Jean-Paul Sartre

Jean-Paul Charles Eymard Sartre (Paris, 21 June 1905 ; died 15 april 1980) was a French philosopher and writer of novels and plays. He is considered the father of the French Existentialism. At first he was apolitical, but starting from the Second World War he profiled as links engaged intellectual. He exerted influence on public opinion on political issues such as the First Indochina war, the cold war and the Algerian war of independence. In 1964, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature , but he refused to accept that.



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[hide] *1 Biography  ==Biography[ Edit] == Sartre was born on 21 June 1905 in Paris. His father, a naval officer, died shortly after his birth; He was raised by his mother and his maternal grandparents, who were related to Albert Schweitzer . His mother remarried In 1917, again with an engineer, which he has always hated. The family moved to La Rochelle, where he found his fellow students often violent and cruel. In 1920 he was sick, why he had to be included as a matter of urgency in Paris. In addition, his mother thought it was better for his education that he no longer went to school in La Rochelle. From 1921 he followed secondary education at the Lycée Henri IV in Paris, where he met writer/essayist Paul Nizan . They would remain close friends until Nizan was killed in May 1940. From 1922 to 1924 he traversed the preparation (classes préparatoires) at the lycée Louis-le-Grand for theÉcole normale supérieure (ENS). In 1924 he was admitted to the ENS. There he met among others Raymond Aron and Simone de Beauvoir. With the first he would still get to stick it as intellectual; the latter would be his life's Companion. After an initial exclusion in 1929, he was admitted to study philosophy. Sartre was a time teacher in the French secondary education. He has published essays and developed as a pioneer of the then French Existentialism. Sartre found his ' fascination ' for Existentialist work in the study of the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger's philosophy in existence. At the same time, he became known to a wide audience through his novel La Nausée (1938), short stories (1939Le Mur ) and theatre pieces (Les Mouches 1943).
 * 2 Bibliography
 * 2.1 novels and short stories
 * 2.2 Stage
 * 2.3 Scenarios
 * 2.4 Philosophy
 * 2.5 literary criticism
 * 2.6 Autobiographical
 * 3 footnotes
 * 4 Sources

In 1940, he was in German captivity, where he wrote a diary of 2000 pages. These are partly lost, but the remaining part is published after his death under the title Carnets de la drôle de guerre. In addition, he read in captivity Heidegger's philosophical master work Sein und Zeit. In 1941 he pretended was released on health grounds. In Paris he could get a job as a teacher of philosophy at the Lycée Condorcet, where he took the place of a fired Jewish teacher. One of Sartre's main themes was the existential freedom in a world without higher power that effect or gives meaning to life. Which must be the man myself but to create, see how difficult that is. Concise and abstract that he formulated as: the existence precedes essence. The man is so essentially free and can not blame it on circumstances, not even his responsibility in extreme situations.For example, you are always free to say no (or thinking) against the occupying forces. His productivity was fairly high during the German occupation; his philosophical head ' être et le néant work he has in that time to publish, without problems as well as his plays Les mouches and House clos. ' Être et le néant In influenced by Heidegger, he tried on a phenomenological way to build his a ' doctrine '. This earned him by Heidegger the qualification ' gifted journalist ' on[1] .

Tomb of Sartre and De BeauvoirSartre was regarded by some critics as a pessimist. According to Sartre itself this was not his intention. In a column that he in the 1950s for the daily newspaper Le Monde wrote, he argued that man is wicked from birth, that can be held responsible for the conflicts in the world. This can be linked to the pronunciation of a character from the play Huis Closthat the others are hell (L'enfer, c'est les autres), because the presence of other people inevitably restricts your own freedom.

In the political field was Sartre a marxist of the 'third way', with an independent position vis-à-vis the United States and the Soviet Union. However, when the cold war hardened and the resulted in Korea-war, while France was increasingly pro-American, chose Sartre in 1952 the side of the Soviet Union, although he never became a member of the then powerful French Communist Party. He was in the period 1952-1956 a fellow-traveller, a sympathizer of the Soviet Union along with supporters as Claude Lanzmann. [2]  at the end of his journey through the Soviet Union in 1954 he wrote six very laudatory articles on the Soviet system in the Communist party affiliated to the French Libération. He took more and more away from its own, Existentialism and found that freedom had to be obtained through the collective, rather than through the individual. It came in 1950s to fiercepolemics, including his former fellow student at the ENS, the liberal Raymond Aron (which regarded Marxism as ' opium for intellectuals '), and with his fellow writer and philosopher existentialist Albert Camus, who never wanted to call and found that you had to make your hands dirty by not giving in to totalitarianism.

In 1956 changed Sartre's attitude towards the radical communism of the Soviet Union; He approved the RAID in Hungary af. From that year he also pointed to the French desire to preserve off Algeria. The Algerian war of independence was already two years. He personally ran this risk; his own apartment was twice the target of a bomb attack of the OASand the French Government was considering to arrest him. President Charles de Gaulle, however, rejected this. "You don't arrest Voltaire", he found. Sartre also turned against colonialism in General and wrote a preface for Frantz Fanons classic indictment of Colonialism: The wretched of the Earth.

