * 3.3 Design
 * 3.4 Effects
 * 3.5 Music
 * 4 Marketing
 * 5 Release
 * 5.1 Reception
 * 5.1.1 Commentary
 * 5.1.2 Themes and analysis
 * 5.1.3 Awards
 * 5.2 Box office
 * 5.3 Home media
 * 6 See also
 * 7 References
 * 8 Further reading
 * 9 External links

Plot
In Gotham City a gang of costumed thugs rob a bank, killing each other as they complete their assigned tasks. Eventually, they shoot the manager, and only one of the clowns remains. The manager says that his boss will do the same to him. The clown laughs and says that he believes that what does not kill him makes him stranger. He then takes off his mask and reveals himself to be the Joker.

Batman and Jim Gordon decide to include the new district attorney, Harvey Dent, in their plan to eradicate the mob. Although Dent is dating Rachel Dawes, Bruce Wayne is impressed with his idealism and offers to throw him a fundraiser. Mob bosses Sal Maroni, Gambol, and the Chechen hold a videoconference with Lau, a Chinese accountant who has hidden their funds and fled to Hong Kong. The Joker interrupts the meeting, warning that Batman is unhindered by jurisdiction. He offers to kill Batman for half their money, but the mob bosses refuse, and Gambol puts a bounty on him. The Joker kills Gambol and takes control of his men. Batman travels to China, captures Lau, and delivers him back to Gotham to testify against the Joker and the mob.

The Joker announces that people will die each day unless Batman reveals his identity. He then kills Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb and the judge presiding over the mob trials. He also targets Dent at the fundraiser, but Bruce hides Dent. Gordon foils the Joker's assassination attempt on Mayor Garcia, apparently sacrificing himself in the process. Bruce plans to reveal his identity, but Dent instead names himself as Batman to protect the truth. Dent is taken into protective custody and pursued by the Joker across the city. Batman rushes to Dent's aid. Gordon, who faked his death, helps apprehend the Joker and is promoted to Commissioner.

That night, Dent and Rachel disappear. Batman interrogates the Joker and discovers that Dent and Rachel are held in two separate buildings filled with explosives. The Joker reveals their locations, and Batman goes to Rachel's, only to realize that the Joker has tricked him into finding Dent moments before both buildings explode, killing Rachel and scarring half of Dent's face. The Joker detonates a bomb in the police station and escapes with Lau.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Coleman Reese, an accountant at Wayne Enterprises, deduces Batman's true identity and plans to reveal it. The Joker kills Lau and The Chechen, then threatens to bomb a hospital unless Reese is killed. Gordon and Bruce protect Reese, who changes his mind. The Joker visits Dent in the hospital and convinces him to seek revenge. The Joker then blows up the hospital and escapes with hostages.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Dent starts to go after people responsible for Rachel's death, deciding their fates by flipping a coin. He kills Maroni and a cop who had helped kidnap Rachel. It is revealed that the Joker rigged two ferries with explosives to escalate chaos; one ferry is full of citizens, the other full of prison inmates and guards. He then gives the passengers of each ferry the choice to blow the other up before midnight — otherwise, both ferries will explode. The passengers ultimately refuse.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Batman asks a reluctant Lucius Fox to use a city-wide tracking prototype device to find the Joker. Fox agrees, but says he will resign immediately afterward. The Joker dresses up hostages as his men, luring Gordon's SWAT team to strike them. Batman fights off the SWAT team and the Joker's men, then rescues the hostages. Batman apprehends the Joker, who then gloats that he has won, as Gotham will lose hope once Dent's rampage becomes public. Before the SWAT team arrives to take the Joker into custody, he reminds Batman that their conflict will be eternal.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Dent lures Gordon to the building where Rachel died and holds Gordon's family hostage. Batman confronts Dent, who judges the fates of himself, Batman, and Gordon's son with three coin flips. He shoots Batman, spares himself, then flips again to determine the boy's fate. Batman, who is wearing body armor, tackles Dent off the building, killing him and saving the boy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[12]  Batman then convinces Gordon to frame him for Dent's murders so that Dent will remain a symbol of hope for the city. Gordon destroys the Bat-Signal and launches a manhunt for the Batman. Alfred Pennyworth burns a letter written by Rachel to Bruce announcing her engagement to Dent, and Fox watches the signal tracker self-destruct.

Cast
Cast and crew of The Dark Knightat the European premiere in London. From left to right: Director Christopher Nolan, producers Emma Thomas andCharles Roven, actors Monique Gabriela Curnen, Michael Caine,Aaron Eckhart, Maggie Gyllenhaal andChristian Bale.*Christian Bale as Bruce Wayne/Batman:
 * A billionaire dedicated to protecting Gotham City from the criminal underworld by night. Bale said he was confident in his choice to return in the role because of the positive response to his portrayal in Batman Begins.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wizardworld_13-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[13]  He continued training in the Keysi Fighting Method and performed many of his own stunts,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wizardworld_13-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[13] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[14]  but did not gain as much muscle as in the previous film because the new Batsuit allowed him to move with greater agility.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wild_15-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[15]  Bale described Batman's dilemma as whether "[his crusade is] something that has an end. Can he quit and have an ordinary life? The kind of manic intensity someone has to have to maintain the passion and the anger that they felt as a child, takes an effort after a while, to keep doing that. At some point, you have to exorcise your demons."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Beale_16-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[16]  He added, "Now you have not just a young man in pain attempting to find some kind of an answer, you have somebody who actually has power, who is burdened by that power, and is having to recognize the difference between attaining that power and holding on to it."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Halbfinger_17-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[17]  Bale felt Batman's personality had been strongly established in the first film, so it was unlikely his character would be overshadowed by the villains, stating: "I have no problem with competing with someone else. And that's going to make a better movie."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jolin1_18-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[18]


 * Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth:
 * Bruce's trusted butler and confidante. His supply of useful advice to Bruce and his likeness as a father figure has led to him being labeled "Batman's batman."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[19] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[20]


