Maritime history of the Netherlands

The maritime history of Netherlands describes the origin and development of shipping in the Netherlands, starting from the 16th century. The previous period is discussed in Maritime History of the low countries: from prehistoric times to 1585.

The bloom of shipping, in particular the trade on the Baltic Sea, made by the Republic of the seven United Netherlands a maritime superpower who in the 17th centuryreached its peak both economically and politically. Our most power and bestaet by the Empire maris ende by the wager buitenlandsche commercien.  C.P. Hooft

Content
[hide] *1 after the fall of Antwerp  ==After the fall of Antwerp[ Edit] == "The geographer" by Johannes Vermeermakes the curiosity that made possible thevoyages of visible.After the fall of Antwerp in 1585 left more than half of the hundred thousand inhabitants of the city. Most moved to the northern provinces. Not infrequently this was via a detour through other countries. In addition, a few remained behind, so that the refugees who arrived in the Republic often had family members in more than one place in Europe. This created an extensive network that not only trade, but also promoted the flow of information to especially Amsterdam.
 * 1.1 trade around the Baltic Sea
 * 1.2 fishing and whaling
 * 1.3 Cartography
 * 1.4 Dredging
 * 1.5 shipbuilding
 * 1.6 Admiralties
 * 1.7 Street speed
 * 1.8 the road to the East Indies
 * 2 golden age
 * Amsterdam 2.1
 * 2.2 Treves
 * 2.3 resumption of the fight
 * 2.4 Dutch East India Company
 * 2.5 West Indies
 * 2.6 slave trade
 * 2.7 life on board
 * shipbuilding 2.8
 * 3 after the golden age
 * 3.1 Clippers
 * 4 Mechanization
 * 4.1 Royal Navy
 * 4.2 20th century
 * 4.3 Ocean towing service
 * 4.4 Offshore
 * 4.5 Heavy marine transport
 * 4.6 Dredging
 * 4.7 shipbuilding
 * 4.8 emergency organisations
 * 5 see also
 * Literature 6
 * 7 Notes

In 1585 the first embargo in Spain against the Netherlands suggested that would last until 1589. This initially had a destructive effect on the main trips on Iberia. In 1590 recovered this quickly. Almost immediately after his accession to the throne King Philip III broke with the practice that the insurgents in the northern Netherlands traded with the Spanish. He suggested an embargo in again in 1598, left all in Spanish and Portuguese ports take their present Dutch ships with cargo and took the crew captured. This policy brought at least as much damage to the Spanish economy as to the Dutch. The embargo remained in effect until 1608, but shipping had meanwhile returned to the far East, whereby there could be big profits achieved. ===Trading around the Baltic Sea[ Edit] === The trade with the countries around the Baltic Sea was of great importance in the 16th and 17th centuries. First, there was the so-called "mother trade"; This was above all the grain-and to a lesser extent the wood speed meant. Together, these were the most important economic pillars of the flowering period during the golden age. The Dutch were economically become especially prevalent due to being aligned on the mass transport, while the Hanseatic League mainly founded on the transport of luxury goods.

After the Peace of Speyer from 1544 Lübeckrecognized, the most powerful Hanseatic town, and the Wendische Covenant their defeat: from now on the Baltic Sea for the Dutch was freely accessible. It is clear from the lists of the sound toll enter around 1600 some 50% of all ships that the Sont passed under the Dutch flag. From 1615 was also substantially all trade on Russia in Dutch hands. [1]

The Directorate of the Baltic trade and shipping companies, founded in 1689, strove for the merchants in the Baltic Sea after safety. Allegory on the bloom of the Dutch fishing after the Second Anglo-Dutch war (1665-67),Willem Eversdijck ~ 1667. The great importance that was attached to the fishery shown by this painting with the Dutch admirals, some of whom a net with fish. Among other things, Adriaen Banckert and Michiel de Ruyter are depicted.===Fishing and whaling<span class="mw-editsection" len="366" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Of great importance was the herring fishing, large fishing and, to a lesser extent, the small fishing, the whaling. From 1614 to 1642 the Noordsche Compagnie had a monopoly on whaling. When this patent expired, were also others participate in hunting the bowhead whale. This eventually led to the near-eradication of the North Atlantic population of this whale species. ===Cartography<span class="mw-editsection" len="354" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Gerrit van Schagen 's world map from 1689.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The atlases that Willem Blaeu and his son Joan were the most detailed maps ever. Manufactured by them "Atlas maior"from 1662 was one of the most expensive atlases from the 17th century. ===Dredging<span class="mw-editsection" len="349" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Initially it was to be hand-dredging. The dredging bracket was a type of landing net with a long handle. He was introduced at the beginning of the 16th century from East Anglia. A new way of peat win was necessary, in order to comply with the demand of the growing cities. By the introduction of the dredging bracket it became possible the peat below the surface road to dredge, a practice that was called battle tally marks or peat draw.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">All [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=nl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJoost_Jansz._Bilhamer constructed in 1575 Joost Jansz. ]A mud millBilhamer. An improvement then was the mud barge with Rahman. Scribble owners on running water were used, which loswoelden the soil, after which the flow for the drainage took care. On the Zuiderzee was about to little current in order to use this, so that the Doodler was not useful here. The verzandingen therefore could not be countered and there had to use ship camels to get ships in Amsterdam.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the brothers Tymon and Adrianus Hangover from Monnickendam was a mud mill built up to five metres deep could work. Another important invention of the brothers was the valve Sabir. ===Shipbuilding<span class="mw-editsection" len="354" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the constant demand for large-capacity ships, recruit new types of ships, such as the developed vlieboot, the tube karveel and especially the flute. These ships could sail faster with a smaller crew than earlier types of ships. The ships could cheaply built by an invention at the end of the 16th century, the sawmill.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Cornelis corneliszoon of Uitgeest was on 15 december 1593 granted a patent for the sawmill, for the crankshaft, this happened on december 6, 1597. The invention of corneliszoon was later improved to an integrated construction, called the paltrok sawmill. This type of sawmill was of great importance for the construction of the ships of the VOC and the WIC. The invention contributed significantly to the economic revival of the Dutch Republic in the 17th century. The mechanization of the wood saws earned nl. significant savings on staff costs Initially encountered this on objections on. at the Amsterdam houtzagers Guild. That problem did not exist in the zaanstreek, where the guilds had no political influence. This region grew to the largest shipbuilding Center in the world.

