History of Spain

This article provides an overview of the history of Spain .



Content
[hide] *1 Prehistory  ==Prehistoric Times[ Edit] == In prehistoric times need different times peoples who came from Africa, crossing the Strait of Gibraltar and Spain have spread. In Atapuerca, near Burgos, the capital were the oldest fossils of early humans (Homo Sapiens) in Europe discovered: "Cannibals" of about 1,000,000 years back and "el hombre antecessor" of some 300,000 years back. [1]  For the ice ages the Neanderthals settled in Spain. The first ' modern ' humans (Cro-Magnon) established themselves during the ice age after which the Neanderthals were gradually driven out or became extinct.
 * 2 ancient times
 * 2.1 Celtiberians, Phoenicians, Greeks and
 * 2.2 Roman period
 * 3 middle ages
 * 3.1 Period of migrations
 * 3.2 Visigothic period
 * 3.3 Moorish period, Taifa and Reconquista
 * 4 early modern period
 * 4.1 The reyes católicos and the conquistadors
 * 4.2 the Habsburg empire after Charles V
 * 4.3 of Habsburg to Bourbon to Bonaparte
 * 5 modern times
 * 5.1 Independence wars and end of the Empire
 * 5.2 Spain under Franco
 * 5.3 Current monarchy
 * 6 footnotes
 * 7 Sources

In the time of the famous cave paintings in Lascaux, France, lived there are similar "artists" around the port city of Santander. They created the equally famous paintings in the caves of Altamira (a replica of it can still be visited), that some smaller sisters have in Puente Viesgo, and likewise in Cantabria. Recently were also in the caves of Nerja cave paintings dated to 42,000 years old, which would make them among the oldest in the world. [2]  The Basques came set up and spread over the area of the current Basque country to Guadalajara in southern Spain. There were trade groups of them who gave names to many rivers in Europe downwards and, recognizable by their names that contain "ur" (Basque: water) occurs.

The oldest forms of settlement in Spain are found in Almería. The discovered walled settlements are dated on ± 2500 BC. ==Ancient Times[ Edit] == ===Celtiberians, Phoenicians, Greeks and[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Spain, in particular the South of it, is very rich in all kinds of valuable ores such as iron, copper, mercury, silver and Gold. Already in the early copper age, around 4000 BC. copper mines were laid out and that expanded over the centuries to other metals. Spain especially in the bronze age was very important for the whole Mediterranean area for the manufacture of bronze and many seafaring Nations tried to found colonies. The first known civilization that settled in what is now Andalusia around the year 1000 BC was the Phoenician. From their main Tyre and Sidon ports found them among others the colony Gades. These Phoenicians gifts, according to the most accepted theory, the name Spain to this peninsula. In the Fenisisch this name meant "Coast der rabbits". But these were not the first settlers; probably Minoers of Crete went them already thousand years before. The Phoenicians were a Iberian culture to already developed, probably grew out of native Neolithic tribes that civilization had gained in earlier trading contacts with the Minoan coastal settlements and mixed in this field. This was the mythical Kingdom of Tartessus. Tartessus was probably destroyed by, the originally Phoenician colony Carthage and City State, around 500 BC, in turn the influence of Carthage was lost by the for their unfortunate end of the Punic Wars. There was also mixing Greeks, coming on with most from the vicinity of the Greek city of Massilia in the Provence, which colonized the North-East of Spain and especially with Celts who ± 900-600 BC from Central Europe over the Pyrenees entered the North of Spain.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">There was a mixture of Celts and Iberians: "los celtíberos" (celtiberians). In the Parque Natural Arribes del Duero Zamora, Salamanca of both Internacional as Portugal are many remains of "verracos", "castros", "estellas", bridges, to see sources and dolmen of this population group. Asturias and Galicia is the region of the culture of "castreños". There are in this country also to find large dolmen and remnants of Celtic Druid cults. ===Roman period<span class="mw-editsection" len="346" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The Roman conquest of Hispania in phases.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the Punic Wars, the Romans in Spain in [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=nl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F206_v.Chr. 206 BC], led by Scipio Africanus. With the Celtiberians, in Central Spain, as well as with the tribes in the North and Northwest to fight Rome still had a dozen years before they finally were subject. After the siege and the fall of Numantia in 133 BC all resistance was finally broken. Further final conquest of the entire Iberian peninsula was difficult; It lasted from 220 to 19 BC honor all corners by the Romans were subject. Hispania was initially divided into twoprovinces: Citerior and Ulterior, in 27 BC, at the time of Emperor August, reclassified to Hispania Tarraconensis (capital, Tarraco(Tarragona)), Hispania Lusitania (capital,Emerita Augusta(Mérida)) and Hispania Baetica (capital Corduba (Córdoba); another important city was Hispalis (Seville)), the latter was the most important and richest province. The prosperity came flourished, mainly due to the operation of many mines.