When Jean-Paul Sartre in 1964 Nobel Prize in literature was awarded, he refused, because he was afraid that the price would deprive him of his freedom by placing him on a pedestal. [3]  In 1960 he still did an extensive attempt to Marxism and Existentialism to rhyme with each other in Critique de la raison dialectique. The second part of this work appeared posthumously. Are anti-anticommunism made it possible to profile to the radical left. In 1967 he presided together with Bertrand Russell on the Russell Tribunal about the u.s. role in the Viet Nam war. He gave present at the events in France inMay 1968, though he was not the source of inspiration. From then on he was active in journalism; He interviewed the student leader Daniel Cohn-Bendit for the newsmagazine Le nouvel observateur. In 1971 he fell on it by editing and threatened with closure by the authorities of hawking Maoist journal La cause du peuple. Later he did the same with the Maoist Tout sheets and J'accuse. In 1973 he was one of the founders of the left-wing newspaper Libérationhad to after a year for health reasons, but his editorial work specified. At the end of his life he regretted not to have been radically to the extreme.

The last years of his life he was almost completely blind; He died on 15 april 1980 at the age of 74 in the Broussais hospital in Paris. At his funeral on the Paris Montparnasse cemetery were about 50,000 people here. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sartre's status as intellectual guru during his life remained virtually untouched. Nowadays, its literary merits, but are still widely recognized anti-anticommunism is, "by the pressure of circumstances" since the 1980s (temporarily?) become irrelevant. His philosophical works are now chiefly studied by vakfilosofen head. ==Bibliography<span class="mw-editsection" len="335" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Novels and short stories<span class="mw-editsection" len="341" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ===Stage<span class="mw-editsection" len="329" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ===Scenarios<span class="mw-editsection" len="333" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ===Philosophy<span class="mw-editsection" len="332" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ===Literary criticism<span class="mw-editsection" len="342" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ===Autobiographical<span class="mw-editsection" len="338" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ===
 * 1938- La Nausée (Dutch: The Disgust (Amsterdam 1985))
 * 1939- Le Mur (Dutch: the wall (born 1983)), a collection of five short novels:
 * Le Mur
 * La Chambre
 * Érostrate
 * Intimité
 * L'Enfance du chef
 * 1945- Les chemins de la liberté vol 1 (Dutch: the roads of liberty part 1 (born 1949) Titre: L ' âge de raison (English title: the years des distinction)) (Meppel 1978))
 * 1945- Les chemins de la liberté vol 2 (Dutch: The ways of freedom part 2 (born 1952) Titre: Le of payments (English title: the delay))
 * 1949- Les chemins de la liberté vol 3 (Dutch: the roads of liberty part 3 (born 1952) La mort dans l ' âme : Titre (English title: death in the heart))
 * 1940- Baronia
 * 1943- Les Mouches (Dutch: the fly (Amsterdam 1983))
 * 1945- House clos (Dutch: with closed doors (Amsterdam 1983))
 * La Putain respectueuse (1946-Dutch: the respectful woman for hire (in: the fly))
 * Morts sans sépulture 1946-
 * 1948- Les Mains sales ( dirty hands (in Dutch:: the fly))
 * 1951- Le Diable et le Bon Dieu (Dutch: the devil and God)
 * 1954- Kean
 * 1955- Nekrassov
 * Les Séquestrés d'Altona 1959-
 * 1965- Les Troyennes
 * 1947- Les jeux sont faits (Dutch: the die is cast (Amsterdam 1959))
 * 1962- L'Engrenage (Dutch: Between the wheels (1967 A.W. Bruna & Zoon, Utrecht/Antwerp))
 * 1936- L'Imagination (Dutch: image and imagination (Meppel 1968))
 * 1937- the LEGO La Transcendance (Dutch: The I is one thing; sketch ener phenomenological description)
 * 1938- Esquisse d'une théorie des ' (Dutch: magic and emotion (Meppel 1966))
 * 1940- L'Imaginaire (Dutch: the imaginary; phenomenological psychology of the imagination (Meppel 1970))
 * 1943- Essai d'ontologie ' être et le néant: phenomenologique (Dutch: being and not; aptitude test a phenomenological ontology Rotterdam 2003: ISBN 90-5637-497-4)
 * 1945- L'existentialisme est un Humanisme (Dutch: About Existentialism)
 * 1947-1976- Situations (I-X); (Dutch: revolution and literature: a choice of Situations 1938-1976, Amsterdam, 1977)
 * 1947- Conscience et connaissance de soi
 * 1947- Réflexions sur la question juive (Dutch: Portrait of a anti-Semite, A.A.M. Stols, 's Gravenhage, 1947)
 * 1957- Questions the méthode (Dutch: the problem of a method, Bijleveld, Utrecht, 1996)
 * 1960- Critique de la raison dialectique
 * 1983- Cahiers pour une morale (posthumous)
 * 1985- Critique de la raison dialectique II: L'intelligibilité de l'histoire (posthumous)
 * 1989- Vérité et existence (posthumous)
 * 1947- Baudelaire
 * 1952- Saint Genet comédien et martyr (Dutch: The martyr Saint Genet; and comedian)
 * 1971-1973- L'Idiot de la famille
 * 1964- Les Mots (Dutch: the words (born 1981))
 * 1983-1995-Carnets de la drôle de guerre
 * 1983-Lettres au Castor et à quelques autres, tome I et II