The Paerrel a Oostindies Vaerder a Westindis Vaerder, Den Doubles Arent (Reinier Nooms, ca. 1650)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first Flute ship would be built in 1595 in Horn . Bovenboord, that the ship was a characteristic incident are pear shape gave. For that form was an important economic reason: the height of the sound toll depended on the width of the deck. Hence the narrow deck above the wide spacious, allowing a maximum load for a minimal toll could be transported. This way of calculating tolls remained until 1669 in use. Ships which were subsequently built were given a wider deck, which is also true for the flutes that do not carry on the Öresund Strait.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The flute was particularly suitable for commercial shipping in Europe by the limited number of crew members needed to sailing (about twelve) and the shallow draft. This provided a significant advantage in competition with other trading Nations, which had larger crews had to use and hence higher costs. The ship was one of the most important types of ships for the Dutch international shipping, including those at India. Flutes remained small, to around 400 tons.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Other ships were the mirror retourschip, from 500 to 1000 tons, ships, frigates, blink, yachts, hoekers, galleots, katschepen, hekboten, and brigantijnen package boats. ===Admiralties<span class="mw-editsection" len="357" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the eighty years ' war was with the instruction for the Admiralties of 1597 States that the maritime defense of the Republic lay in the hands of the five admiralties. In time of war, these ships were completed with armed merchantmen, the Dutch fleet. This was the influence of the regions major, a situation that would continue until the French era when the naval power was centralized. ===Street Speed<span class="mw-editsection" len="354" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Portugal In 1580 after the battle of Alcântara at attached, with which Spain Netherlands in war. Netherlands was closed off from the trade of the Mediterranean and India. Starting from 1590 took the direct trade on the Mediterranean Sea very far. Can the famine there in Italy have had around that time. With a well-armed fleet Street travelbegan, which later also on the Levant enter. Willem Barentsz wrote sailing directions for the New Caerttboeck of the Middtlanse Sea Beschrijvinghe ende.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From this time stems the relations between Netherlands and the Ottoman Empire. The Turkish open stack in Antwerp in 1582 moved to northern Netherlands in 1585. So were in Amsterdam many Turkish, Greek, Jewish and Armenian, merchants often to find.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Ottoman Empire was in war with the Holy League where Spain joined. Having regard to the joint enemy William of Orange was looking for contact. He did this via Josef Nasi, an international banker who had fled asSephardic Jew for the repressions in Antwerp and established in Constantinople .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first Dutch ship came in 1599 in the Levant with 100,000 Silver ducats and bought silk, spices and cotton. The Dutch seafarers conquered a position among the Venetians, Frenchmen and Englishmen. As one of the few countries the Republic had an Ambassador in Constantinople. The first was Cornelis Haga in 1612. ===The road to the East Indies<span class="mw-editsection" len="365" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Itinerario, voyage ofte schipvaert naer Oost ofte, beschryvinghe der Dean holding a corte Pali If countries and sea-custen Jan Huygen van Linschoten 's including the coast of Guinea Beschryvinghe of the gantscheand the Reys-gheschrift vande navigatien der Portugaloysers in Orienten.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The war with Spain and later Portugal also took care that Netherlands devoid remained of the profitable spice trade. Therefore sent the Amsterdamse Compagnie in 1592 Cornelisand Frederick de Houtman to Lisbon. Despite the war, they were able to collect valuable information. They were imprisoned, but after they were ransomed they returned to Amsterdam in 1594. With the publication of Reys-Gheschrift navigatien der Portugaloysers in Orienten of by Jan Huygen van Linschoten in 1595 it became possible Portuguese trade monopoly on the East to break so that the Dutch a century after the Portuguese found the route to Asia.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Compagnie van Verre rested in 1595 an expedition of heavily armed ships from led by Cornelis Houtman. When most ships preserved returned, were soon a large number of expeditions from the Republic sent to the Indies. In the span of seven years twelve companies were founded. To meet this competition to end, let the States-General in 1602Johan van Oldenbarnevelt 's initiative, these companies merge into one company, the Dutch East India Company. This clashed with the Portuguese, who believed on the basis of the Treaty of Tordesillas other Europeans out ' their ' part of Africa, Asia and America to be able to ward off. As a result, became the de facto a Dutch-Portuguese war lined as a global expansion of the eighty years ' war. It supplied a subversion of the Portugese Empire on and the result was the construction of the Dutch colonies.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On the basis of a vague passage in Naturalis Historia by Pliny believed that there existed a Northern sea route . As early as 1594 had tried to find Willem Barentsz, in imitation of the English, such as Richard Chancellor in 1553. Barents In 1596, left on his third, however, most famous journey, which played Novaya Zemlya. In 1619 the Tsar Alexei I ditchMangazeya Seaway for fear of Dutch and English influence in Siberia.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After this Amsterdam arose in Middelburg and initiatives in Rotterdam to the plan to sail along the South Western route to India. In 1598 departed from Middelburg five ships under the direction of Jacques Mahu and Simon de Cordes and of Rotterdam four ships led by Olivier van Noort. [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=nl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJacob_Jansz._Quackernaeck Jacob Jansz. Quackernaeck]Na deze Amsterdamse initiatieven ontstond in Middelburg en in Rotterdam het plan om langs de Zuidwestelijke route naar Indië te varen. In 1598 vertrokken vanuit vijf schepen onder leiding van en en van Rotterdam vier schepen onder leiding van . De Liefde onder bereikte als eerste Nederlandse schip Japan, waar het geplunderd werd. Van Noort bereikte na drie jaar uiteindelijk Nederland weer en werd zo de eerste Nederlander die rond de wereld voer. ==Golden Age<span class="mw-editsection" len="355" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Dutch ships on the Texel roads; in the Middle the ' golden lion ', the flagship of Cornelis Tromp. Ludolf Bakhuysen, 1671.General map of the Republic, by Joannes Janssonius; his collection Belgii Foederati Nova Descriptio, published in 1658 to Amsterdam. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1600 the Dutch already possessed some 10,000 ships; they sailed all the seas and oceans. The lion's share of the Western European trade was transported by Dutch ships in the 17th century. They not only controlled trade between France, Spain, England and the Baltic Sea, but also a large part of short sea shipping between French ports among themselves. Even French vineyards were privately owned by Dutch. Around 1670 the Republic had about 15,000 ships. That was five times more than the English fleet. At the peak, the fleet from 20,000 ships of 50 to 600 tons. This was 60% of the salt trade in Europe governed, 75% of the herring trade, 75% of the grain trade and 65% of the wine trade.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the eighty years ' war the sea beggars were of great importance. The intake of Brielle in 1572 was the first major success in the rebellion against Philip II. Another important achievement was the victory in the Battle on the Zuiderzee in 1573.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Dutch were found around Spitsbergen, where they almost solely on whaling went, and on the Cape of good hopein 1652, they on Hormuz. The current Afrikaners are descended from Dutch settlers who established themselves there over time. Via Cape Horn they reached the Pacific Ocean.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1602, the Dutch East India Company founded. The Dutch showed themselves formidable competitors of the Portuguese in India and the far East. They foundedBataviaon Java, the current Jakarta, in 1619. The English EIC withdrew in 1623 of Ambon (one of the Moluccas, where the spices came from) back after the incident known as the Ambonschen Murder.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Dutch Japanreached shortly after 1600. However, the Japanese driven out all Europeans in 1641 for fear of the influence of Christianity. They decided to isolate itself from the outside world (Sakoku) and maintained contacts with only a small Dutch colony on Dejima, although they also traded with China and Korea.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1625 the Dutch established new Amsterdam on Manhattanisland. The Dutch West India Company in 1621 was (at the end of the twelve years ' truce) set up to the richness of Spanish and Portuguese America to exploit. There were colonies founded in Guyana, in Pernambuco and Bahia in Brazil and on Curaçao in the Caribbean.

