Federal Republic of Germany (1949-1990)

The Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) was between 1949 and 1990, when the Federal Republic of Germany the eastern part of the current not yet included, known abroad under the informal but almost universally used name West-Germany. The eastern part of Germany was formed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR), which was also known as East Germany. In addition to the West of Germany also made the Northwest and the southern part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Within the Federal Republic of Germany had the nickname Bonner Republik because the capital until 1991 in Bonn on the Rhine River lay. Only since 1999 is composed of the organs of the League in Berlin.

The Federal Republic was founded in 1949 by the merger of the American, British and French occupation zones. In 1955 she became sovereign under Allied reserve. In 1957, the Saarland protectorate lifted and as State of part of the Federal Republic. In 1990 United the old Federal Republic and the areas of the GDR, as the new DDR-Federal States joined the Federal Republic joined. Since then, those Federal States, which were already part of the Federal Republic, alte Bundesländer (old Länder), while the Federal Republic for 1990 's often as old Federal Republic is referred to.



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[hide] *1 History  ==History[ Edit] == The Federal Republic was created after the total defeat of the National Socialist Germany in 1945. The German cities were largely destroyed, many German men dead, missing or in captivity and the country was occupied by Allied forces. Germany hit all areas east of the rivers Oder and Neisse to Poland and the Soviet Union, and the German-speaking population was from these areas and the rest of Eastern Europe driven out, leaving more than 10 million people extra in the scaled-down ended up Germany.
 * attitude to the DDR 2
 * 3 demographics
 * 4 Politics
 * 4.1 Diagnostic schemes of the Federal Republic of
 * 4.2 Presidents
 * 4.3 Federal Chancellors
 * 4.4 Federal system
 * 5 Defense
 * 6 Sports
 * 7 Images

Between 1945 and 1949 gave rise to differences of opinion between the Allied occupiers, which led to the introduction of the D-mark in the French, British and American occupation zones. In response, the Soviet Union blocked access to West Berlin.

From 1948 worked a parliamentary advice to the drafting of a new Constitution for Germany (West), and on 23 May 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded as a merger of the three Western occupation zones, with Bonn as its capital. The Federal Republic was given on 5 may 1955 a large part of its sovereignty through the treaties of Paris. Most of the former occupying army, however, was not recalled, mainly to protect the country from the threat of the Soviet Union.

The Federal Republic joined the NATO on 9 May 1955 and was one of the founding members of the EEC. The nation then became a focus in the cold war because of its important position among the countries of the West and of the Warsaw pact.

Also the former German capital, Berlin, was from 1948 split controlled: the Western sectors formed West Berlin, while the Soviet Union occupied by the sector formed East Berlin . West Berlin became a Western enclave in 1949 within the German Democratic Republic, but was formally not part of the Federal Republic. The parliamentarians of West Berlin had no right to vote in the Bundestag and the conscription did not apply to residents of West Berlin.

The Federal Republic regarded itself as the only representative of Germany. Until 1969 the Hallsteindoctrinewielded the Federal Republic, which they broke the diplomatic connections with those countries that recognized the GDR. Under Chancellor Willy Brandt and Secretary of State Egon Bahr was a relaxation to the Eastern blocpolitics, the so-called Neue Ostpolitik. This led to treaties with the Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany and Czechoslovakia. In 1973 the Federal Republic as the GDR were both Member of the United Nations.

At the end of the sixties, the German student movement firmly is stirring. At a demonstration in West Berlin in 1967 the student Benno Ohnesorg by a police bullet killed. A year later, an attack committed on student leader Rudi Dutschke. These events led to a radicalization of part of the student movement. In the 1970s the Federal Republic was faced with the Red Army faction (RAF), a left-wing terrorist group. The first group of RAF members was held in 1972. In the fall of 1977 was a second generation of RAF members actively: they murdered the bank manager Jürgen Ponto, Hanns-Martin Schleyer kidnapped employers ' President and showed a Lufthansa plane hijacking. After the storming of Baader, Ensslin and Raspe committed the airplane suicide and became Hanns-Martin Schleyer killed.

After the fall of the Berlin wall on 9 november 1989 the German reunification was quickly a fact. This was formally consummated on 3 October 1990, after the Federal Republic, the GDR and the four victors of the second world war the Zwei-plus-Four Treaty signed. The four powers their troops pulled back Later. ==Attitude to the GDR<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Federal Republic regarded itself as the only democratically elected and thus the only legitimate representative of the German people. The cutting came that reflected in the aforementioned Hallsteindoctrine. As West Berlin was not part of the Federal Republic, if not also the Federal Republic recognised East Berlin as part of the GDR. For this reason also the Willy Brandt and Helmut Schmidt visited the GDR not in East Berlin. The GDR was also not considered as abroad. The representation of the Federal Republic in East Berlin was called der Bundesrepublik Ständige Vertretung restaurant bei der DDR (permanent representation of the Federal Republic at the GDR), with which two cases were brought to express:

<p lang="en" len="269" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The German Constitution contained two articles on the unification of Germany:
 * It was a representation and no embassy. Embassies are foreign representations and the GDR was not a foreign country, but Germany;
 * It was not a representation at the GDR and East Berlin in the GDR under international law not to because the GDR belonged.

