Rare earth element

Rare earth elements or rare earth metals are seventeen heavy chemical elements that naturally occur on and in the Earth .

The rare earth elements, yttrium and scandiumare the 15 lanthanides. Sometimes some actinides also counted to the rare earths. Rare earth elements are often combined with each other in certain types of ores and minerals found. The name rare earth is outside the IUPAC nomenclature, outside a strictly chemical context, the term is still widely used.

The name is a translation of the French terre, which used to be oxide, however, could mean. Because in the beginning of the 19th century assumed these elements were relatively rare was born the name rare earths.Nowadays, however, known that most rare earths is anything but rare. The most common rare earth, cerium, is in order of quantity with 68 ppm the 25th element in the Earth's crust, it is thus more common than, for example, lead. The least common rare earth is still considerably more common than Gold.



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[hide] *1 List rare earth metals  ==List rare earth metals[ Edit] == Overview of all rare-earth metals: ==Mineral concentrations[ Edit] == Outside China was the Mountain Passmine, located about 90 km southwest of Las Vegas in the United States, one of the main producers of rare-earth metals. In 2011 the production here restart.
 * 2 Mineral concentrations
 * economic interest 3
 * 4 Abbreviations
 * 5 see also
 * 6 external links

According to Molycorp, the owner of the my license, the proven reserves of around 40 million pounds, averaging 9.38% content in the ore and the probable reserves almost 1,000 million kilograms. [1]  Thebastnäsietreserve has the following composition of rare-earth metals:[2] <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Not only on land but also on the bottom of the oceans are large stocks of rare earth metals. Geologists estimate that the direct surface of the ocean floor about 100 billion tons of earth metals<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" len="166" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[3]  is, that with the current techniques, however, can be won.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" len="166" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [4]  The rare earth concentrations in the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, at a depth between 3,500 and 6,000 m, are between 0.1 and 0.2%. In mines on land are the concentrations between 3% and 10%. ==Economic interest<span class="mw-editsection" len="338" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Global production 1950-2000<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Rare earths be economically extracted from the minerals and bastnäsiet, lopariet and monaziet from lateritische clay. Although none of the rare earths really rare, they are harder to win (and relatively more expensive) than transition metal because they usually are difficult to isolate. This is because the rare earth elements have very similar chemical properties.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In electronics like mobile phones and mp3 players is widely made use of rare-earth elements. The extensive miniaturization of this equipment is primarily due to the use ofrare-earth magnets.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A large part of the known reserves of rare earths is in China, that the lion's share of the world accounts for production. In response to Chinese plans to a (growing) share of this production for to maintain the own industry through export quotas, and because by the scarcity on the market was (again) financially exploitable commercial extraction, mines in other parts of the world are from around 2005 Express restarted. Former Soviet republics, India, Brazil and Malaysia are also producers of modest amounts of earth metals.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 2008, the global production of rare earth metals on approximately 119,000 tonnes, of which only 4.220 tons outside China was produced. The demand for these metals outside China was about 50,000 tons.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1" len="177" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [1]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">China has introduced export quotas for earths in 1999. Environmental protection and prevent depletion of its reserves were the main reasons for introducing these restrictions; between 2005 and 2009, the export of rare earth metals with more than 20% of 65,000 tons to 50,000 tons. The Government decided In July 2010 the export with another 40% limit. The quota applies to all metals and has led to a sharp increase in the prices of, especially, light earth metals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" len="166" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [5]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The following table is an overview of the Chinese export quotas and the global supply and demand outside China. All amounts are in tons, unless otherwise stated. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The policy of the Chinese Government to restrict exports of rare earth is in 2011 with strength continued. In the period January to april 2011 was exports in tons of about 60% lower than the previous year. The prices are as a result very strongly increased. The export value In april was about $ 120 per kilogram, a tenfold increase versus april 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" len="166" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [6]  the price of cerium oxide is strongest increased, with over 450% since the beginning of the year. Throughout 2010, the price already with 60%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" len="166" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [7]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">These metals are not traded on stock exchanges and it is therefore difficult to follow price developments. Molycorp has published the following prizes in various publications. The prices shall be expressed in US dollars per kilogram: <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Mountain Passmine, on the border of California and Nevada was after the 1950s the largest producer of earth metals. In 1990, the mine a share of 40% in the total world production. In 1998, the mine partly closed because of environmental problems and the high cost and almost completely in 2002. The increase in the price of metals has subsequently led to a resumption of the activities. On 13 december 2010, the company received Molycorp, the owner of the mine, all the necessary licenses for the construction of facilities for the extraction of rare earth metals to boot.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" len="166" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [8]  After an investment of more than half a billion dollars by the end of 2012, the facilities will be ready. The production capacity will rise to 19,000 tonnes per year compared to around 3,000 tons in 2009. ==Abbreviations<span class="mw-editsection" len="332" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p lang="en" len="77" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In scientific texts the following English abbreviations used:


 * REE = Rare Earth Elements (rare earth elements)
 * LREE = Light Rare Earth Elements (light rare earth elements: rare earth elements in the periodic table the to samarium)
 * HREE = Heavy Rare Earth Elements (heavy rare earth elements: on the periodic table the rare earth elements from europium)