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The romanization was very intense in Spain, hence, that the Latin, the ground language was of the Spanishspoken nowadays. Almost all the great writers of the era after Emperor Augustus are from Spain.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Connecting to the cities of the Romans laid roads. The course of the roads is to at this time remained virtually unchanged. The later rise of Madrid has some abnormalities in the course caused. Toletum in Roman times was an intersection of roads. There were new cities such as León.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Scipio in 206 BC also founded the city of Itálica. This city brought among other things the emperors Trajan and Hadrian, which accompanied a solid Spanish representation in the Roman Senate. Julius Caesar, who later would become famous as Conqueror of Gaul, in [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=nl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F61_v.Chr. 61 BC] was Governor of Hispania Ulterior.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the incursions of the Barbarians ran in the 3rd century civilization and prosperity back strongly. In the beginning of the 5th century, when the Roman Empire was under Germanic conquerors Spain, pushed inside.The Roman period ends about 400 with the arrival of the Visigoths, which originally were employed as mercenaries by the Romans, but later as predatory gangs would focus, in substance, the whole economy of Spain. ==Middle Ages<span class="mw-editsection" len="342" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Period of migrations<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the so-called migration in the early 5th century drew different Germanic tribes by Gaul and came out in Hispania, where they are durably, initially as foederati of the Romans, but over time suggested this nothing more for the Roman power and disappeared completely. The new inhabitants were the Suevi, the Vandals ( Silingi and Hasdingidivided into), the non-Germanic Visigoths, Alans and finally that eventually would get the upper hand. The Suevi founded their Kingdom in the Northwest of Iberia, the Vandals and Alans were soon driven out by the Visigoths and soon established themselves in North Africa. ===Visigoth period<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Visigothic king Alhauf pulled in the Pyrenees about 350 and captured present-day Catalonia. In the next 50 years the country was overpowered. The Visigoths were from 418 in Spain dominate in power. Their capital was initially Toulouse (Tolosa), but by the Visigothic defeat against the Franks in the battle of Vouillé (507) was moved to Toledo (Toletum). In 554 conquered the Byzantines led by Belisarius the Spanish South coast, but were soon away from politics. The Visigoths conquered finally in Suevenrijk and also on the Basque country 575 after they prevailed over the Iberian Peninsula. They hung to 589 the Arian Christianity, but repented when to the Catholicism. The Roman landowners was stripped of most of their possession. The Roman civilization, however, continued to exist. The cities retained the Roman Church retained its bishops and its organization and the Catholic cult. The farmers were suppressed by the nobles and the clergy. The bishops with their annual legislative meetings as a national church councils, which were mighty power, and intolerant.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In Toledo is a Visigothic museum into a museum Church in Mérida. By that time, few traces to see more: what remains in Toledo, a half Church in Burgos (Quintanilla de las Viñas), an icon of a small church in Palencia (Baños de Cerrato, the small church of San Juan Bautista from 661) and a beauty of a reconstructed iglesia from Almendra in Zamora (San Pedro de la Nave in Campillo). ===Moorish period, Taifa and Reconquista<span class="mw-editsection" len="366" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The Cathedral of Córdoba, the Mezquita, is a converted mosque.The Iberian Peninsula in 1037. In Green the heirs of the Caliphate, the Islamic tawa'if;in yellow the Christian principalities emerged from Asturias and the Spanish Mark. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Mutual conflicts of the Vsigoten led to the invocation of military aid from North Africa. This Moorish auxiliary troops were conquerors. The historic invasion of the Moors(Spanish: "Moros") in 711 via Gibraltarand Tarifa, at the request of a number of argumentative Visigothic rulers nota bene, could not resist the Visigoths. They were too divided and had no support in the population; they were themselves still considered too much as foreign rulers. In the year 712 they conquered Catalonia and they reached the Pyrenees. The Moors established the Emirate of Córdoba, Córdoba Caliphate later.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Moors were tolerant and tolerant. The State of the lower people's classes and of the Jews improved. The infidels were obligated to proceed to the Islam . The Chris toes and the Jews were allowed to retain their own religion. However, their church bells should they not read and they had to pay a special tax. To avoid this tax and to be able to hold a position many Christians went over to Islam.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the peripheral areas arise fiefdoms, still Christian such as Asturias, León, Navarre, Castile and Aragon. The Spanish history of the middle ages is mainly formed by the fight of the Christian States against the rule of the Moors and in the 12th century they get more and more the character of crusades.