<p lang="en" len="503" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">All this time were the dunkirkers a real nuisance for the Dutch shipping, a situation that at intervals until the end of the 17th century would continue. ===Amsterdam<span class="mw-editsection" len="353" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The Interior of the City Hall of Amsterdam, now Royal Palace, shows that Amsterdam saw itself as the Centre of world trade.The courtyard of the fair in Amsterdam,Emanuel de Witte, 1653<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Amsterdam took over after 1585 the position of Antwerp. Many merchants fled Antwerp and settled among other things in Amsterdam, but also in London, Hamburg, Cologne, Frankfurt, Middelburg, Seville, Paris, the ports on the Atlantic coast of France, in Italy and in the Baltic Sea region. They introduced their trading systems in the Republic and took their connections with it, leaving the Amsterdam trade network could grow. Sometimes been stated that Antwerp had a particularly passive trade and that the power and inevitable growth of Amsterdam were due to the large proportion of active trade. However, this is not sustainable if the presence of large numbers of foreign traders, as before, in Bruges and Antwerp.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" len="188" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [2]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Thanks to its great hinterland, including Germany, and by the large shipping could strengthen his position, Amsterdam. However, not all trade ran along this Warehouse.Much trade went direct from the port of shipment to the port of landing, to do without Amsterdam to, the main travel. Agents In many ports were established. Often it was about family of merchants from the Republic, which ensured that there is a lot of information about the market was known. In 1609 the Amsterdamsche Exchange bankwas founded in 1611, and the Amsterdam Exchange fair (along the lines of the Antwerp stock exchange), where the shares of the Dutch East India Company were traded.This contributed, that Amsterdam to world financial center grew, a position London and Hamburg only took over in the middle of the 18th century.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Characteristic was that the English trade deficit was financed with the Baltic countries through Amsterdam. This English dealers sold Amsterdam Exchange letters, after which the Bills than from Amsterdam were drawn on London. Also the French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian cities made in their relations with Northern Europe and the Baltic Sea region using the Amsterdam market. ===Treves<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1606 started informal peace talks between the Republic and Spain. Netherlands existed In two camps. The major point of contention was the effect of peace on the trade. Trading on Asia and America had a number of merchants yielded huge profits and they were afraid to have to give this trade as a condition for peace with Spain.Spain was prepared to recognise the Republic as the Dutch East India Company would be dissolved, there is no similar company for America was founded and the Netherlands Spain and Portugal had a monopoly would recognize that the management of East and West Indies. In addition, the blockade of the Scheldt should be raised, what the end of the Dutch textile industry might mean. Calvinist merchants, such as Reinier Pauw, combined these arguments with religious arguments. As a result, peace was not possible and the highest was a file.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The twelve years ' truce In 1609-the Treves-closed. Initially, the effect was as dramatic as the opponents of peace already feared. The rates of the Dutch East India Company on the Amsterdam stock exchange were down dramatically, for fear of Spanish and Portuguese trade barriers. Many sailors came out of work because the war fleet altered somewhat. Wages and prices fell. This, however, made a speedy recovery possible. Trading in Iberia was resumed, where competition was soon swept away. ===Resumption of the fight<span class="mw-editsection" len="368" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1621, the fight resumes when Philip IV of Spain came to power and again set up an embargo. Initially the prosperous times seemed to be over.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the Reich raged from 1618 the thirty years ' war, which ravaged large devastation. Although the Republic was not directly involved here, this had a tremendous effect on the European economy, particularly the Polish-Swedish wars were harmful for the trade of the Republic.

<p lang="en" len="172" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The struggle between Spain with France during the thirty years ' war made sure that Spain could not concentrate on crushing the rebellion in the low countries. ===Dutch East India Company<span class="mw-editsection" len="377" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Trading on Java and the Spice Islands took a big flight and caused a rapid growth of the merchant fleet. The VOC would eventually become a State within a State. In the first years of the Dutch East India Company was another reward for a Commander that within eight months from Java to the Netherlands feed, while in the second half the 17th century already prevented a galleot made this distance in four months and a week.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The VOC also actively searched for new trade areas. So it was all directly at the first expedition Willem Jansz sent out to the coast of New Guinea to this without realizing discovered Australia .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Of the later VOC voyages of Abel Tasman 's travel are the two best known. On the first he discovered Tasmania, Tonga, New Zealand and on the second he spent the northern coast of Australia in map.