 * Heath Ledger as the Joker:
 * Before Ledger was confirmed to play the Joker in July 2006, Paul Bettany,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[21]  Lachy Hulme,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[22]  Adrien Brody,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stax2_23-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[23]  Steve Carell,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[24]  and Robin Williams<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[25]  publicly expressed interest in the role. However Nolan had wanted to work with Ledger on a number of projects in the past, and was agreeable to Ledger's chaotic interpretation of the character.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stax1_26-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[26]  When Ledger saw Batman Begins, he had realized a way to make the character work that was consistent with the film's tone:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lesnick_27-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[27] he described his Joker as a "psychopathic, mass murdering, schizophrenic clown with zero empathy."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lyall_28-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[28]  Throughout the film, the Joker states his desire to upset social order through crime, and comes to define himself by his conflict with Batman. To prepare for the role, Ledger lived alone in a hotel room for a month, formulating the character's posture, voice, and personality, and kept a diary, in which he recorded the Joker's thoughts and feelings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jolin1_18-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[18] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Richards_29-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[29]  While he initially found it difficult, Ledger eventually generated a voice unlike Jack Nicholson's character in Tim Burton's 1989 Batman film.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lyall_28-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[28] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Richards_29-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[29]  He was also given Batman: The Killing Jokeand Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth, which he "really tried to read and put it down."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lesnick_27-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[27]  Ledger also cited A Clockwork Orange and Sid Vicious as "a very early starting point for Christian [Bale] and I. But we kind of flew far away from that pretty quickly and into another world altogether."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-noempathy_30-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[30] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carroll_31-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[31]  "There's a bit of everything in him. There's nothing that consistent," Ledger said, and added, "There are a few more surprises to him."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-noempathy_30-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[30]  Ledger was allowed to shoot and mostly direct the videos the Joker sends out as warnings. Each take Ledger made was different from the last. Nolan was impressed enough with the first video shoot that he chose to not be present when Ledger shot the video with a kidnapped reporter (Anthony Michael Hall).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[32]  On January 22, 2008, after he had completed filmingThe Dark Knight, Ledger died of an accidental prescription drug overdose, leading to intense press attention and memorial tributes. "It was tremendously emotional, right when he passed, having to go back in and look at him every day [during editing]," Nolan recalled. "But the truth is, I feel very lucky to have something productive to do, to have a performance that he was very, very proud of, and that he had entrusted to me to finish."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carroll_31-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[31]  All of Ledger's scenes appear as he completed them in the filming; in editing the film, Nolan added no "digital effects" to alter Ledger's actual performance posthumously.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Brown_33-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[33]  Nolan has dedicated the film in part to Ledger's memory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hough_34-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[34] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jolin2_35-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[35]


 * Gary Oldman as James Gordon:
 * A lieutenant in the Gotham City Police Department and one of the city's few honest police officers. He forms a tenuous, unofficial alliance with Batman and Dent. When the Joker assassinates Police Commissioner Loeb, Mayor Garcia gives Gordon the position. Oldman described his character as "incorruptible, virtuous, strong, heroic, but understated."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[36]  Nolan explained that "The Long Halloween has a great, triangular relationship between Harvey Dent and Gordon and Batman, and that's something we very much drew from."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-carroll_37-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[37]  Oldman added that "Gordon has a great deal of admiration for him at the end, but [Batman] is more than ever now the dark knight, the outsider. I'm intrigued now to see: If there is a third one, what he's going to do?"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-carroll_37-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[37]  On the possibility of another sequel, he said that "returning to [the role] is not dependent on whether the role was bigger than the one before."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[38]


 * Aaron Eckhart as Harvey Dent/Two-Face:
 * The district attorney who is hailed as Gotham's "White Knight". His battle with the criminal underworld leaves him disfigured, transforming him into a murderer bent on revenge.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boucher_39-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[39] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Purdin_40-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[40]  Wayne sees Dent as his heir, recognizing that Batman's war on crime will be a lifelong mission, which heightens the tragedy of Dent's downfall.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jolin2_35-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[35]  Nolan and David S. Goyer had originally considered using Dent in Batman Begins, but they replaced him with the new character Rachel Dawes when they realized they "couldn't do him justice."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NolanGoyerintrod_41-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[41]  Before Eckhart was cast in February 2007, Liev Schreiber,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[42]  Josh Lucas,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carroll2_43-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[43]  and Ryan Phillippe<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stax3_44-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[44]  had expressed interest in the role,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[45]  while Mark Ruffalo auditioned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[46]  Hugh Jackman was also considered for the part. Nolan chose Eckhart, whom he had considered for the lead role in Memento, citing his "extraordinary" ability as an actor, his embodiment of "that kind of chiselled, American hero quality" projected by Robert Redford, and his subtextual "edge."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_47-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[47]  Eckhart was "interested in good guys gone wrong," and had played corrupt men in films such as The Black Dahlia, Thank You for Smoking, and In the Company of Men. Whereas Two-Face is depicted as a crime boss in most characterizations, Nolan chose to portray him as a twisted vigilante to emphasize his role as Batman's counterpart. Eckhart explained, "[He] is still true to himself. He's a crime fighter, he's not killing good people. He's not a bad guy, not purely."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boucher_39-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[39] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Purdin_40-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[40]  For Dent, Eckhart "kept on thinking about the Kennedys," particularly Robert F. Kennedy, who was "idealistic, held a grudge and took on the Mob." He had his hair lightened and styled to make him appear more dashing. Nolan told Eckhart to not make Dent's Two-Face persona "jokey with slurping sounds orticks."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[48]


 * Maggie Gyllenhaal as Rachel Dawes:
 * The Gotham assistant district attorney and Wayne's childhood friend. In Batman Begins, she tells Wayne that if he ever decided to stop being Batman, they would be together. She is one of the few people to know Batman's identity. Gyllenhaal took over the role from Katie Holmes, who played the part in Batman Begins. In August 2005, Holmes was reportedly planning to reprise the role,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[49]  but she eventually turned it down to do Mad Money with Diane Keaton and Queen Latifah.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[50] By March 2007, Gyllenhaal was in "final talks" for the part.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[51]  Gyllenhaal has acknowledged her character is a damsel in distress to an extent, but says Nolan sought ways to empower her character, so "Rachel's really clear about what's important to her and unwilling to compromise her morals, which made a nice change" from the many conflicted characters whom she has previously portrayed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[52]


 * Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox:
 * The recently promoted chief executive officer of Wayne Enterprises who, now fully aware of his employer's double life, serves more directly as Bruce's armorer in addition to his corporate duties.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[53]


 * Eric Roberts as Sal Maroni:
 * A gangster who has taken over Carmine Falcone's mob. Bob Hoskins and James Gandolfini auditioned for the role.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[54]


 * Chin Han as Lau:
 * The accountant who handles the money for the mob.


