London underground

The London underground is a public transportation network, consisting of electrified railway lines that in the Center underground and above ground in the suburbs ofLondon walk. It is by far the oldest metro system in the world, the first line was opened in 1863.



Content
[hide] *Name 1  ==Name[ Edit] == The official name of the network is Underground, but popularly called the Tube (literally ' the tube '). Londoners, the English language as they are, will never, as Dutch, use the French word "metro". ==Background[ Edit] == Material on a deep-level lineMind the gap, sounds the warning when binnenrijdende subways in LondonBy the increasing urbanisation of London in the nineteenth century slibde the road network quickly close. Main railway lines were long banned by the city because it was deemed too dangerous and unhealthy. When authorities allowed railway lines in the city, there was still hardly room left, leaving the only available space was left under the ground was. The Metropolitan Line between Paddington and Farringdon was the first underground railway in the world.
 * 2 Background
 * 2.1 technical problems
 * 2.2 Safety
 * 3 Routes
 * deepest and highest point 3.1
 * 4 History
 * Arise 4.1
 * 4.2 World War II
 * 4.3 after the war
 * 4.4 Attacks
 * 5 Future
 * 6 tickets
 * 6.1 Zone rate
 * 6.2 Oyster card
 * 7 see also
 * 8 external links

The lines of the London underground can be divided into two categories, depending on the way the tunnels were built: sub surface (below the surface) and deep level(deep). The sub-surface lines were first excavated and then covered. In many places, calls the daylight in it by. These lines are about 5 feet below the surface and are the oldest lines of the Underground. On the East London Line (now part of the London Overground) after they form one coherent and complex network, with lines in the Center tracks share with other sub-surface lines.

Because daily life was heavily disturbed by this method of construction, one is after some time switched on drilled tunnels. These are called deep-level lines, which on average 20 feet below the surface. These lines are named after the smoking tubelines close tunnel tube (tube = tube), though the metro as a whole received the nicknametube . The tunnels are single track; a line always exists of two tunnels, one for each direction. The metro trains on the deep-level lines have a narrower structure gauge and a lower floor level, making lower platforms are necessary. In contrast to the sub-surface lines share these lines usually no traces with other lines.

Both types of lines usually outside Central London come to the surface, with the exception of the Victoria Line, which runs entirely underground, and the Waterloo & City Linewhich is very short and does not leave the city centre.

Since 2003 the London underground is owned by transport for London (TfL), the Government body that is also responsible for bus transport and the Docklands Light RailwayDLR either.

The network consists of 275 stations and the trains run over 408 km of track. The standard speeds are 30 (45), 35 (50), 40 (55) and 45 (60) mph (km/h). The metro carries about 3 million passengers a day with 3.4 million per weekday, with which the London underground metro system in the world after the eight busiest is (for comparison, the number one, Tokyo, has almost three times as many passengers). On 8 december 2006 LU transported a record 4 million people in one day. In 2006, London Underground for the first time in its history a billion passengers in one year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" len="160" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [1] ===Technical problems<span class="mw-editsection" len="343" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The London underground is now 150 years, whereby a part of the infrastructure is outdated and difficult to contemporary requirements is. Many drives work on the maximum capacity, the stations Covent Garden and Camden Town common constraints in the access at certain times.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" len="160" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [2]  on other drives, when necessary, the access is shut down or other measures.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The deep-level lines have some specific problems that are difficult to troubleshoot. For example, the air in the tunnels warm to hot to call it, because there is too little cooling or air exchange can take place. During a heat wave in 2006 there were temperatures of 47 °C measured.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" len="160" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [3]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Another problem is the relatively strong wind that occurs because a train in the narrow tunnels pushes a large amount of air in front of him. This wind blows dust, including brake dust and rail and Silicon, can be harmful to the health. To the problem of ventilation and to reduce the strong wind on the new stations of the Jubilee Line glass walls with sliding doors placed at the edge of the platforms. These doors will open as soon as a train on the right position is at a standstill. It goes without saying that these walls also increase security: one cannot lose weight more of the platform. ===Safety<span class="mw-editsection" len="333" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Accidents on the underground network, which carries more than one billion passengers a year, are rare. Statistics show that there is only one dead is found per 300 million train travel<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" len="160" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[4]  (figures from 2005, of the terrorist attack on July 7, 2005).