Jan Pieterszoon Coen led to themass slaughter on the Banda Islands.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The VOC tried to colonize, but not so much favorable contracts with local Princes. Where that failed was cracked down. Thus, the local population of the Banda Islands, which are of Melanesian descent was, by the Dutch completely massacred under the leadership of Jan Pieterszoon Coen. The Islands were repopulated with settlers from elsewhere in India that the nutmegplantations -hired of the VOC, which is now the monopoly on the trade in nutmeg had owned.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Also by chance were discoveries. Following the lead of Hendrik Brouwerin 1611, which discovered this route, the Dutch East India Company captains were given the task of starting from the Cape of good hope to Java to sail eastward first and only when the correct longitude to deflect to the North was reached. Because it actually was impossible in those days at sea to determine longitude, it came so much for posting, and that the masters too far on the west coast of Australia escalated. The first was that this happened toDirk Hartog in 1616. Eventually the whole west coast and much of the South coast are mapped by the Dutch East India Company captains.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After 1650, the Dutch interest in voyages of reduced considerably. The main exception was Jacob Roggeveen, who in 1721 on the way came to 'unknown South country' to discover, thought to be a continent in the southern Pacific had to lie. The South country, he discovered Easter Island, but not with his mysterious images.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 6 april 1652 Jan van Riebeeck founded in a command of the Dutch East India Company at the Cape of good hope. Ships of the Dutch East India Company Dutch East Indieson way to fresh water, vegetables and fruits here could take. This would become Cape Town and the Cape Colony, although later the Dutch East India Company to colonize areas had prohibited.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The VOC had a special relationship with Japan: from 1641 to 1853 the Dutch were the only Westerners who were allowed to drive in Japan trade. To do this, they used as home to the artificial island of Dejima in Nagasaki Harbor.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The trade with the East took care of a lopsided trade balance. Since there was little interest for European products in Asia, the trade often be paid with gold and silver. The opiumwas a costly alternative. Starting from the middle of the 17th century Batavia was the Centre of the opium trade of the VOC. most of the opium imported from Bengal was sold to speculators and small traders, mostly Chinese, who also traded the opium and transported to the islands of the archipelago and China. When the Dutch East India Company in 1676 the monopoly on trade in opium obtained from the sultan of Mataram (Java) took the trade significant forms. In 1745 was the Society to the trade in Amfioenfounded. After the British in 1756 the Bengal, where opium was produced, had conquered, theBritish East India Company had a monopoly on the opium trade. ===West Indies<span class="mw-editsection" len="354" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The West-Indisch Huis on rapenburg, built in1642. Originally repository and slaughterhouse, starting from 1654, there is also the administrators. The administrators moved in 1674 to the Crossbow targets.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A remarkable fact given the leading position of the low countries in the trade and shipping within Europe, was the great absence in the Atlantic area. Only at the end of the sixteenth century Netherlands began participating in this trade. One of the reasons for this were the limitations imposed on the trade that Philip II of the low countries within Europe. Another reason was that trade in Europe had reached its saturation point and that one had to look to further enlargement. In addition it was a major boost in that time the immigration of many merchants, scholars and craftsmen from the by Philip II conquered and looted Antwerpin 1585. This caused a large increase in knowledge and capital needed for expeditions to distant places in the Atlantic area. One of the scholars who established himself in Amsterdam at that time was Petrus Plancius, a Flemish preacher who also worked on making maps, globes and nautical instruments.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1609 Henry Hudson landed on the coast of the New Netherlands later in his search for the Northwest Passage to Asia in command of the VOC. VOC monopoly because the had on trade with the East, it took still until 1621 before trading in the West began with creation of the Dutch West India Company. Trade with the West was also delayed by the policy of peace with Spain. The Republic was embroiled in the eighty years ' war and offered peace to Spain under the condition that the Republic would pull out of Asia. Grand Pensionary Johan van Oldenbarnevelt however, offered to suspend trade with the West in Exchange for a truce, the twelve years ' truce (1609). In 1619 became of Van Oldenbarnevelt was beheaded and two years later ran the Armistice, so nothing more the creation of the WIC got in the way.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Piet Hein captured in the service of the Dutch West India Company during the battle in the Bay of Matanzas in 1628 the Spanish treasure fleet. This was not only a financial but a moral victory of the Republic.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By war could get more out of Portugal the Dutch no salt. From 1630 was therefore salt taken off of Sint Maarten. ===Slave Trade<span class="mw-editsection" len="356" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Historic face on Elmina in the 17th century. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Already in 1528 was a asiento signed between the Spanish Crown and the probably South-Sailler Dutch merchants Willem Hendrik Eynger for a period of four years and four thousand to bring slaves from Africa to the Caribbean. However, the slave trade was initially immorally found in the low countries. It was against the Christian values and initially they kept outside.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the fight against the Spaniards and the Portuguese was initially used the privateering. This was the main source of income of the WIC right after its creation. Between 1623 and 1636 Spanish and Portuguese were 547 ships hijacked. Then it became Great Declan developed, the grand plan. The Portuguese sugar trade had to be undermined by the slave trade from Brazil to take over. With the capture of the treasure fleet in 1628 there was enough money available. Between 1630 and 1634 was Recife with a large part of the Brazilian coast was conquered, this Dutch-Brazil. In 1637 the islet of Elmina at the Gold Coast conquered. This was the great Portuguese slavenhandelbolwerk. This fort would centuries one of the centers of the slave trade of the West India Company forms. Luanda In 1641 was also captured from the Portuguese. Hereinafter referred to as the Dutch slave trade began to take large shapes and found one in Genesis 9-in which the descendants of Cham to slavery be damned-the justification. In order to maintain sugar production, many Portuguese could retain their plantation plantation holders. For this were private slaves needed. The views on the slave trade were found to be stretchable changed; non-Christians were allowed to be sold as a slave.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The ships of the WIC departed from the low countries with gunpowder, firearms, and textiles. Of these were slaves purchased by African slave traders. The slaves were sold again in the West Indies. In Exchange for the slaves obtained one sugar, coffee and cocoa. With those products, the ships of the WIC then back. This was the so-called driehoeksvaart. Between 1500 and 1880 by Europeans were some twelve million slaves brought from Africa to America . The share of an average of five percent, Netherlands was about 500,000 people. After Brazil in 1654 was recaptured by Portugal, the cane was transferred to the Caribbean. Curaçao, the Dutch collection point for slaves. New customers were found in the English and French who grew tobacco on the conquered Islands in the Caribbean and in Virginia, but most slaves went to Suriname, that from 1668 was finally in Dutch hands. In 1662, a Netherlands Asientoobtained agreement, for the slave trade on the Spanish territories in America. Obtained by this asiento-Netherlands trade between 1660 and 1690 about 30% of the slave trade. The overall numbers, however, were still limited.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 18th century the slave trade grew enormously. There were years that more than one hundred thousand slaves were transported. However, the position over France and England names of Netherlands, as that also went with the other trade. The slave trade also showed not very profitable for the Dutch, unlike the English. This was partly due to the high mortality of slaves on the crossing. It came for that 30% of the slaves died on board the ships. The miserable conditions that already from this figure speak, were expressed in a quote from an anonymous person on board:


 * "Humid weather and strong wind prevents having to open the vent holes started to walk up the Negroes and roode koortzen books ... their departure was so unbearably hot, that I have but a moment in konde verblyven. The heat not only made this onmogelyk; the shelves were zoo with blood-stained, as it were, these poor men swam in it... As zy by the disease by their skin and their flesh come, kwynen zy tyd in that condition for some; by lying on the shelves, making the excellent bones, especially by the sick, often peeled are, often acts cold fire in them, until the merciful God send death to end this life of misery".