 * Colin McFarlane as Gillian B. Loeb:
 * The Police Commissioner of Gotham until his murder at the hands of the Joker.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[55]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">The film's supporting protagonists include Nestor Carbonell as Mayor Anthony Garcia, Keith Szarabajka as Detective Gerard Stephens, Monique Gabriela Curnen as Anna Ramirez, and Ron Dean as Detective Michael Wuertz. While Stephens is an honest cop, Ramirez and Wuertz are in the pocket of the mob, and betray Harvey Dent and Rachel Dawes to the Joker. (Ramirez is drawn as a somewhat sympathetic character, however; she only started working for the mob because she was desperate to afford to her mother's hospital bills.) The cast also included Anthony Michael Hall as Gotham Cable News reporter Mike Engel, Nydia Rodriguez Terracina as Judge Janet Surrillo, Joshua Harto as Coleman Reese, Melinda McGraw and Nathan Gamble as Gordon's wife and son, and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Lister,_Jr. Tom "Tiny" Lister, Jr.] as a prison inmate on one of the bomb-rigged ferries. The film's supporting villains include Michael Jai White and Ritchie Coster as mob bosses Gambol and The Chechen, respectively. William Fichtner played the Gotham National Bank manager. David Banner originally auditioned for the role of Gambol.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carroll3_56-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[56]  Cillian Murphy returns in a cameo as Dr. Jonathan Crane/Scarecrow, who is apprehended early on in the film by Batman.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[57]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Musician Dwight Yoakam was approached for the roles of either the manager or a corrupt cop, but he chose to focus on his album Dwight Sings Buck.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[58]  Another cameo was made by United States Senator Patrick Leahy, a fan of Batman comics who was previously an extra in the 1997 film Batman & Robin and also was a guest voice actor on Batman: The Animated Series. Leahy appears as a guest who defies the Joker when he and his henchmen attack Bruce's fundraiser, saying "We are not intimidated by thugs."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[59]  Matt Skiba, lead singer of Chicago punk band Alkaline Trio, made a small appearance in the movie.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[60]

Development
<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">"As we looked through the comics, there was this fascinating idea that Batman's presence in Gotham actually attracts criminals to Gotham, [it] attracts lunacy. When you're dealing with questionable notions like people taking the law into their own hands, you have to really ask, where does that lead? That's what makes the character so dark, because he expresses a vengeful desire."

—Nolan, on the theme of escalation<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Halbfinger_17-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:9.60000038146973px;">[17] <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Before the release of Batman Begins, screenwriter David S. Goyer wrote a treatment for two sequels which introduced the Joker and Harvey Dent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-treatment_is_good_61-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[61]  His original intent was for the Joker to scar Dent during the Joker's trial in the third film, turning Dent into Two-Face.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-prem_62-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[62]  Goyer, who penned the first draft of the film, cited the DC Comics 13-issue comic book limited series Batman: The Long Halloween as the major influence on his storyline.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NolanGoyerintrod_41-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[41]  According to veteran Batman artist Neal Adams, he met with David Goyer in Los Angeles, and the story would eventually look to Adams and writer Denny O'Neil's 1971 story "The Joker's Five-Way Revenge" that appeared in Batman #251, in which O'Neil and Adams re-introduced the Joker.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BleedingCool_63-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[63]  While initially uncertain of whether or not he would return to direct the sequel, Nolan did want to reinterpret the Joker on screen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jolin1_18-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[18]  On July 31, 2006, Warner Bros. officially announced initiation of production for the sequel to Batman Begins titled The Dark Knight;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-robinov_64-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[64]  it is the first live-action Batman film without the word "Batman" in its title, which Bale noted as signaling that "this take on Batman of mine and Chris' is very different from any of the others."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stax4_65-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[65]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">After much research, Nolan's brother and co-writer, Jonathan, suggested the Joker's first two appearances, published in the first issue of Batman (1940), as the crucial influences.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stax1_26-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[26]  Jerry Robinson, one of the Joker's co-creators, was consulted on the character's portrayal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[66]  Nolan decided to avoid divulging an in-depth origin story for the Joker, and instead portray his rise to power so as to not diminish the threat he poses, explaining to MTV News, "the Joker we meet in The Dark Knight is fully formed...To me, the Joker is an absolute. There are no shades of gray to him – maybe shades of purple. He's unbelievably dark. He bursts in just as he did in the comics."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-opening_67-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[67]  Nolan reiterated to IGN, "We never wanted to do an origin story for the Joker in this film," because "the arc of the story is much more Harvey Dent's; the Joker is presented as an absolute. It's a very thrilling element in the film, and a very important element, but we wanted to deal with the rise of the Joker, not the origin of the Joker."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stax1_26-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[26]  Nolan suggested Batman: The Killing Joke influenced a section of the Joker's dialogue in the film, in which he says that anyone can become like him given the right circumstances.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-convention_68-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[68]  Nolan also cited Heat as "sort of an inspiration" for his aim "to tell a very large, city story or the story of a city": "If you want to take on Gotham, you want to give Gotham a kind of weight and breadth and depth in there. So you wind up dealing with the political figures, the media figures. That's part of the whole fabric of how a city is bound together."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stax1_26-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[26]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">According to Nolan, an important theme of the sequel is "escalation," extending the ending of Batman Begins, noting "things having to get worse before they get better."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Horowitz_69-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[69]  While indicating The Dark Knight would continue the themes of Batman Begins, including justice vs. revenge and Bruce Wayne's issues with his father,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stax5_70-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[70] Nolan emphasized the sequel would also portray Wayne more as a detective, an aspect of his character not fully developed in Batman Begins.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wild_15-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[15]  Nolan described the friendly rivalry between Bruce Wayne and Harvey Dent as the "backbone" of the film.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-opening_67-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[67]  He also chose to compress the overall storyline, allowing Dent to become Two-Face in The Dark Knight, thus giving the film an emotional arc the unsympathetic Joker could not offer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-convention_68-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[68]  Nolan acknowledged the title was not only a reference to Batman, but also the fallen "white knight" Harvey Dent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GBoucher_71-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[71]

Filming
<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">While scouting for shooting locations in October 2006, location manager Robin Higgs visited Liverpool, concentrating mainly along the city's waterfront. Other candidates included Yorkshire, Glasgow, and parts of London.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[72]  In August 2006, one of the film's producers, Charles Roven, stated that its principal photography would begin in March 2007,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Newgen_73-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[73]  but filming was pushed back to April.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lowman_74-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[74]  For its release in IMAX theaters, Nolan shot four major sequences in that format, including the Joker's opening bank robbery and the car chase midway through the film, which marked the first time that a feature film had been even partially shot in the format.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[75] The cameras used for non-IMAX 35 mm scenes were Panavision's Panaflex Millennium XL and Platinum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[76]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">For fifteen years Nolan had wanted to shoot in the IMAX format, and he also used it for "quiet scenes which pictorially we thought would be interesting."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-opening_67-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[67]  The use of IMAX cameras provided many new challenges for the filmmakers: the cameras were much larger and heavier than standard cameras, and produced noise which made recording dialogue difficult.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Slash_77-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[77]  In addition, the cameras had short film loads ranging from 30 seconds to two minutes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Slash_77-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[77]  and the cost of the film stock was much greater than standard 35mm film.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wrap_78-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[78]  Nevertheless, Nolan said that he wished that it were possible to shoot the entire film in IMAX: "if you could take an IMAX camera to Mount Everest or outer space, you could use it in a feature movie."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[79]  In addition, Nolan chose to edit some of the IMAX sequences using the original camera negative, which by eliminating generation loss, raised the film resolution of those sequences up to 18 thousand lines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ColliderIMAX_80-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[80]