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">However, about 50 people commit suicide each year in the London underground suicide, usually by themselves for an onrushing train.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" len="160" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [5] ==Routes<span class="mw-editsection" len="332" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == 1926 metrolines map<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Contrary to what is common with city and regional transport, there are no line numbers. The different lines have a color and a name. Furthermore, many lines with the same name different endpoints, so it is important to pay attention also at the final destination.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The following table lists the basic facts of every subway line. They shall specify the color that is used to identify the line, the opening year and the type of tunnel that is used.To 2007 was yet another line, the East London Line, in use. This was indicated with the colour orange. But this is now called London Overground and will be marked with orange. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;"><sup len="1" style="line-height:1;">1 The Circle Line got its name in 1949. She was not built as separate line, but was formed by parts of the District Line and Metropolitan Line together. <sup len="1" style="line-height:1;">2 Original name: Metropolitan District Railway <sup len="2" style="line-height:1;">3a Originally a separate line, controlled by a group of companies which also joined Metropolitan. Since 1948, the line is owned by London Underground (now TfL), but until 1966 also used freight trains of the British national railways the line. It was for a long time considered as a branch of the Metropolitan Line was will be shown on a map as a purple and white striped line. In the late 1980s the line got its independent status. Closed In 2007 and then taken over by London Overground. <sup len="2" style="line-height:1;">3b Originally a part of the Metropolitan Line. Since 1990, she is known as the Hammersmith & City Line. <sup len="1" style="line-height:1;">4 The busiest line, with two branches in Central London. <sup len="1" style="line-height:1;">5 Since 1994 operated by London transport, which owned by British Rail. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Piccadilly Line runs until the Heathrow Airport . It's a slow connection (52 minutes to the city centre), but the cheapest way to travel from the Center to the airport. A more expensive but faster alternative are theHeathrow Express trains of.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In several places one can transfer to the metro (automatic) Docklands Light Railway (among other Bank, Canary Wharf and Stratford) and on the regular train traffic (among other Waterloo, Victoria, Charing Cross).Connection to the trams of the Croydon Tramlink consists in the Wimbledon station, on the international Eurostar-trains in the St Pancras station. ===Deepest and highest point<span class="mw-editsection" len="346" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Northern Line is holder of both the depth and the height record in the London underground. The deepest point of the entire metro system is located on the Northern Line at a depth of 67.4 metres below ground level at the height of Hollybush Hill in Hampstead. The highest point with 18 meters above the ground on the Northern Line and is formed by the Dollis Brook viaduct over Dollis Road.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Hampstead underground station with its location of 58.5 meters underground the deepest underground station in London. Angel Station, also on the Northern, has the longest escalator with a length of 60 meters. ==History<span class="mw-editsection" len="335" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As the oldest and one of the most complex the London underground subway systems in the world has a rich history. Furthermore, there are interesting ghost stations. On the Central Line between Tottenham Court Road and Holborn station, for example, the dark Bay of the former British Museum to see. Also the station of Down Street (where the Government of Churchill in hiding during the Second World War) can be recognized, but then from outside. ===Genesis<span class="mw-editsection" len="331" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the first half of the 19th century there was a rapid development of train services to London, but the ends of these lines were built far from the central business district, in order to avoid damage to historic buildings. As a result, many were depending on the Stagecoach transport, which hit quickly oversaturated. The solution came in the form of yet another railway. In 1854, it was decided that the Metropolitan Railway Company got the license to a short section between the stations underground railway to Paddington and Farringdon. This would be the King's Cross, St. Pancras, Euston and Paddington connecting to a point near the business district of London, The City. The tunnel was first excavated and then covered, since building deep tunnels was not yet developed enough. This first part of the Metropolitan Railway was opened in 1863. Steam locomotives were used to pull the trains. As a result, one had to make ventilation ducts at regular intervals.