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">That the slave trade was continued despite the low profit margins, because many dealers had also came under other interests in plantations in Suriname. To do this, they had the slaves needed. It was thus sufficient if there profit was achieved with the plantation.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Initially, the WIC the monopoly on the slave ships. Between 1730 and 1738 came to an end. Have served the recognition apply to pay others to the WIC. Especially after the slave ride over was names, which theCommerce Company Middelburg had an important role.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From 1773 by the economic recession there was a downturn of the entire merchant and including the slave trade. When the Republic of arms and ammunition through the colony St. E. to the rebels in the American war of independence delivered, aroused the anger of this the British. When the newly appointed American Ambassador in 1780 they then Henry Laurens –, on the way to the Netherlands, they seized a secret treaty between the city of Amsterdam and the rebels in his luggage to the Republic to declare war. England feared that Netherlands would join the League of armed neutrality, whereby the trade with the Americans would be even more protected. The fourth Anglo-Dutch war culminated in a defeat and had major consequences for the Dutch Merchant Navy and sails the slaves. The British, many Dutch ships, making the slave trade, which decreased enormously. In 1784, after the war, the slave trade picked up again. However, this was short lived, because the French invaded in 1795 Netherlands. The British came back at war with the Batavian Republic, which is now allied with the French. In 1802 by the Treaty of Amiens was a resumption of the trade, but when the British declared war in 1803 the French again came the end of Dutch slave trade. As in the period from 1799 to 1802 came the Dutch plantations under British protectorate. These were supplemented by slaves by British slave traders.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Meanwhile, the United Kingdom prohibited the slave trade. When William I returned from exile, he voted favorably by the British not to authorise for a continuation of the slave trade. As a result, they were willing to make the Dutch areas had come under British protectorate during the wars, to give back. Eventually the Dutch slave trade in June 1814 abolished. ===Life on board<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The shipping was in the low countries described in poems such as Hymnvs, Or praise-Gesangh, on the world-famous ship-vaggu der Vereenighde Nederlanden.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" len="188" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [3]  and The praise of sea-vaggu.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" len="188" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [4]  by Joost van den Vondel and Der Zeevaert Praise Elias Herckmans's, although the latter is more than a historical poetic work. Life on board, however, was far from romantic. The crew of a mirror retourschip was also much larger than those of a COG a few centuries earlier and later the flute. The crew consisted of a kogge often from family members and acquaintances, a VOC ship was there too big for it. Thus did the sailor paid employment was introduced. Since the working conditions were often poor and by the long travel a lot for scurvy came, this had had a proletarianise of the crew as a result. ===Shipbuilding<span class="mw-editsection" len="355" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The shipyard of the VOC on oostenburg inAmsterdam.A warship, in 1626 on the orders of Louis XIIIon a Dutch yard built, under cover of a Dutch ship is heading for a Dutch port, Jacob Gerritz.Lankford.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Dutch shipbuilding was leading in those days and many other European countries showed Dutch shipbuilders to come across to work to build up their fleet or build ships in the Netherlands. That happened for example in 1618 by Venice that twelve ships bought from the Dutch. King Gustavus Adolphus Vasa of Sweden gave in 1625 to build four command warships, including the three master Vasa, led by the Dutch shipbuilder Henry Hybertsson. This capsized and sank in 1628 during the trial run, however, by a lack of stability.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Louis XIII of France left under the influence of build in 1626 Richelieu five warships on Dutch yards. The Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin Boyar left Dutch shipbuilders to comeDedinovo . Here were four ships built between 1667 and 1669; the Орёл 22-kanonsgalei (Eagle) and three smaller vessels.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Nicolaes Witsen wrote Bestier hedendaegsche Aeloude and shipbuilding and in 1671. This was a book on shipbuilding that soon was seen as a standard work. This created a correspondence with Tsar Peter the great, who wanted to modernise its fleet to West-European standard. This led to the order of a number of warships for Russia at Amsterdamse yards. Then he obtained through a ukase to trade the right to Russia. In 1697 Witsen settled a incognito internship for the Tsar on shipyards inZaandam and Amsterdam during his Grand Embassy. In 1698 the Tsar was staying at his home.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Another important book about shipbuilding was published in 1697 The Dutch Ship-building-konst Open also claims the shipwright's Cornelis van Yk. ==After the golden age<span class="mw-editsection" len="361" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although the merchant fleet of large size remained, began the decline of the Dutch naval force. The Batavian revolution of 1795 is considered the end of the Netherlands as a superpower. Characteristic was the bankruptcy of the Dutch East India Company in 1798. The British obtained the dominion over the sea, what with the battle of Trafalgar in 1805 was sealed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The death blow for the Dutch Merchant Navy and for Amsterdam was the introduction of the continental system in 1806 by Napoleon as embargo against Great Britain.Already in 1795 the French had closed the port of Amsterdam, after which many residents left and the city fell.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the French period there was not much about Dutch shipping. American and British vessels carry on Dutch trading routes, while London had taken over the role of financial world centre of Amsterdam. The first one could let a ship set sail again after this period was Anthony van Hoboken, which would later grow to be the largest owner of Netherlands.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">For centuries had to run from Amsterdam to sea vessels, on the Zuiderzee and then through the marsdiep between Texel and the Mainland or by the Vlie Terschellingand Vlieland between outward. It could sometimes take days before the ships were offshore. In the event of adverse winds were difficult to accept this, the close tidal inlets. Of Rotterdam from was still less easy. The usual route was eastward via the North to Dordrecht and hence via the Dordtse kil to the Hollands Diep. There one could choose between the route North of Galang, via the haringvliet and the Goereese Hole, and those South of Galang, via the Krammer, Volkerak, the the Grevelingen and Brouwershavense Gat it.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">This was pretty cumbersome and in addition began around this time, the trench between the PampusZuiderzee and the open IJ, increasingly bogged down. Some ships were their wares on the roads of Marken partly in barges heaped to Amsterdam can be achieved. Others were placed in ship camels and by means of tugs on the shoal sailing forward "glove section. William I and John Goldberg provided a stimulus for industry and infrastructure. Channels were dug, as the channel of Apeldoorn, the Ghent-Terneuzen Canal and the Zuid-willemsvaart. To improve access to Amsterdam and Rotterdam were the North Holland Canal and the Canal through Voorne laid out, although this is not very effective channels were found. With the development of the steam propulsion the ships were getting bigger. It was therefore in 1865 began with the construction of theNorth Sea Canal. This continued after the opening in 1876 the largest channel still nearly 50 years in the world. Rotterdam also got a better connection with the sea. From 1866 to 1872, the Nieuwe Waterweg was dug so that Rotterdam got a direct access to the beach.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The recovery was initially difficult. Although the United Kingdom had Dutch East Indies returns to Netherlands, but they had a share in the shipping on Java companie. Only with the creation of the Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij in 1824 began shipping to rise again. After the Java war was in 1830 entered the Culture system . By the consignment system were deposited the proceeds of the culture system to the NHM that obliged the profits to the Dutch Treasury. Dutch ships were used by the NHM, which paid for a very good price. New construction was also subsidized. As a result, took the trip on Java where many tea was extracted-huge and rapidly new ships were built. Around 1850, the United States stood United Kingdom Netherlands and France-after-again in fourth place with some 1,800 sea-going vessels, including a dozen steamers.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In addition there was the peat colonies nautical. Arose from the Groninger peat speed run SA still further on the world with their kofschepen and schooner brigs.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From 1848 broke a period of great prosperity to. This was among other things by the high demand for corn and rice after the potato blight from 1845 for the Irish potato famine had provided. In addition, English Shipping laws abolished in 1849. The demand for transport capacity was further elevated by the Crimean War of 1853 to 1856.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the economic crisis of 1857 in the cargo market collapsed, which led to a decline in the Dutch shipping. As a result, became in 1874 the parliamentary inquiry into the Dutch merchant marine held. ===Clippers<span class="mw-editsection" len="352" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the advent of the steam ships fell paradoxically a glory time together for the sailing ship with the arrival of the Clipper. This type of ship was created from the schooner in colonial America for the slave trade and precious, relatively light load. Around snelzeilen the American Revolutionary War, when a need was to survive in the privateering, was much used the Clipper. The Baltimore clipper became a household name. They were sharp, relatively narrow deep-water ships passing through their sharp could wind up sailing. Instead of the usual three ships on top of each other, usually there are five or even six.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Netherlands has had about 150 between 1850 and 1890 clippers, which mainly on Java, but also called on the west coast of America and Australia. The definition differs quite often, so not entirely clear is what the first built in Netherlands klipper is. Fop Smit built in 1853 the first iron Clipper, the California of 663 Louis Bienfait & Zn. tonnes for the shipping company On the first trip enter Captain Jaski in 86 days from the downs to Port Adelaide.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At an exhibition in Amsterdam in 1852 showed the Dutch Lieutenant-at-sea of 1st class M.H. Jansen a model of a medium-sized shipbuilders Perrine, he of the Clipper Patterson & Stack had obtained. After the shipping company of Gebr. Blussé the yard of c. gypsum and Zn. Dordrecht, the Netherlands ordered the construction of what is called the first real Dutch Clipper, the Cosmopolitan. It was launched on 29 november and only months later it was complete. The klipper of 758 tons made a trip of Hellevoetsluis to Bantam in 86 days and of Hellevoetsluis to Batavia in 74 days. Those were very high speeds for ships without mechanical propulsion.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Other famous clippers were the Cosmopolitan II from 1862 and Noach I to VI of Fop Smit. The Noah I enter in something more than 65 days of Carnation to Sunda Strait to The Lizard in the channel.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Many Dutch clippers made travel to the world. They came arranged in North and South America, also on the West Coast. In addition, they maintained the connection to Dutch East Indies and brought tea from Canton.Feed them with emigrants from England to Australia, from where they returned with grain.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The end of the Clipper came gradually with the introduction of steam ships. Although the Clippers usually were faster than their new competitors, they remained subject to the wind. Steam ships had the great advantage that their timetables were much more reliable. The final death blow came with the opening of the Suez Canal through which the steam ships could sail a much shorter route. The channel was for sailing ships difficult to accept this, because it is so narrow. The narrow clippers with their small cargo space disappeared.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Nowadays Netherlands another Clipper, namely the City of Amsterdam, which in 2000 is built by the Damen oranjewerf of. ==Mechanization<span class="mw-editsection" len="356" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Only the steam propulsion In Netherlands was introduced relatively late and even then to a limited extent. The British Defiance was the first steam ship that visited Netherlands, in 1816. In 1817 the Prince of Orange a few weeks run between Rotterdam and Antwerp.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Gerhard Mauritz Roentgen saw the great potential of the steam engines and advocated the use of steam ships in Netherlands. He drew the attention of King William I in 1823 with his insights about the use of steam shipping on the Dutch inland waterways. The King appointed him ' Advisor for Affairs of mechanics '. In that position, he moved to Britain, where he was previously sent back there to study the modern shipbuilding, now on a secret mission. Are reporting in 1824 was the treatise Statement about the usefulness, which consists of the application of steam equipment on ships of war could be drawn. In 1825 he was appointed for his services in the order of the Netherlands lion.