Director Christopher Nolan (far left) and actor Heath Ledger (in make-up) filming a scene in The Dark Knight with an IMAX camera<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Warner Bros. chose to film in Chicago for 13 weeks, because Nolan had a "truly remarkable experience" filming part of Batman Begins there.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Armour_81-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[81] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pearlman_82-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[82]  Instead of using the Chicago Board of Trade Building as the location for the headquarters of Wayne Enterprises, as Batman Begins did,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[83]  The Dark Knight shows Wayne Enterprises as being headquartered in the Richard J. Daley Center.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MG_84-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[84]  While filming in Chicago, the film was given the false title Rory's First Kiss to lower the visibility of production, but the local media eventually uncovered the ruse.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[85]  Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times commented on the absurdity of the technique, "Is there a Bat-fan in the world that doesn't know Rory's First Kiss is actually The Dark Knight, which has been filming in Chicago for weeks?"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Roeper_86-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[86]  Production of The Dark Knight in Chicago generated $45 million in the city's economy and created thousands of jobs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-chicagoeconomy_87-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[87]  For the film's prologue involving the Joker, the crew shot in Chicago from April 18, 2007 to April 24, 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[88] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[89]  They returned to shoot from June 9, 2007 to early September.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-chicagoeconomy_87-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[87]  Noticeably, unlike Batman Begins, less CGI was used to disguise Chicago. Many recognizable locations were used in the film, like the Sears Tower, Navy Pier, 330 North Wabash, the James R. Thompson Center, Trump International Hotel and Tower, LaSalle Street, The Berghoff, Randolph Street Station, and Hotel 71. An old Brach's factory was used as Gotham Hospital. The defunct Van Buren Street post office doubles as Gotham National Bank for the opening bank robbery. Several sequences, including one car chase, were shot on the lower level of Wacker Drive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MG_84-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[84] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AKTR_90-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[90]  The Marina City towers also appear in the background throughout the movie.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MG_84-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[84]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Pinewood Studios, near London, was the primary studio space used for the production.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[91]  While planning a stunt with the Batmobile in a special effects facility nearChertsey, England in September 2007, technician Conway Wickliffe was killed when his car crashed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[92]  The film is dedicated to both Ledger and Wickliffe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hough_34-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[34]  The following month in London at the defunct Battersea Power Station, a rigged 200-foot fireball was filmed, reportedly for an opening sequence, prompting calls from local residents who feared a terrorist attack on the station.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[93]  A similar incident occurred during the filming in Chicago, when an abandoned Brach's candy factory (which was Gotham Hospital in the film) was demolished.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[94]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Filming took place in Hong Kong from November 6 to 11, 2007, at various locations in the CBD, including Hong Kong's tallest building at the time, the International Finance Centre, for the scene where Batman captures Lau.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nine_95-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[95] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hkend_96-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[96] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[97]  The city's walled city of Kowloon influenced the Narrows in Batman Begins.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[98]  The shoot hired helicopters and C-130 aircraft.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nine_95-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[95]  Officials expressed concern over possible noise pollution and traffic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hkend_96-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[96]  In response, letters sent to the city's residents promised that the sound level would approximate noise decibels made by buses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nine_95-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[95]  Environmentalists also criticized the filmmakers' request to tenants of the waterfront skyscrapers to keep their lights on all night to enhance the cinematography, describing it as a waste of energy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hkend_96-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[96]  Cinematographer Wally Pfister found the city officials a "nightmare," and ultimately Nolan had to create Batman's jump from a skyscraper digitally.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Brown_33-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[33]

Design
<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Costume designer Lindy Hemming described the Joker's look as reflecting his personality, in that "he doesn't care about himself at all"; she avoided designing him as avagrant, but still made him appear to be "scruffier, grungier," so that "when you see him move, he's slightly twitchier or edgy."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jolin1_18-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[18] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Richards_29-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[29] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Richards_29-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[29]  Nolan noted, "We gave a Francis Bacon spin to [his face]. This corruption, this decay in the texture of the look itself. It's grubby. You can almost imagine what he smells like."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[99]  In creating the "anarchical" look of the Joker, Hemming drew inspiration from such countercultural pop culture artists as Pete Doherty, Iggy Pop, and Johnny Rotten.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IGNStaff_100-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[100]  Ledger described his "clown" mask, made up of three pieces of stamped silicone, as a "new technology," taking less than an hour for the make-up artists to apply, much faster than more-conventional prosthetics usually requires. Ledger also said that he felt he was barely wearing any make-up.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jolin1_18-4" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[18] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sfx_101-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[101]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Hemming and Ledger's Joker design has had an impact in popular and political culture in the form of the Barack Obama "Joker" poster, and has since become a memein its own right.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[102]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Designers improved on the design of the Batsuit from Batman Begins, adding wide elastic banding to help bind the costume to Bale, and suggest more sophisticated technology. It was constructed from 200 individual pieces of rubber, fiberglass, metallic mesh, and nylon. The new cowl was modeled after a motorcycle helmet and separated from the neck piece, allowing Bale to turn his head left and right and nod up and down.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-suit_103-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[103]  The cowl is equipped to show white lenses over the eyes when the character turns on his sonar detection, which gives Batman the white eyed look from the comics and animation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kino_104-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[104]  The gauntlets have retractable razors which can be fired.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-suit_103-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[103]  Though the new costume is eight pounds heavier, Bale found it more comfortable and not as hot to wear.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wild_15-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[15]  The depiction of Gotham City is less gritty than in Batman Begins. "I've tried to unclutter the Gotham we created on the last film," said production designer Nathan Crowley. "Gotham is in chaos. We keep blowing up stuff, so we can keep our images clean."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Halbfinger_17-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[17]