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">There came quickly enlargement. The Metropolitan Line branched to the suburbs, sometimes even new villages appeared out of nowhere along the railway. The whole region was given the name "Metroland". The company also bought land along the railroad and built homes. In 1880 the ' with ' all transported 40 million passengers per year.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Meanwhile began a second railway company to build more in the South. The Metropolitan District Railway (now the District Line) opened a connection from Westminster to South Kensington in 1868. She made skilful use of the Thames to expand toward The City, up to Tower Hill. The Metropolitan District Railway connected the Victoria, Charing Cross, Blackfriars, Cannon Street and Fenchurch Street. After the City to have concentrated the District Railway is taken even more than the Metropolitan Railway and reached Richmond, Wimbledon and Ealing.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although the Circle Line No independent line was until 1949, had the "District" and the "Metropolitan" a partnership to an "Inner Circle" (inner circle) to avail. This service began in 1884.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">There came a rapid advances in the technique to dig deep tunnels. There could now be secure tunnels dug deep underground. The first really deep railway was the "Tower Subway" under the Thames South of Tower Hill in 1870. This line was quickly discontinued, but through better shields and electric locomotives allowed the engineers make more ambitious plans. The result of this was the City & South London Railway, which King William Street (close to the current Monument station) and Stockwell Covenant. It was a rough ride and the lack of Windows had a bad effect on the passengers. Of these errors was shown, however, and during the next 25 years were built six new deep-level lines.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The operation by six independent companies, made the metro network is complicated. In many places passengers had to walk above ground an end to move on another line. Also the cost of such a system was high, leaving many investors were looking for companies that could give them the money to further expand into the lucrative suburbs.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">One of those lenders was Charles Yerkes, an American businessman whose companies (first the Metropolitan District Traction Company, later the Electric Railways of London) took over the District, Piccadilly and Bakerloo. The Underground Group, also known as the second Act, gobbled up the rest of the lines later on, outside the Metropolitan Line and the Waterloo & City Line (which remained independent until 1994 ). The company also owned many tram lines and bought the London General Omnibus Company and was as well known as the Combine. In 1933 became a public company, the London passenger transport Board, was established. The Underground Group, the Metropolitan Line and all independent tram lines were placed under the management of this company, an organization that had almost the size of the current transport for London.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Between the world wars there was a rapid expansion, the Northern and Bakerloo Line were extended to the suburbs in the North of the city. The station designs of architect Charles Holden also today still retain their freshness. ===Second World War<span class="mw-editsection" len="342" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Subway tunnel as air raid shelter in World War II.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The outbreak of the Second World War, and in particular the attack on Great Britain, made sure that many of the stations of the London underground network at air attacks were used as bomb shelters. They were very suitable, but unfortunately there were several accidents. In the Bethnal Green died more than 172 people, they were trampled to death when panic broke out in the crowd. Other parts of the network were given other destinations during the war.