<p lang="en" len="146" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The reports of Roentgen led to major changes within the Navy and were the beginning of the modernization of the Dutch shipbuilding.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">His plea to ships entirely of iron to manufacture, or at least the part above the waterline to fortify with iron, fell to the Commission had to assess recommendations that are bad. Despite this, he was ' extremely Honorable ' resignation from the Navy.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A Dutch shipping company that thanks to the cooperation of King William I have had success, was Van Vollenhoven, Dutilh & Co. In 1823 started this with the Dutchman a service of Rotterdam at Antwerp. The Wilhelmina, in 1821 in England built to a design by g. m. Roentgen, was the first steam veerschip and enter between Moerdijk and the Dordtse Kil.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1823 the Dutch steamer Society was founded by among other things Roentgen and in 1825 the Amsterdamsche steamer Society by Paul of Vlissingen. But the real beginning of steam navigation was in 1854 when the Royal Netherlands steamship company was founded. Only after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 the stepped Dutch shipping companies really about on steam. The stoomvaart Maatschappij Netherlands was founded in 1870 and the Steam boat shipping company Rotterdamsche Lloyd in 1875. After 1890 the shipping back a strong growth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" len="188" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [5]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1871, the company Plate, Reuchlin & Co. founded by Antoine Plate f. jn and Jhr. Otto Reuchlin, with a direct connection to America, executed with steam ships. In 1873, Plate, Reuchlin & Co. converted to the NV Nederlandsch-American stoomvaart Maatschappij (NASM). Because in the parlance the name Holland America line (HAL) had become usual, added the NASM this name on June 15, 1896 to its registered name. The trans-Atlantic connection Rotterdam-New York existed from 1873 until 1978, and played a large role in the country moves from Europe to America. The society also operated freight lines, but as afterthought. ===Royal Navy<span class="mw-editsection" len="362" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the French period (1795-1813) there was a further decline of the Navy. Orangist officers were kept out. The five admiralties were replaced by a central organization, later Ministry, sitting in the Hague. Eventually there was a modest and neutral role, which developed for the Navy in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century primarily limited to patrol duties in the Indian waters, outside the bombardment of Algiers. ===Twentieth century<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first diesel engine ship was also the first diesel-electric ship, the river tanker Vandal from 1903. The Dutch tanker Vulcanus from 1910 was the first ocean-going motor ship.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" len="188" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [7]  In the decades thereafter produce ever larger diesel engine power with greater efficiency than the steam turbine, making around 1960 most ships were built with a diesel engine. Although it to the 1973 oil crisis would take before there was abandoned by the use of steam turbines on a large scale, this was the beginning of the end of the steam age. Today 99% of the ships use of diesel engines for propulsion. The steam turbine is currently only used in ships with nuclear propulsion.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the first world war despite the Dutch neutrality went 185 ships lost. Because so much cargo space was lost by the unlimited warfare, increased freight rates huge, so it was attractive to the ships and even new build. In 1918 was the Dutch fleet therefore large handelsvaart 16% larger than in 1914 and quite a bit newer. TheDutch Overseas Trust Company guaranteed that Dutch ships transported no trade for the warring countries, so that the Entente was willing to allow the foreign trade.Incidentally, the Dutch shipping companies internationally but hardly counted with it; the largest shipping company in the world, the Hamburg-America Line had 1.260.400 brt in 1913 while there are still nine shipping companies were those that had more than 400,000 GRT, including the Belgian Lloyd with ca. 450,000 brt.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the war, the market was strongly fluctuating, but in 1930, the great crisis. One of the effects of the stock market crash of 1929 was the promulgation of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, taking on the imported goods in the United States by a charge of 40% was laid. This brought a battle to freight transport.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Shipping companies in India, such as the Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij, were able to maintain, but in the Netherlands in 1932 NV the National Shipping interests(BENAS) founded in connection with the granting of aid for the maritime during the depression. The primary objective of BENAS consisted of lending for new construction, providing credit and the provision of gage lay-on credit. <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The tanker had little affected by these crises, precisely because many ships were converted from kolenstook to oil fuel unit. In 1936 the Netherlands as one of the last countries left the gold standard, whereby the Dutch guilder, which sank in value the strong competitive position of Netherlands very benefited. Dutch ships were again in future affordable for overseas. The HALL scrambled back on with the New Amsterdamas a symbol; the SMN brought the Orange came into service, which was then the strongest motor ship with aspk 37,500. In addition there was also a strong small commercial shipping, so that the Dutch merchant shipping in a healthy position at the end of the 1930 's. The small maritime commercial shipping was created from the peat colonies. Up to the 20th century made this still use of sailing ships. However, this was not competitive anymore, whereby it is switched on diesel engines. The intermediate step with steam propulsion was skipped, by which one could sail cheaper than the British had a lot of coasting that steam ships.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the Second World War went 525 Dutch ships lost. To the devastated Europe to build the Marshall plan was drawn up. In astonishing pace turned out to be Europe's ability to recover. During the war were very much liberty-,victory-and- Type C3ships were built, of which 170 loan or bought in Netherlands got there. Also was widely started new construction and restoration of repairing damaged ships. In 1955 was one and a half times as large as the Dutch fleet in 1939.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Suez crisis in 1956 meant that the Suez Canal was closed for several months and led to a huge increase in scale in the tanker. The port of Rotterdam played on this development in the construction of the Europoortarea, that was accessible for the largest ocean-going vessels. From 1962 Rotterdam was the largest port in the world. This remained until the beginning of the 21st century. After the six-day war in 1967, Israel the Suez Canal occupied by the border between the Sinai and the rest of Egypt and as a result, the channel remained close until 5 June 1975. Because the ships now had to sail via the Cape of good hope, there was a lot more ship space.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1966 the first container was unloaded in Rotterdam. In 1967, in the Eemhavenarea Europe Container Terminals(ECT) opened. This company grew into the largest container-handling company in Europe. The Containerisationcaused a loss of jobs in the port. Many shipping companies were merged by the Containerisation and scaling up. Of the 619 shipping companies in 1965 there were just 235 in 1980 about.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">So merged in 1970 the stoomvaart Maatschappij Netherlands (SMN), Koninklijke Rotterdamsche Lloyd (KRL), Koninklijke Java-China-Paketvaart Lines (KJCPL) and Vereenigde Nederlandsche scheepvaartmaatschappij (VNS) to Dutch shipping Union Royal Nedlloyd Group, from 1977. In 1980, the Royal founded retrieved and was the tanker transport-outdoor-the only remaining large Dutch shipping company, after the Holland America line in 1989 by Carnival Cruise Lines was retrieved. In 1996, merged with P & O Containers to P & O Nedlloyd and in 2005 the company was acquired by A.P. Møller-Mærsk to continue as part of Mærsk Line.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">To Esso tanker Society came in 1982 to an end, while Shell Tankers was provided in 1997 to the Isle of Man.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The large remaining Dutch shipping companies are now under other wagenborg Spliethoff, both of origin and small handelsvaart shipping companies, like Seatrade. ===Ocean Towing Service<span class="mw-editsection" len="357" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">One of the first mechanically propelled ships that emerged were the tugs. Fop Smit built In 1842 from kinderdijk a steam tug to a towing service to start between Helvoet, brouwershaven, Dordrecht and the North Sea in command of a number of ship owners and insurers. The company focused more and more on towing services and built over the years quite a few tugs. In 1900, the international towing service established.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the early twentieth century there was heavy competition between l. Smit & co. and international towing service. In 1911 began Joh. F. Wijsmuller with drag commands. In 1913 he bought his first tug, followed by the entire fleet in 1919, buildings and salvage material of the company in liquidation order by Zurmuhlen & de Graaf in IJmuiden. Under pressure from the competition of Bureau Wijsmuller merged in 1923 Smit and International to Smit international.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In addition to the trolley went this shipowners also deal with rescue of distressed ships and storage room. In 1922, the Red Sea on the Azores stationed. The number of stations was Later extended to a ring around theAtlantic Ocean. At land's End, the Azores, Ferrol, and St. John, Bermuda, Curaçao, Hong Kong and Singapore layers tugs on station. Nowadays, with the ever growing safer shipping, is this to become a costly.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Smit obtained in 1956 after the Suez crisis to the command with Svitzer 41 wrecks to clean up. Famous storages include those of the Kursk, Mammoet together in a joint venture with the firm in which the supervision lay at mammoth and that of the Herald of Free Enterprise .