Effects
Aaron Eckhart with make-up and motion capture markers on set. Below is the finished effect.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">The film introduces the Batpod, which is a recreation of the Batcycle. Production designer Nathan Crowley, who designed the Tumblerfor Batman Begins, designed six models (built by special effects supervisor Chris Corbould) for use in the film's production, because of necessary crash scenes and possible accidents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-goy_105-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[105]  Crowley built a prototype in Nolan's garage, before six months of safety tests were conducted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wild_15-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[15]  The Batpod is steered by shoulder instead of hand, and the rider's arms are protected by sleeve-like shields. The bike has 508-millimeter (20-inch) front and rear tires, and is made to appear as if it is armed with grappling hooks, cannons, and machine guns. The engines are located in the hubs of the wheels, which are set 3 <sup style="line-height:1;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">1 ⁄<sub style="line-height:1;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">2  feet (1067 mm) apart on either side of the tank. The rider lies belly down on the tank, which can move up and down to dodge any incoming gunfire that Batman may encounter. Stuntman Jean-Pierre Goy doubled for Christian Bale during the riding sequences in The Dark Knight.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-goy_105-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[105]  The Batpod was highly unstable for riding, and Goy was the only stuntman who could manage to balance the bike, even commenting that he had to "nearly un-learn how to ride a motorcycle" to manage riding the Batpod. Bale did insist on doing shots on the Batpod himself, but was prohibited by the team fearing his safety.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Batpod_safety_106-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[106]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Nolan designed Two-Face's appearance in the film as one of the least disturbing, explaining, "When we looked at less extreme versions of it, they were too real and more horrifying. When you look at a film like Pirates of the Caribbean – something like that, there's something about a very fanciful, very detailed visual effect, that I think is more powerful and less repulsive."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[107] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height:1;font-size:11.1999998092651px;"> [dead link]  Framestorecreated 120 computer-generated shots of Two-Face's scarred visage. Nolan felt using make-up would look unrealistic, as it adds to the face, unlike real burn victims. Framestore acknowledged they rearranged the positions of bones, muscles and joints to make the character look more dramatic. For each shot, three 720-pixel HD cameras were set up at different angles on set to fully capture Aaron Eckhart's performance. Eckhart wore markers on his face and a prosthetic skullcap, which acted as a lighting reference. A few shots of the skullcap were kept in the film. Framestore also integrated shots of Bale and Eckhart into that of the exploding building where Dent is burned. It was difficult simulating fire on Eckhart because it is inherently unrealistic for only half of something to burn.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cinefex_108-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[108]

Music
Main article: The Dark Knight (soundtrack)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Batman Begins composers Hans Zimmer and James Newton Howard returned to score the sequel. Composition began before shooting, and during filming Nolan received an iPod with ten hours of recordings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-brass_109-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[109]  Their nine-minute suite for the Joker, "Why So Serious?," is based around two notes. Zimmer compared its style to that of Kraftwerk, a band from his native Germany, as well as bands like The Damned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Martens_110-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[110]  When Ledger died, Zimmer felt like scrapping and composing a new theme, but decided that he could not be sentimental and compromise the "evil [Ledger's performance] projects."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wolf_111-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[111]  Howard composed Dent's "elegant and beautiful" themes,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Martens_110-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[110]  which are brass-focused.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-brass_109-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[109]

Marketing
"Why So Serious?" redirects here. For the Shinee album and song, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_2._Why_So_Serious%3F_%E2%80%93_The_Misconceptions_of_Me Chapter 2. Why So Serious? – The Misconceptions of Me] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_So_Serious%3F_(song) Why So Serious? (song)].WhySoSerious.com directed fans to find letters composing the Joker'smessage "The only sensible way to live in this world is without rules," to send in photographs of these letters, and then featured their photos in a collage.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">In May 2007, 42 Entertainment began a viral marketing campaign utilizing the film's "Why So Serious?" tagline with the launch of a website featuring the fictional political campaign of Harvey Dent, with the caption, "I Believe in Harvey Dent."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IBHD_112-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[112]  The site aimed to interest fans by having them try to earn what they wanted to see and, on behalf of Warner Bros., 42 Entertainment also established a "vandalized" version of I Believe in Harvey Dent, called "I believe in Harvey Dent too," where e-mails sent by fans slowly removed pixels, revealing the first official image of the Joker; it was ultimately replaced with many "Haha"s and a hidden message that said "see you in December."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[113]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">During the 2007 San Diego Comic-Con International, 42 Entertainment launched WhySoSerious.com, sending fans on ascavenger hunt to unlock a teaser trailer and a new photo of the Joker.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[114]  On October 31, 2007, the film's website morphed into another scavenger hunt with hidden messages, instructing fans to uncover clues at certain locations in major cities throughout the United States, and to take photographs of their discoveries. The clues combined to reveal a new photograph of the Joker and an audio clip of him from the film saying "And tonight, you're gonna break your one rule." Completing the scavenger hunt also led to another website called Rory's Death Kiss<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-treat_115-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[115]  (referencing the false working title of Rory's First Kiss), where fans could submit photographs of themselves costumed as the Joker. Those who sent photos were mailed a copy of a fictional newspaper called The Gotham Times, whose electronic version led to the discovery of numerous other websites.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GT_116-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[116] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[117]

Toyota Formula One racing car featuring the Batman insignia, at the2008 British Grand Prix<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">The Dark Knight's opening sequence, (showing a bank raid by the Joker) and closing montage of other scenes from the film, was screened with selected IMAX screenings of I Am Legend, which was released on December 14, 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-opening_67-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[67]  A theatricalteaser was also released with non-IMAX showings of I Am Legend, and also on the official website.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[118]  The sequence was released on the Blu-ray Disc edition of Batman Begins on July 8, 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[119]  Also on July 8, 2008, the studio released Batman: Gotham Knight, a direct-to-DVD animated film, set between Batman Begins and The Dark Knight and featuring six original stories, directed by Bruce Timm, co-creator and producer of Batman: The Animated Series, and starring veteran Batman voice actor Kevin Conroy. Each of these segments, written by Josh Olson, David S. Goyer, Brian Azzarello, Greg Rucka, Jordan Goldberg, and Alan Burnett, presents its own distinctive artistic style, paralleling numerous artists collaborating in the same DC Universe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[120]