<p lang="en" len="572" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the Wende of 1989 in the GDR the first freely elected East German Parliament decided in 1990 that Eastern Germany were recovered and that this itself according to article 23 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic would join the Federal Republic. ==Demographics<span class="mw-editsection" len="353" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1982 the Federal Republic had 61.5 million inhabitants of which 4.6 million foreigners. One hundred years before lived in the same area only about 20 million inhabitants. After the Second World War took the Federal Republic 14 million inhabitants on from Eastern Europe and East Germany. In addition, since the 1960s settled millions of guest workersin the Federal Republic. The country had a birth rate of 10.1 births per 1000 inhabitants, making it one of the lowest birth rates in the world had.
 * In article 23 was the possibility that other parts of the Federal Republic of Germany joined in accordance with the provisions of the existing Constitution.
 * Article 146 provided an opportunity for a Union of all parts of Germany under a new Constitution.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The indigenous population of the old Federal Republic speaks mainly German. In the North of Schleswig-Holstein is a small Danish minority. In the North German region East Frisia Low Saxon is spoken and is a part of the Frisian population. ==Politics<span class="mw-editsection" len="351" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Federal Republic of Germany, with its Constitution of 23 May 1949 a democratic-parliamentary federal State. The Constitution may by a two-thirds vote in Bundestag andBundesrat be changed. Some articles, in which the basic principles of the Constitution as the federal structure of the State, the democratic, social and legal principles of the State, and the inviolability of human worth of the individual, of any change are excluded. ===Typical schemes of the Federal Republic of<span class="mw-editsection" len="387" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p lang="en" len="54" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Federal Republic has some diagnostic schemes:

===Presidents<span class="mw-editsection" len="354" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ===Federal Chancellors<span class="mw-editsection" len="358" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ===Federal system<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p lang="en" len="107" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The 10 federal States (Bundesländer, singular: Bundesland) of the Federal Republic of Germany were:
 * The electoral threshold of 5%, with which the fragmentation of the Parliament as in the time of the Weimar Republic to prevent
 * The arrangement of the constructive vote of no confidence: a Government can only be deposited as the opposition has enough votes in Parliament to form a new Government
 * The prohibition of extremist parties. This neo-Nazi Sozialistische Reichspartei were, among other things, the KPD and the Communist banned.
 * The decentralization of power, in which a large part of powers in the Federal States was housed.
 * 1949-1959: Theodor Heuss
 * 1959-1969: Heinrich Lübke
 * 1969-1974: Gustav Heinemann
 * 1974-1979: Walter Scheel
 * 1979-1984: Karl Carstens
 * 1984-1990: Richard von Weizsäcker (until 1994 in the United Germany)

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">According to the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany was this also apply to greater Berlin. This was not accepted by the occupying powers of Berlin. West Berlin (Berlin (West)) functioned as a State in the Federal Republic but was not formally part of it. Members of the Bundestag in Berlin had no voting rights and inhabitants of Berlin had no conscription in the Bundeswehr. ==Defence<span class="mw-editsection" len="351" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Since the capitulation of Germany in 1945, the country was occupied and the army was disbanded. Also after the establishment of the Federal Republic in 1949, the country had no army. After the failure of the plan for aEuropean defence community was on 12 november 1955 the Bundeswehr was established. Following a change in the German Constitution was the Federal Republic joined the NATO. In 1956 the conscription was introduced for men between 18 and 45 years, later supplemented by a civil service for conscientious objectors. West Berlin was officially not part of the Federal Republic and was excluded from military service.
 * Baden-Württemberg
 * Bavaria (Bayern)
 * Bremen
 * Hamburg
 * Hessen
 * Lower Saxony (Lower-Saxony)
 * North Rhine-Westphalia (North Rhine-Westphalia)
 * Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz)
 * Saarland
 * Schleswig-Holstein (Schleswig-Holstein)

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the cold war the Bundeswehr had a large share in NATO forces in Central Europe. The Bundeswehr counted 495,000 soldiers and 170,000 civilian staff man. The Army (Mr) consisted of three Army Corps with twelve divisions. The air force (Luftwaffe) was part of the integrated NATO air defense system NATINAD, while the main commitment of the Navy on the Baltic Sea and the North Sea was. ==Sports<span class="mw-editsection" len="349" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p lang="en" len="241" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The two main sports events that the Federal Republic until 1990 were organized:


 * The Olympic Summer Games in Munich in 1972 that were governed by the hostage drama. This involved the 11 Israeli athletes by the Palestinian Black Septembermovement killed
 * The 1974 FIFA World Cup, where the German national football team, but where the true world champion was the only international match ever was played against the GDR lost.