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Netherlands built around the Second World War a hegemony in the Ocean towing service. The most famous tug is probably the Black Seaof Smit from 1933. Although the role of Netherlands in the trolley no longer is so great, the Dutch Women 40% of the tugs in the world built. ===Offshore<span class="mw-editsection" len="352" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 14 november 1947 was first for oil drilled on the sea, in the Gulf of Mexico, for the American coast, South of Morgan City in Louisiana. Initially, submersibles platforms used, but soon moved to Jack-up barges and for deeper water on semi-submersible platforms and drill ships.

The Thialf in Norwegian fjord with Fulmar SALM (Single Anchor Leg Mooring) buoy.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Developments in the North Sea started only later, partly due to the heavier weather conditions. In 1958, the UNCLOS I Convention (now part of the UNITED NATIONS Convention on the law of the sea) close. In 1964, the in operation so the continental shelf of the North Sea was divided between the neighbouring countries, where the Dutch part covered about 57,000 square kilometres (41,528 km² while Netherlands itself is). On 29 May 1959, the Slochterse gas bubble in Kolham discovered, with which it suspected that natural gas would also in the North Sea can be found. On september 17, 1965 to the Jack-up Platform Sea Gem gas drilled in the BP-concession.In the same year built Grootint by combining a jacket that Brown and Root-Heerema was installed with the crane vessel Global Adventure, not without problems.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 6 October 1973 the Yom Kippur war broke out, then the OPEC set an oilembargo for the Netherlands and United States, which led to the 1973 oil crisis. This turned out to be a huge boost for the offshoresector, especially in the North Sea.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Netherlands Offshore Company established in 1967 brought the first semi-submersible crane vessel into service, the Narwhal, followed by Heerema with the Hermodand the Balder. The ships were due to financial problems of the NOC sold to McDermott, with which the company ceased to exist.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1985 came into service the DB-102 for McDermott, with 2 cranes with a capacity of 6000 tons each. In the mid-1980s, however, the boom was over, whereby in the offshore partnerships arose. In 1988, a joint venture between Heerema and McDermott formed, HeereMac. In 1997 Heerema took the DB-102 from McDermott after termination of the joint venture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" len="188" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [9]  the ship was renamed Thialf and after an upgrade in 2000 to twice 7100 tons is the largest crane vessel in the world.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Nedlloyd stepped into the Neddrilldrilling with oil. Founded in 1947 TOOK was one of the companies that obtained concessions to produce on the North Sea.

Allseas' Solitaire, the largest pipe lay barge in the world.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Edward Heerema founded Allseas In 1985 on, financed with just a bank loan. Six years later he was out of the family company Heerema bailed out by his brother Pieter Heerema. Allseas would become the leading pipelay, with world's largest pipe lay barge, the Solitaire.