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A few years after 711, when the peninsula already to a large extent in the hands of the Moors was, they were stopped in the battle of Covadonga in the newly createdKingdom of Asturias, which had become a haven for Christians. This is seen as the beginning of the Reconquista (= "reconquest"), which is spoken rather optimistic since the Christians of Iberia within ten years almost entirely lost to the Muslims, while the final was completed only in 1492 and heroveringsstrijd about 770 years. In addition, the parties would In this fight for years in armed and paid (taxes) peace with each other and changing alliances, and may therefore not be spoken of a United front ' against ' the Muslims ' Christian '; among themselves they carried out also constantly war. So would also Moors on the side of the legendary El Cid Campeador (born in Vivar, near Burgos) fights against Moors and Christians.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the year 795 Charlemagne does an attempt to Spain to add to his empire. Initially he was defeated at Roncesvalles . In the end, Charlemagne the Frankish Empire to expand from the Spanish March can, from which he gave support to the Christian States in the North of Spain.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the nearly 6 1/2 century, in which Spain has been under Moorish rule, the country took off. The Moors introduced the islam in and there developed a Moorish-Spanish culture of the highest world level. Sevilla, Córdoba and Granada became world cities. By a sophisticated irrigation system flourished the agriculture with agricultural products, by them brought back from Asia. They planted olive groves in the South, date palms on Mallorca and oranges near Valencia. The bloom time of the Moors was between 926 and 1030 under rulers as Caliph Abd Er Rahman and Al-MansurAscension for Caliph Hisham II. Under the rule of the weak Hisjam II increased the bellicose stadtholder Ibn Abi Aamir, the power of the State, Santiago de Compostela partially destroyed and called the Christian States in many bloody wars back. Hereinafter referred to as a power struggle broke out between Berbers and Arabs. After the Caliphate Cordoba fell in 1031 down into many sometimes fierce fighting tawa'if. This fight could use the Christian States in the North.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">León, Navarre, Castile and Aragon were formed as independent States. From the States began the Reconquista. Get the Moors in 1085 still support of the Almoravids. Their leader Yusuf ibn Tashfin delivers bloody battles with El Cid in Valencia.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1212 the Almohadische Moors were defeated in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236 and Seville in 1248 knew Cordoba to conquer. After that time it was with the flowering time of the Moorish Empire done and were the Moors in the defensive. But by divisions on Christian side ended the reconquista only with the fall of Granada on January 2, 1492 due to the siege by the Reyes Católicos. This date is often considered the actual Association of Spain. Shortly thereafter, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella the so-called Expulsion edict, in which all Jews were forced to convert to Christianity or the country, leaving behind their gold, silver and money, leave.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the North there were several Christian States: Navarre, Aragon, León and Galicia, and later Castile and Portugal. These States were United by marriages, until finally the remaining two, Castile and Aragon, by the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon with Isabella I of Castile (1469) merged in the United Spain. After the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella came to an end the Arab period. ==Early modern period<span class="mw-editsection" len="347" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===The reyes católicos and the conquistadors<span class="mw-editsection" len="370" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Meanwhile Portugal, Spain itself had, following the example set to on the voyages of paid up. The, originally from Genoa -born Chris Campagna, Navigator in Spanish service discovered America. There were numerous unemployed soldiers left behind by the peace, which now had no means of livelihood. Many decided to be Navigator or conquistador . The Explorers and sailors had no trouble to find men. The successful expeditions byCortés and Pizarro in the conquest of the Aztec and the Inca Empire, and the Foundation of the Spanish Empire. Although the official version was that in Mexico and Peru Christianity was preached, it went mainly to the large amounts of gold, silver and other valuables, which were brought to Spain. ===The Habsburg empire after Charles V<span class="mw-editsection" len="365" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The Empire of Spain and Portugal<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Spain became a world power under the Habsburgs (1504-1700) and the Bourbons (1700-1868). The Spanish empire stretched around the world. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor ruled Germany, Burgundy, Austria, the Netherlands, Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, parts of Italy, the Philippines and most of Centraland South America. At Charles abdication in 1556 the Empire was divided between his son Philip (Spain plus colonies and the Netherlands) and his brother Ferdinand (Austria and the reign). In Spain this time locks in the Royal family and the Roman Catholic Church a closely connected to suppression of defects on ecclesiastical and political fields.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the accession of Philip II began a period of decline of the Spanish monarchy. The Netherlands made themselves los because of religious strife and the centralization were where they do not agree. The Turks make the Spaniards remained difficult. The French fought the Habsburgs because they felt themselves encircled. In 1580 Philip II conquered Portugal, but the course of the fight against the Netherlands during the eighty years war weakened his prestige. The Dutch Republic was de facto independent from 1588, and developed trade, maritime and colonial area soon to a competitor. Another contender was England. Eventually names Spain's leading position on these countries. The many wars, despite the immense riches that Spain brought from America, flocked to the edge of the financial abyss. Heavy taxes on the population. In 1640 Portugal itself again with the support of France knew from Spain.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1700, Charles II of Spain died childless, which meant an end of the Habsburg Royal family in Spain. Philip V was by the marriage with Maria Theresa with the French King Louis XIV in rights entered into force for the Spanish throne. This follow-up gave under the European royalty as much turmoil, that there was the result of the war of the Spanish succession. ===Of Habsburg to Bourbon to Bonaparte<span class="mw-editsection" len="371" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From 1701 to 1714 the war of the Spanish Successionraged. During this war the English occupied Gibraltarin 1704. This war resulted in a centralized State headed by the House of Bourbon. During the French Revolution Spain chose the side of England and Austria. In 1796 Spain connected itself with the French Directoire and declared war on England. Spain remained an ally of Napoleon Bonaparte and was mixed in the first coalition war .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At the beginning of the 19th century, when Napoleon Bonaparte was Emperor of France and much of Europe dominated, he put off the Bourbons and left this House of his extended family waive rights. Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain was appointed. A practical General popular uprising against the French was the consequence. This resulted in many years of guerrilla war, which in Spain is still known as the Guerra de Independencia (Peninsular War). It all started when General Junot 27,000 inexperienced soldiers got to to address the Government of Lisbon . Portugal, namely trade with England, a violation of Napoleon's Continental System

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">While Junot in Portugal concentrated on the war, Napoleon founded in Spain that was created after the revolt in Madrid on 2 may 1808. However, he could not suppress this uprising. ==Modern Time<span class="mw-editsection" len="343" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Independence wars and end of the Empire<span class="mw-editsection" len="379" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Napoleonic Government in Spain came at val. Napoleon lost 17,000 soldiers. For the war with Russia, he had to remove troops from Spain, while the problems in Spain were not resolved. The Spaniards under general Wellington were helped and the French were driven out in 1814 from a total depleted Spain. Ferdinand VII of Spain became King and promised to recognize the Constitution, but soon he ruled as an absolute monarch. Under his rule went a large part of the American possessions lost for Spain.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the previous period of war and chaos hit Spain lost control of its colonies, whereby all of Central and South America rose up. Spain lost virtually his whole colonial empire eventually hit.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Problems about follow-up and throne rights led to the first Carlist War. The war become brighter because the Basques defended their privileges on autonomy. Public unrest and conflicts to the throne meant Spain in 1873 the Federal first Spanish Republic was declared, with a new Constitution and a democratic Government. A distribution of land ownership and establishing farms on cooperative basis was for the carlisten a reason to start the Second Carlist War . In 1871 was proclaimed King Alfonso XII of Spain . The Spanish statesman Cásanovas knew the balance with skill to maintain. In the second half of the 19th century led the Spanish-American war in 1898 to the loss of the last Spanish colonies in the Western hemisphere: Cuba and Puerto Rico. The defeat of Spain in the Spanish-American war and the assassination of Cásanovas in 1898 led to imbalance. Also lost to the country the Philippines. The emerging industry and the associated poverty gave rise to strikes, rebellions and sabotage actions.