Movie poster for The Dark Knight, seen in Paris' Rue Saint-Honoré in August 2008.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">After the death of Heath Ledger on January 22, 2008, Warner Bros. adjusted its promotional focus on the Joker,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CrookSanders_121-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[121]  revising some of its websites dedicated to promoting the film and posting a memorial tribute to Ledger on the film's official website<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[122] and overlaying a black memorial ribbon on the photo collage in WhySoSerious.com.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WSSrev_123-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[123]  On February 29, 2008, I Believe in Harvey Dent was updated to enable fans to send their e-mail addresses and phone numbers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[124]  In March 2008, Harvey Dent's fictional campaign informed fans that actual campaign buses nicknamed "Dentmobiles" would tour various cities to promote Dent's candidacy for district attorney.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[125]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">On May 15, 2008, Six Flags Great America and Six Flags Great Adventure theme parks opened The Dark Knight roller coaster, which cost US$7.5 million to develop and which simulates being stalked by the Joker.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[126]  Mattel produced toys and games forThe Dark Knight, action figures, role play costumes, board games, puzzles, and a special-edition UNO card game, which began commercial distribution in June 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mattel_127-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[127]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Warner Bros. devoted six months to an anti-piracy strategy that involved tracking the people who had a pre-release copy of the film at any one time. Shipping and delivery schedules were also staggered and spot checks were carried out both domestically and overseas to ensure illegal copying of the film was not taking place in cinemas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[128]  A pirated copy was released on the Web approximately 38 hours after the film's release. BitTorrent search engine The Pirate Bay taunted the movie industry over its ability to provide the movie free, replacing its logo with a taunting message.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[129]

Release
<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Warner Bros. held the world premiere for The Dark Knight in New York City on July 14, 2008, screening in an IMAX theater with the film's composers James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer playing a part of the film score live.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-buzz_130-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[130]  Leading up to The Dark Knight's commercial release, the film had drawn "overwhelmingly positive early reviews and buzz on Heath Ledger's turn as the Joker."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[131]  The Dark Knight was commercially released on July 16, 2008 in Australia, grossing almost $2.3 million in its first day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-high_132-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[132]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">In the United States and Canada, The Dark Knight was distributed to 4,366 theaters, breaking the previous record for the highest number of theaters held by Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End in 2007. The number of theaters also included 94 IMAX theaters, with the film estimated to be played on 9,200 screens in the United States and Canada.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-high_132-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[132]  Online, ticketing services sold enormous numbers of tickets for approximately 3,000 midnight showtimes as well as unusually early showtimes for the film's opening day. All IMAX theaters showing The Dark Knight were sold out for the opening weekend.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-133" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[133]

Reception
Heath Ledger's performance was praised and ultimately won him an Academy Award.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Based on 289 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a 94% approval rating from critics, with an average score of 8.5/10. The site's consensus reads, "Dark, complex and unforgettable, The Dark Knight succeeds not just as an entertaining comic book film, but as a richly thrilling crime saga."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rt_134-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[134]  By comparison, Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating in the 0–100 range based on reviews from top mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 82, based on 39 reviews.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-meta_135-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[135]  CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade cinemagoers gave the film was "A" on an A+ to F scale, and that audiences skewed slightly male and older.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-136" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[136]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, awarding four out of four stars, described The Dark Knight as a "haunted film that leaps beyond its origins and becomes an engrossing tragedy." He praised the performances, direction, and writing, saying the film "redefine[s] the possibilities of the comic-book movie." Ebert stated that the "key performance" is by Heath Ledger, and pondered whether he would become the first posthumous Academy Award-winning actor since Peter Finch in 1976. (Ledger ultimately won the Oscar.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ebert_137-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[137]  Ebert named it one of his twenty favorite films of 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-138" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[138]  Peter Travers of Rolling Stone writes that the film is deeper than its predecessor, with a "deft" script that refuses to scrutinize the Joker with popular psychology, instead pulling the viewer in with an examination of Bruce Wayne's psyche.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TraversDK_139-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[139]  Travers has praise for all the cast, saying each brings his or her "'A' game" to the film. He says Bale is "electrifying," evoking Al Pacino in The Godfather Part II, that Eckhart's portrayal of Harvey Dent is "scarily moving", and that Oldman "is so skilled that he makes virtue exciting as Jim Gordon".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TraversDK_139-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[139]  Travers says Ledger moves the Joker away from Jack Nicholson's interpretation into darker territory, and expresses his support for any potential campaign to have Ledger nominated for an Academy Award,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TraversDK_139-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[139]  Travers says that the filmmakers move the film away from comic book cinema and closer to being a genuine work of art, citing Nolan's direction and the "gritty reality" of Wally Pfister's cinematography as helping to create a universe that has something "raw and elemental" at work within it. In particular, he cites Nolan's action choreography in the IMAX-tailored heist sequence as rivaling that of Heat (1995).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TraversDK_139-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[139]  Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote "Pitched at the divide between art and industry, poetry and entertainment, it goes darker and deeper than any Hollywood movie of its comic-book kind."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dargis_140-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[140]  Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Every great hero needs a great villain. And in 2008, Christian Bale's Batman found his in Heath Ledger's demented dervish, the Joker."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[141]  BBC critic Mark Kermode, in a positive review, said that Ledger is "very, very good" but that Oldman's turn is "the best performance in the film, by amile".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-142" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[142]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Emanuel Levy wrote Ledger "throws himself completely" into the role,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Levy_143-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[143]  and that the film represents Nolan's "most accomplished and mature" work, and the most technically impressive and resonant of all the Batman films. Levy calls the action sequences some of the most impressive seen in an American film for years, and talks of the Hong Kong-set portion of the film as being particularly visually impressive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Levy_143-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[143]  Levy and Peter Travers conclude that the film is "haunting and visionary,"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TraversDK_139-4" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[139] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Levy_143-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[143] while Levy goes on to say that The Dark Knight is "nothing short of brilliant."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Levy_143-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[143]  On the other hand, David Denby of The New Yorker said that the story is not coherent enough to properly flesh out the disparities. He said the film's mood is one of "constant climax," and that it feels rushed and far too long. Denby criticized scenes which he argued to be meaningless or are cut short just as they become interesting.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-denby_144-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[144]  Denby remarks that the central conflict is workable, but that "only half the team can act it," saying that Bale's "placid" Bruce Wayne and "dogged but uninteresting" Batman is constantly upstaged by Ledger's "sinister and frightening" performance, which he says is the film's one element of success. Denby concludes that Ledger is "mesmerising" in every scene.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-denby_144-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[144]  The vocalization of Christian Bale's Batman (which was partly altered during post-production) was the subject of particular criticism by some commentators, with David Edelstein from NPR describing Bale delivering his performance with "a voice that's deeper and hammier than ever". Alonso Duralde at MSNBC, however, referred to Bale's voice in The Dark Knight as an "eerie rasp", as opposed to the voice used in the Batman Begins, which according to Duralde "sounded absurdly deep, like a 10-year-old putting on an ‘adult’ voice to make prank phone calls".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-145" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[145] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-146" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[146]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">The Dark Knight was ranked the 15th greatest film in history on Empire's 2008 list of the "500 Greatest Movies of All Time," based upon the weighted votes of 10,000 readers, 150 film directors, and 50 key film critics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-147" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[147]  Heath Ledger's interpretation of the Joker was also ranked number three on Empire's 2008 list of the "100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-148" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[148]  In June 2010, the Joker was ranked number five on Entertainment Weekly '​s "100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-149" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[149]  Paste magazine named it one of the 50 Best Movies of the Decade (2000–2009), ranking it at number 11.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Paste_7-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[7]  The Dark Knight was included in American Cinematographer's "Best-Shot Film of 1998-2008" list, ranking in the top 10. More than 17,000 people around the world participated in the final vote.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-150" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[150]  In March 2011, the film was voted by BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra listeners as their eight favorite film of all time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-151" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[151]  In 2012, Total Film ranked The Dark Knight as the sixth most accomplished film of the past 15 years, writing that "Christopher Nolan's psycho-operatic crime drama was its decade's most exciting blockbuster – and its most challenging."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-152" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[152]  In 2014, The Dark Knight was ranked the 3rd greatest film ever made on Empire '​s list of "The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time" as voted by the magazine's readers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-153" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[153]