===After the war<span class="mw-editsection" len="336" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the war hit the system more and more saturated. The construction of the carefully planned Victoria Line in a northeast-southwest direction under central London, drew many of the extra traffic caused by the revival of the city after the war, to themselves. The line was designed so that the traveller in nearly all drives could switch to one or more other lines. It was also the first metro line to use Automatic Train Operation (ATO).
 * a remote part of the Central Line was transformed into an underground ammunition factory;
 * the station closed Brompton Road was used as anti-aircraft Centre;
 * the station closed Down Street was used by Winston Churchill to the Cabinet War Rooms were built, after which it served as headquarters of the Emergency Railway Committee.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Jubilee Line was named for the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II in 1977, but was only opened two years later. At the end of the 1990s she was extended via theDocklands (the old docks of London's port, now an area with commercial and residential interpretation) to Stratford in East London. The stations of this extension are very stylish and spacious, each of them designed by a well-known architect. Thus, London Underground, for example, that North Greenwich station "is big enough to accommodate if the Queen Mary cruise ship in". All stations West of Canning Town feature automatic doors at the edge of the platform, reducing the wind resistance of the train and to prevent suicides. This modern drives are also equipped with lifts to an easy access.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Floods are an increasing problem for the network. The groundwater of London rises since the 1960 's, after closing companies such as breweries and paper mills, which used to be consumed much of the groundwater.Middle 2001 pumped London Underground every day 30,000 cubic meters of water out of its tunnels.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Up to the completion of the work to prevent the flooding of the Thames, there was also a real danger of flooding from the river. In the tunnels were different fences built to flooded parts of the tunnels in the event of an emergency exit, so that the rest of the line could be continued. Though these fences are no longer necessary nowadays, they are still tested three times a year. ===Attacks<span class="mw-editsection" len="333" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ==Future<span class="mw-editsection" len="332" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ==Travel Passes<span class="mw-editsection" len="340" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From the beginning, the metro single bus tickets sold and returns. The album the departure station printed and the amount paid certain how far one could travel. There is an input and output control at the stations. It used to be common in payable on output, if the card or subscription you gave to this drive does not have the right to drive. Soon the cards were equipped with a magnetic stripe, so that both the input and the output control could be carried out by gates. There is always crew present at the gates to assist guests. The cards were valid only for metro and bus; for the British railways had a separate transport you need proof. ===Zone Rate<span class="mw-editsection" len="334" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">To integrate the different patterns of transport rates in London is a zonetarief system. There are a centre zone and 5 ring zones around it. Zone 6 is the outermost. The "Travel card"-day tickets and subscriptions are valid on all forms of transport (train, metro, tram, bus and DLR) within the chosen zones. ===Oyster card<span class="mw-editsection" len="335" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The Oyster card <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">London is a new electronic card, the "Oyster card", imported. Existing subscriptions can be charged here. In addition there can be on balance traveled with this card. This needs to be checked in and out there, as with the Dutch or Belgian OV-chipkaart MOBIB card. However, there are important differences:
 * On Thursday 7 July 2005 fell at explosions on three different trains more than 50 victims. Also a bus was blown up. See terrorist attacks in London on 7 July 2005.
 * On Thursday 21 July 2005 there were bright explosions on three different trains and a bus. See terrorist attacks in London on 21 July 2005.
 * Some sections of the underground are over 150 years old and are so nice. Transport for London has therefore drawn up a plan in which from 2009 a large-scale modernisation of both the infrastructure if the tunnels are planned. As a result of this modernization are there during weekends regular sections of lines or entire lines closed.
 * One of these modernizations is to replace the old stock on the sub-surface lines by S-stock.
 * There are a number of lines for expansion plans that are in various stages of preparation. The most concrete plan means that the branch of the Northern Line from High Barnet to Kennington via Charing X is continued to develop the area at Battersea Power Station. A guarantee for this is in december 2012 pledged by the Greater London Authority. The final trajectory to Morden would then only be operated by the other branch of the Northern Line via Bank.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">To promote the use of the Oyster card, the cash-rates significantly increased. One single ride in the subway now costs £ 4. You can use it to travel in all zones. With Oyster is the normal minimum rate £ 1.50.
 * On the buses and trams only need to be checked in. There is a standard rate regardless of the distance in London.
 * There is a dagmaximum (capping) applied, 50 pence less than the comparable day ticket for the areas concerned. The traveler do not need to determine whether a day ticket in advance makes more sense.
 * Account cannot be used for all train travel within London. In general, the balance-travel is possible also if the departure and arrival station metro stations are. The balance-travel has also been introduced on the London Overground. The Government of London is negotiating train companies to "Pay as you go" (balance-travel) expand.