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the first world war, Spain was neutral. Poverty took hand over fist. In 1919 it came in Barcelona to a fierce battle between soldiers and the civil authority. The Republican movement took another in strength by rebellions in Valencia and Santander. The elections in 1923 delivered a victory for the Socialists. In response to the Socialist influence began general Miguel Primo de Rivera coup d ' état in Barcelona. With the help of amilitary dictatorship and with the approval of King Alfonso XIII, he himself at the head of the Government, which he ruled as a dictator. Primo de Rivera had to resign In 1930. The situation remained tense. When King Alfonso XIII in 1931 again the Constitution had recovered and the municipal elections were held, from this, that the King fell so Republican, even before the votes were counted, all left the country. ===Spain under Franco<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1931 was in Spain second Spanish Republic proclaimed after King Alfonso XIII was forced to resign. The problems facing the Government was confronted were, among others, the position of the Church, the land and the fact that the Basque country and Catalonia autonomy wanted. These problems could only partially to the Government, including left-wing and right-wing governments, that had the effect of nuns. The people were noisy and political murders were the order of the day. In 1934 in Catalonia and Asturias rebellions broke out, which under the leadership of Francisco Franco the then still unknown officer bloody were suppressed.Continued political instability eventually led to the Spanish civil war (1936-1939). On 17 July 1936, the Spanish-Moroccan rebellionbegan a generals revolt against the legitimate Government, which soon spilled over to Spain. The civil war began as a nationalist rebellion against the legitimate Republican government, but was, in fact, with all foreign interference, a conflict between democracy and the victim, a variant of Italian fascism.Initially supported the insurgent generals primarily on the 18,000-strong Moroccan forces and the 40,000 carlisten. General Franco, leader of the nationalists, was supported by Germany and Italy, while the limitedGovernment was helped by the then Soviet Union and the many foreign international brigades (French, Belgians, etc.). The nationalists overcome, and remained as dictator General Franco in power until his death in 1975. He was "Caudillo España por la Gracia de Dios" (leader of Spain at Grace of God) call. He determined that after his death the monarchy had to be restored and dropped in 1969 as a future King Juan Carlos de Bourbon (sworn translations). Contrary to what many were expecting, and the Axis powers even hoped, Franco refused his country at involving the Second World War . In the initial phase he supported the As verbal, declared himself "non-belligerent", but sent the Blue Division, consisting of volunteers, to the Eastern front to nazi Germany to stand up to the Soviet Union. Later, he moved it back and declared itself neutral.

<p lang="en" len="126" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Spain hit by the fascist sympathies of Franco after World War II in an economic and political isolation. ===Current monarchy<span class="mw-editsection" len="348" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">All the Spanish economy flourished in the aftermath of Franco on, among other things by mass tourism. Business longed for reforms in order to get to Europe. It found an ally in Juan Carlos, the designated successor of Franco.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the death of Franco was Juan Carlos I, the grandson of Alfonso XIII, the new King. Partly because of his actions came in 1978 to create a democratic Constitution . This period is peaceful and the Transición, called ' transition '. Slowly but surely, a democratization process in motion. Following a referendum on 6 december 1978 the new democratic Constitution was approved. That was a compromise between the advocates of a strong central State, as under Franco, but than democratic, and the proponents of a decentralized State with more autonomy for the regions, especially from the Basque country, Catalonia and Galicia was the desire for greater autonomy in size. On February 23, 1981 failed a coup by Antonio Tejero. In 1982, the State, in application of the Constitution were decentralized and 17 autonomous regions and two autonomous cities founded.In 1986, Spain joined the European Community, so that it could benefit from 1993 of the free market.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On March 11, 2004, Spain was rocked by a number of attacks on commuter trains in Madrid. There were 191 victims. The attacks were supposedly committed by Al-Qaeda, because of the Spanish military presence inIraq. Premier Aznar laid the blame primarily with the Basque terrorist group ETA. This was not readily accepted him, and his party was voted out in favor of the Social Democrat Zapatero. This announced a change of policy, and pulled troops back from Iraq.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Zapatero would during the eighth and the ninth legislature to stay in power. During his second term stores the crisis hard. This is the reaction of Zapatero's Government as insufficiently experienced. At the end of his reign the unemployment in the country rises above 20% off. In the 2011 elections, his party is punished hard in favor of the conservative Mariano Rajoy's PP . He also got to contend with the growing independence of Catalonia that is from the beginning of the 20th century to a broad popular movement, about the parties back, developed. This crystallized in a mass demonstration on 11 september 2012 and a human chain, the Via Catalana in 2013.