Commentary
<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Mystery writer Andrew Klavan, writing in The Wall Street Journal, compared the extreme measures that Batman takes to fight crime with those U.S. President George W. Bush used in the War on Terror. Klavan claims that, "at some level" The Dark Knight is "a paean of praise to the fortitude and moral courage that has been shown by George W. Bush in this time of terror and war." Klavan supports this reading of the film by comparing Batman—like Bush, Klavan argues—"sometimes has to push the boundaries of civil rights to deal with an emergency, certain that he will re-establish those boundaries when the emergency is past."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-154" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[154]  Klavan's article has received criticism on the Internet and in mainstream media outlets, such as in The New Republic's "The Plank."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-155" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[155]  Reviewing the film in The Sunday Times, Cosmo Landesman reached the opposite conclusion to Klavan, arguing that The Dark Knight "offers up a lot of moralistic waffle about how we must hug a terrorist – okay, I exaggerate. At its heart, however, is a long and tedious discussion about how individuals and society must never abandon the rule of law in struggling against the forces of lawlessness. In fighting monsters, we must be careful not to become monsters – that sort of thing. The film champions the anti-war coalition's claim that, in having a war on terror, you create the conditions for more terror. We are shown that innocent people died because of Batman – and he falls for it."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-156" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[156]  Benjamin Kerstein, writing inAzure, says that both Klavan and Landesman "have a point," because "The Dark Knight is a perfect mirror of the society which is watching it: a society so divided on the issues of terror and how to fight it that, for the first time in decades, an American mainstream no longer exists."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-157" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[157]

Themes and analysis
<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">According to David S. Goyer, the primary theme of The Dark Knight is escalation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-158" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[158]  Gotham City is weak and the citizens blame Batman for the city's violence and corruption as well as the Joker's threats, and it pushes his limits, making him feel that taking the laws into his own hands is further downgrading the city. Roger Ebertnoted, "Throughout the film, [the Joker] devises ingenious situations that force Batman, Commissioner Gordon and District Attorney Harvey Dent to make impossibleethical decisions. By the end, the whole moral foundation of the Batman legend is threatened."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ebert_137-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[137]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Other critics have mentioned the theme of the triumph of evil over good. Harvey Dent is seen as Gotham's "White Knight" in the beginning of the film but ends up becoming seduced to evil.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GBoucher_71-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[71]  The Joker, on the other hand, is seen as the representation of anarchy and chaos. He has no motive, no orders, and no desires but to cause havoc and "watch the world burn." The terrible logic of human error is another theme as well. The ferry scene displays how humans can easily be enticed by iniquity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-159" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[159]

Awards
Main article: List of accolades received by The Dark KnightThe Tumbler in use at the film's European premiere<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Most notable among the nominations were Heath Ledger's almost complete sweep of over twenty awards for acting, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actor, the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture, and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. The Dark Knight also received nominations from the Writers Guild of America (for Best Adapted Screenplay), the Producers Guild of America, and theDirectors Guild of America, as well as a slew of other guild award nominations and wins. It was nominated for Best Film at theCritics Choice Awards and was named one of the top ten films of 2008 by the American Film Institute.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">The Dark Knight was nominated for eight Academy Awards for the 81st Ceremony,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Oscars2009_160-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[160]  breaking the previous record of seven held by Dick Tracy<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-161" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[161]  for the most nominations received by a film based on a comic book, comic strip, or graphic novel. The Dark Knight won two awards: Best Supporting Actor for Heath Ledger and Best Sound Editing. It was additionally nominated for six others, these being Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, Best Sound Mixing, Best Visual Effects, Best Makeup, andBest Film Editing. Heath Ledger was the first posthumous winner of the Best Supporting Actor award, and only the second posthumous acting winner ever (Peter Finchposthumously won the Best Actor award for his performance in the 1976 film Network). In addition, Ledger's win marked the first win in any of the major Oscar categories (producing, directing, acting, or writing) for a superhero-based film. Notably, Richard King's win in the Sound Editing category blocked a complete awards sweep of the evening by the eventual Best Picture winner, Slumdog Millionaire. Although it did not receive a Best Picture nomination, the show's opening song paid homage to The Dark Knight along with the five Best Picture nominees, including host Hugh Jackman riding on a mockup of the Batpod made out of garbage. In spite of the film's critical success, the film was noticeably absent from the Best Picture nominee list, prompting controversy and led many to criticize the Academy Awards for "snubbing" the film.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-162" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[162] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-163" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[163]  There was speculation that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences later changed their number of Best Picture nominees to ten, instead of the traditional five, because of the film's omission. In a question-and-answer session that followed the announcement, the Academy's then president Sidney Ganis said; "I would not be telling you the truth if I said the words Dark Knight did not come up."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-164" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[164]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">A British-American production, the film was nominated for the 2009 Goya Award for Best European Film.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-165" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[165]  It had a nomination in Japan for the 2009 Seiun Awards under the Science Fiction category<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-166" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[166]  with a Japan Academy Prize Award for Best Foreign Film.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-167" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[167]

