Firewalking

Firewalking is the act of walking barefoot over a bed of hot embers or stones.

Firewalking has been practiced by many people and cultures in all parts of the world, with the earliest known reference dating back to Iron Age India – c. 1200 BCE.[1] It is often used as a rite of passage, as a test of an individual's strength and courage, or in religion as a test of one's faith.

Modern physics has explained the phenomenon, concluding that the amount of time the foot is in contact with the ground is not enough to induce a burn, combined with the fact that embers are not good conductors of heat.[1]

Contents
[hide]
 * 1 History
 * 1.1 Thimithi
 * 2 Persistence and functions
 * 3 Explanation
 * 3.1 Factors that prevent burning
 * 3.2 Risks when firewalking
 * 4 See also
 * 5 References
 * 6 External links

History[edit]
Walking on fire has existed for several thousand years, with records dating back to 1200 B.C.[2] Cultures across the globe, from Greece to China, used firewalking for rites of healing, initiation, and faith.[2]

Thimithi[edit]
Main article: Thimithi

Hindu Indians in South Asia who walk fire during village festivals. Also their diaspora in Sri Lanka, Mauritius, South Africa, Malaysia and Singapore who celebrate the Thimithi festival.

Firewalking is also practiced by:
 * The Sawau clan in the Fijian Islands[3][4]
 * Eastern Orthodox Christians in parts of Greece (see Anastenaria) and Bulgaria (see nestinarstvo), during some popular religious feasts.[5][6]
 * Fakirs and similar persons.
 * !Kung Bushmen of the African Kalahari desert have practiced firewalking since their tribal beginnings. (The !Kung use fire in their healing ceremonies.)
 * Little girls in Bali in a ceremony called Sanghyang dedari, in which the girls are said to be possessed by beneficent spirits.[7]
 * Japanese Taoists and Buddhists.
 * Some tribes in Pakistan as a "justice system", wherein the accused is asked to firewalk; if he does firewalk and is unharmed, he is deemed innocent; otherwise, guilty.[8]
 * Tribes throughout Polynesia and documented in scientific journals (with pictures and chants) between 1893 and 1953.[9][10]
 * People of San Pedro Manrique in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain, as part of Saint John's Eve celebrations. Walkers generally carry someone on their shoulders, since the extra weight helps avoid combustion.
 * People from South India especially Mangalore, Bhootaradhane,Ottekola worship of demi-gods is one of the distinct cultures of the coastal region. Though rituals vary from region to region, the people’s dedication coupled with fear is omnipresent

Persistence and functions[edit]
Social theorists have long argued that the performance of intensely arousing collective events such as firewalking persists because it serves some basic socialising function, such as social cohesion, team building, and so on. Emile Durkheim attributed this effect to the theorized notion of collective effervescence, whereby collective arousal results in a feeling of togetherness and assimilation.[11] A scientific study conducted during a fire-walking ritual at the village of San Pedro Manrique, Spain, showed synchronized heart rate rhythms between performers of the firewalk and non-performing spectators. Notably, levels of synchronicity also depended on social proximity. This research suggests that there is a physiological foundation for collective religious rituals, through the alignment of emotional states, which strengthens group dynamics and forges a common identity amongst participants.[12][13]

Explanation[edit]
When two bodies of different temperatures meet, the hotter body will cool off, and the cooler body will heat up, until they are separated or until they meet at a temperature in between.[14] What that temperature is, and how quickly it is reached, depends on the thermodynamic properties of the two bodies. The important properties are temperature, density, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity.

The square root of the product of thermal conductivity, density, and specific heat capacity is called thermal effusivity, and tells how much heat energy the body absorbs or releases in a certain amount of time per unit area when its surface is at a certain temperature. Since the heat taken in by the cooler body must be the same as the heat given by the hotter one, the surface temperature must lie closer to the temperature of the body with the greater thermal effusivity. The bodies in question here are human feet (which mainly consist of water) and burning coals.

Due to these properties, David Willey, professor of physics with the University of Pittsburgh, says he believes firewalking is explainable in terms of basic physics and is not supernatural nor paranormal.[15] Willey notes that most fire-walks occur on coals that measure about 1,000 °F (538 °C), but he once recorded someone walking on 1,800 °F (980 °C) coals.[2]

Additionally, Jearl Walker has postulated that walking over hot coals with wet feet may insulate the feet due to the Leidenfrost effect.[16]

Factors that prevent burning[edit]

 * Water has a very high specific heat capacity (4.184 J g−1 K−1), whereas embers have a very low one. Therefore the foot's temperature tends to change less than the coal's.
 * Water also has a high thermal conductivity, and on top of that, the rich blood flow in the foot will carry away the heat and spread it. On the other hand, embers have a poor thermal conductivity, so the hotter body consists only of the parts of the embers which are close to the foot.
 * When the embers cool down, their temperature sinks below the flash point, so they stop burning, and no new heat is generated.
 * Firewalkers do not spend very much time on the embers, and they keep moving.

Risks when firewalking[edit]
Firewalking is frequently held to imply that the feat requires the aid of a supernatural force, strong faith, or on an individual's ability to focus on "mind over matter".[17]
 * People have burned their feet when they remained in the fire for too long, enabling the thermal conductivity of the embers to catch up.
 * One is more likely to be burned when running through the embers since running pushes one's feet deeper into the embers, resulting in the top of the feet being burnt.
 * Foreign objects in the embers may result in burns. Metal is especially dangerous since it has a high thermal conductivity.
 * Embers which have not burned long enough can burn feet more quickly. Embers contain water, which increases their heat capacity as well as their thermal conductivity. The water must be evaporated already when the firewalk starts.
 * Wet feet can cause embers to cling to them, increasing the exposure time.

In 20th and 21st Century, this practice is often used in corporate and team-building seminars and self-help workshops as a confidence-building exercise.