<p lang="en" len="1065" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1978 Heerema Hugo had already established in such a way that Blue water among other points on FPSO's and SPM's.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In support of the oil platforms supply vessels were needed. This was done on 10 november 1964 Smit-Lloyd founded by the Rotterdam Lloyd and Smit international. In 1996, sold to SeacorSmit-Lloyd. In 1985 ordered Smit the Semi 1 and the Semi 2 at Van der Giessen de Noord who were delivered in 1987 and 1988. This semi-submersible ships were specially equipped dive ondersteuningsschip were as.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In addition to the oil industry are there nowadays also built wind farms offshore, such as North Sea Wind by bouwcombinatie Egmond (BCE), a collaboration betweenBallast Nedam and Danish wind turbine maker Vestas. ===Heavy marine transport<span class="mw-editsection" len="362" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === The Sea-Based X-Band Radar arrives inPearl Harbor on January 9, 2006 on the way toAdak Island, Alaska, transported by the Blue Marlin .<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although the role of shipping in the Netherlands no longer so great, have a number of shipping companies a strong position in niche markets. That is so in the heavy cargo transport by sea.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Jumbo Shipping arose when in 1956 the first Stella fine was purchased, a coaster with four twelve tonne heavy loading trees for that time. The Stella fine turned out to be a success. Heavy objects which until then were dangers if ment on the deck of a coaster, could now be transported on ships better equipped. Since then, the concept is pretty heavily changed and with the modernization of the fleet the lifting capacity increased from 100 tons to 1,800 tons.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Was formed In 1972 by the merger of Big Elevator Van der Laan's shipping & trading company and transport company Of Twist. Berend van der Laan captain ordered the first two endurance halfafzinkbare in 1972, the Docklift 1 and Docklift 2. He sold his business in that year to Holland America line, that in 1982 sold to Mammoth.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Mammoet transport was founded in 1973 as part of the Royal Netherlands steamship company for zwareladingtransport and was part of Nedlloyd when this KNSM took over. In July 1995, Mammoth transport sold to Villarreal. This was not interested in the maritime part and sold to Spliethoff on 21 november 2001, which previously had taken an interest of 50%. It was renamed in BigLift, as Villarreal continued as mammoth.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1978 Van der Laan Dock Express started and ordered at Verolme shipyard Heusden 12.928 endurance with a capacity of three tons. Villeneuve later became the principal shareholder.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Wijsmuller was in the 70 's in the zwareladingmarkt stepped with the Super Servants and the Mighty Servants as Wijsmuller transport. These ships were initially a great success, for they could oil rigs and other large structures in very short time to sail the most diverse destinations, without a fleet of tugs was required. In the 1980s, however, slumped dramatically in the market for heavy transport, by overcapacity and decrease in freight rates. Some of the ships had to be temporarily imposed.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The zwaartransportvloot was sold to Heerema. In 1993 decided Wijsmuller transport and Dock Express Shipping to go together as Dockwise. In 2001 it was merged with Heerema Offshore Heavy Transport, with 76% of the company in possession and the Norwegian Wilhelm Wilhelmsen 24%. At the end of 2006 it was announced that Dockwise sold to 3i, one of the largest private equity funds in the world. ===Dredging<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Steambucket dredgersto dig channels, the top from the shore, the bottom on a bin.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A big step forward for the dredging was the bucket, that could be dredged to a depth of 5 metres. Later these were propelled by steam and diesel engines.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">With the invention of the centrifugal pump in 1851 was a new type of dredger possible; the trailing suction hopper dredger, which could be used in the construction of theNieuwe Waterweg. This was started in 1868 and it was a huge boost for the dredging companies. The designer, Pieter Caland, went for the project still going abroad to see how one scooped up, after the new Waterway project was this the other way around. Dutch dredging artists worked on the port of Dunkirk, the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal, the Panama Canal and the Rio de la Plata.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">More recent are large projects, such as the construction of the port of Jubail, for the application of Chek Lap Kok Hong Kong International Airport, opspuitingen inSingapore and in Dubai the Palm Islands and The World.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Boskalis dredging are major Dutch and Van Oord. ===Shipbuilding<span class="mw-editsection" len="355" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1847 became the Industry schooner Brig built at Fop Smit on the kinderdijk, the first iron sailing ship that was built in Netherlands. The companies of the Smit would become Smit international, IHC Holland and SBM Offshore.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the post-war years ran it one after the other ship of the Dutch yards. Cornelis Verolme was one of the most important pioneers of the Dutch shipbuilding. In 1974, theLeptonlaunched, with built in the largest Netherlands 318.000 dwt ship. Netherlands was a leading shipbuilding country. However, slowly began first priority to take overJapan, then the large ships today for Singapore and South Korea and China and for the smaller ships, countries like Mexico Romaniaand former Soviet republics.Characteristic was the bankruptcy of Rhine-Schelde-Verolme in 1983 as a result of the then crisis in the heavy shipbuilding. RSV was a combination of shipyards and machine factories that arose at the beginning of 1971. As a result, the parliamentary inquiry RSV was held.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Dutch shipyards that still exist have specialised in dredging ships, ferries, yachts and offshoreschepen, special transport ships. Twenty years ago a number of Navy yards, such as flowering Netherlands Van der Giessen de Noord (polyester mines hunters), The Schelde in Vlissingen (frigates), Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij (RDM) and Wilton-fijenoord, with potential to export. However, this is never good off the ground.The remaining yards often leave a casco in the low income countries build that they taper off in Netherlands. Often one has also invested in these yards.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Shipbuilding in the area around Amsterdam is completely gone. In the RDM Rotterdam is close and construction activities are the Wilton-Feijenoord disappeared. The Verolme Botlek in the yard has been taken over by ' Keppel ' from Singapore and has successfully specialized in conversions and new build offshore structures. The yards around Sliedrecht are often specialized in IHC Hollanddredgers, among others. The luxury boatbuilder runs well, as Abang, which is nowadays part of Damen. The yards in Groningen still give adequate employment. ===Emergency Organisations<span class="mw-editsection" len="357" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1924 were the Royal Northern and southern Dutch Rescue society and the Royal Society to rescue Shipwrecked South Holland founded. It was worn by volunteers and funded from the start. In 1991 these went together as Royal Netherlands sea rescue Society.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Insulinde was the first motor lifeboat of the N.Z.H.R.M. self aligning the idea also to make motor reddingboten self-aligning, came from Mac Toxopeus, after the Dutch life-saving by two major disasters in 1921 was affected. In February 1926, on the yard of the Brothers Niestern in Delfzijl started with the building of the Insulinde, after a design by Ernst Vossnack. Mees Toxopeus, for SA to be of this boat, from the outset, was present in the building. The boat should be between 1927 and 1965 serving on to the rescue station Oostmahorn and made 341 tours in which 332 people were rescued.