Box office
A sign of the film's pre-release atColiseum cinema in Barcelona, Spain<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">The Dark Knight earned $534.9 million in North America and $469.7 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $1 billion. Worldwide, it is the eighteenth-highest-grossing film, the highest-grossing film of 2008 and the fourth film in history to gross more than $1 billion. It made $199.7 million on its worldwide opening weekend which ranks thirty-fourth on the all-time chart.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-168" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[168]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">In order to increase the film's chances of crossing $1 billion in worldwide gross and of winning Oscars, Warner Bros. re-released the film in traditional and IMAX theaters in the United States and other countries on January 23, 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-169" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[169] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-170" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[170]  Before the re-release, the film's gross remained at $997 million,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-171" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[171]  but following the re-release, the film crossed the $1-billion-mark in February 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[172]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">The Dark Knight opened on Friday, July 18, 2008. It set a record for midnight showings, by earning $18.5 million from 3,040 theaters<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BOM-opening_173-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[173]  (a record first surpassed by Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-174" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[174]  The midnight opening included $640,000 from IMAX screenings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-175" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[175]  It was then shown on 9,200 screens at a record 4,366 theaters (a record first surpassed by Iron Man 2),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-176" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[176]  also setting an opening- and single-day record gross, with $67.2 million<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BOM-opening_173-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[173] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-177" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[177]  (both records first surpassed by The Twilight Saga: New Moon),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-178" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[178]  and an opening weekend record, with $158.4 million<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BOM-opening_173-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[173] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-spidey_179-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[179] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-180" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[180]  (first surpassed byHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-181" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[181]  The weekend per theater average of $36,283 stands as the fifth-largest of all time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-182" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[182]  It sold an estimated 22.37 million tickets during its first weekend with 2008's average admission of $7.08, meaning the film sold more tickets than Spider-Man 3, which sold 21.96 million with the average price of $6.88 in 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-183" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[183] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tickets_184-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[184]  Additionally, the film set an IMAX opening weekend record, with $6.3 million<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BOM-opening_173-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[173]  (a record first surpassed by Star Trek).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-185" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[185] It achieved the largest Sunday gross, with $43.6 million,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BOM-opening_173-4" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[173]  and the largest opening week from Friday to Thursday, with $238.6 million (both records surpassed byMarvel's The Avengers).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-186" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[186] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-187" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[187]  It also achieved the largest cumulative gross through its third and fourth day of release (both records first surpassed by Deathly Hallows – Part 2), and so on until its tenth day of release (records surpassed by Marvel's The Avengers).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-188" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[188]  Moreover, it was the fastest film to reach $100 million (a record first surpassed by New Moon), $150 million and each additional $50 million through $450 million (records surpassed by Marvel's The Avengers), and $500 million (a record first surpassed by Avatar).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-189" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[189]  Finally, it achieved the largest second-weekend gross (a record first surpassed by Avatar).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-190" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[190]
 * North America

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">It has grossed the fourth largest Saturday gross ($51,336,732). On its first Monday, it grossed $24.5 million, which stands as the largest non-holiday Monday gross and the 4th largest Monday gross overall, and on its first Tuesday it grossed another $20.9 million, which stands as the largest non-opening Tuesday gross and the second largest Tuesday gross overall.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Dark_Knight_-_Charts_191-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[191]  Notably, it topped the box office during the second biggest weekend of all time in North America (aggregated total of $253,586,871)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-192" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[192]  and it was the only 2008 film that remained on top of the box office charts for four consecutive weekends.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-193" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[193]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">The Dark Knight is the highest-grossing 2008 film, the second-highest-grossing superhero film, the second-highest-grossing film based on comics and the fourth highest-grossing film of all time in North America. Adjusted for ticket-price inflation though, it ranks 28th.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-194" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[194]  In contrast to Avatar and Titanic, both which grossed more than The Dark Knight in North America and had slow but steady earnings, The Dark Knight broke records in its opening weekend and slowed down significantly after its first few weekends.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Dark_Knight_-_Charts_191-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[191] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-195" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[195]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">Overseas, The Dark Knight is the highest-grossing 2008 film<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-196" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[196]  and the fourth-highest-grossing superhero film. It premiered in 20 other territories on 4,520 screens, grossing $41.3 million in its first weekend.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-beater_197-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[197]  The film came in second to Hancock, which was in its third weekend, screening in 71 territories. The Dark Knight's biggest territory was Australia, where it grossed $13.7 million over the weekend, setting a record for the largest superhero film opening.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-198" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[198]  It topped the weekend box office outside North America three consecutive times and four in total. Citing cultural sensitivities to some elements in the film, and a reluctance to adhere to pre-release conditions, Warner Bros. declined to release the film in mainland China.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-199" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[199]  Its highest-grossing market after North America was the UK, Ireland and Malta, where it earned $89.1 million. Also, in Australia, it earned of $39.9 million, still remaining in the all-time top 10 of the country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-200" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[200]  The five highest-grossing markets outside North America also include Germany ($29.7 million), France and the Maghreb region ($27.5 million) and South Korea ($25.0 million).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-201" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[201]
 * Markets outside North America

Home media
<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in North America on December 9, 2008. Releases include a one-disc edition DVD; a two-disc Special Edition DVD; a two-disc edition BD; and a Special Edition BD package featuring a statuette of the Bat-pod.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-202" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[202]  The BD/iTunes version presents the film in a variable aspect ratio, with the IMAX sequences framed in 1.78:1, while scenes filmed in 35 mm are framed in 2.40:1.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-203" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[203]  The DVD versions feature the entire film framed in a uniform 2.40:1 aspect ratio. Disc 2 of the two-disc Special Edition DVD features the six main IMAX sequences in the original 1.44:1 aspect ratio. Additional IMAX shots throughout the film that are presented in 1.78:1 on the Blu-ray release are not, however, included in the DVD's special features. In addition to the standard DVD releases, some stores released their own exclusive editions of the film.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">In the United Kingdom, the film had combined sales of 513,000 units on its first day of release, of which 107,730 (21%) were Blu-ray Discs, the highest number of first-day Blu-ray Discs sold.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-204" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[204]  In the United States, The Dark Knight set a sales record for most DVDs sold in one day, selling 3 million units on its first day of release – 600,000 of which were Blu-ray Discs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-205" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[205]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">The DVD and Blu-ray Disc editions were released in Australia on December 10, 2008. Releases were in the form of a one-disc edition on DVD; a two-disc edition on DVD; a two-disc edition including a Batmask on DVD and BD; a two-disc Batpod statuette Limited BD Edition; a two-disc BD edition; and a four-disc Batman Begins/The Dark Knight pack on DVD and BD. As of December 19, 2008, the DVD release is the top selling film in the Australian DVD Charts<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-206" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[206]  and is expected to break the Australian sales record set by Finding Nemo.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-207" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[207] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height:1;font-size:11.1999998092651px;"> [dead link]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">The movie also sold Blu-ray copies worth 370 million yen (US$4.1 million) in Japan, placing it 3rd out of 10 in the top 10 overall Blu-ray category.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-208" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[208] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-209" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[209]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:17.9200000762939px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14.3999996185303px;">In March 2011, Warner Bros. offered The Dark Knight for rent on Facebook, becoming the first movie ever to be released via digital distribution on a social networking site. Users in the United States are able to use Facebook Credits to view the film.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-210" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-size:11.1999998092651px;">[210]