Theodor Herzl

Jaakob Se'ev Am Binjamin (Theodor) Herzl (Budapest, 2 may 1860 - Edlach, Reichenau an der Rax, July 3, 1904) was an Austrian-Jewish journalist ,ideologistand publicist. He is considered the father of modern Zionism .



Content
[hide] *1 early life and study  ==Early life and study[ Edit] == In the Hungarian part of the dual monarchy then Austria-Hungary born in 1878, he moved with his family to Vienna German-speaking . He came from a wealthy, enlightened family, in which religion is not presented more than a ' pious family memory '. After his youth rights, and as a student he studied, he was even a member of a strong nationalist Burschenschaft. In 1884 he was promoted to doctor.
 * 2 establishment of the Zionist movement
 * 3 Der Judenstaat and Altneuland
 * 4 Activities as Zionist leader
 * 5 After his death
 * 6 Jewish criticism of Herzl and Zionism
 * 7 Case-Dreyfus
 * 8 References
 * 9 external links

Herzl began a journalistic career after his studies at the Austrian newspaper Neue Freie Presse. For this magazine he worked first in Vienna and later inParis. In both cities, he was impressed by the fierce anti-Semitism that there was. Especially the lawsuit by Dreyfus in France which he reported back, made a deep impression on him. Assimilation of the Jews in Europe came thereby for him as an illusion, according to him, the only solution was the creation of a Jewish State. He wrote: "the promised land lies there where we wearing. The Jews who want it, will have their State, and they will also earn that. " [1]  to this end, he published the book Der Judenstaat 1896 (= the Jews State), in which he launched to the organized Zionism (see same topic). He argued that the problem that Jews encountered a national and no individual problem was. In addition, he did not out of a Jewish religion based on the religious Zionism, but was his Zionism secular in nature. Theodor Herzl during the first Zionist Congress in Basel (1897)==Establishment of the Zionist movement[ Edit] == Herzl's book largely on that might by Leon Pinsker, who for several decades with his "Autoemanzipation" had brought similar thoughts said, but the special feature of Herzl was rests in that he personally gave the boost to the creation of the Zionist movement and in the initial phase was just about the only Jewish person that the necessary measures for the organisation of the Zionist meetings and contacts with heads of State took from the ReichtheTurkish Empire, and the United Kingdom maintained.

His ideas almost immediately struck with a minority of Jews in Europe, which suffered much the continued racism. Jews were often also as a group and as individuals discriminated against by a hoogtijvierend nationalism, particularly in Russia. From Eastern Europe was now a locally organized, smallPalestine emigration flow to emerge-in addition to a large emigration to North America -related to the pogroms that relatively frequent Jewish deaths and resulted in the burning of Jewish property.

Initially it was not sure where the best the State could be founded. In Der Judenstaat (see eponymous subject) called Herzl two opportunities he saw as the most real: Palestine and Argentina.Various sites, such as Uganda and Suriname, were proposed by colonial rulers. However, already at the first Zionist Congress, which in 1897 in the Swiss city of Basel was held (the Congress came through his actions, and also nowadays these congresses organized yet) it was decided to choose Palestine as place of establishment, to which delegates from Eastern Europe especially had requested for religious reasons. Herzl could agree, although he also acceptable for tactical reasons would have found another location. ==Der Judenstaat and Altneuland<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13.63636302948px;">Herzl writes Der Judenstaatin late 1895. The little book was published on 14 February 1896 in Leipzig (Germany) and Vienna (Austria) by m. Breitenstein's Verlags-Buchhandlung. It has the subtitle: "Versuch einer Lösung der Jewish moderns" (= "proposal for a modern solution for the Jewish question").

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13.63636302948px;">Herzl's solution is the creation of a Jewish State. In his book he outlines his reasoning for the need to restore the historic Jewish State. Herzl's ideology sounds as follows: "We are one nation-one people". In his book is clearly noticeable that Herzl is frustrated about the fact that the Jewish people belong nowhere and is rejected. He is very driven to argue that the Jewish people has the right to the historic country where its coming from. The following passages are a clear example of this:

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13.63636302948px;">"We have sincerely tried to merge with the communities in which we live, with the sole intention of to maintain the faith of our fathers. We are not allowed. In vain we loyal Patriots, to no avail, we make the same sacrifices of lives and property as our fellow citizens, in vain we strive to be the fame of our homeland in the arts and Sciences to improve. In our homeland where we have lived for centuries we are still labeled as aliens, often by men of who their ancestors were not yet at a time when Jewish sighs were heard for a long time in the country... "

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13.63636302948px;">"Palestine is our unforgettable historical homeland..."

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13.63636302948px;">"The Jews who really want it will get their own State. At least that is how we will live as free people in our own land, and peaceful dying in our own homes. The world will be liberated by our freedom, be enriched by our wealth and reinforced by greatness ... "

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13.63636302948px;">His last literary work, Altneuland (= the old new Land), dating back to 1902, is a novel devoted to Zionism. Herzl spent three years of his spare time to writing this book. His book is more a prediction than a novel and describes what can be accomplished within a generation. The novel gives the vision of Herzl for a Jewish State in Israel again, and is thus one of the texts which State of Zionism. Altneuland was written for both Jews and non-Jews: Herzl wanted to win the non-Jewish opinion for Zionism.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13.63636302948px;">Herzl envisioned a Jewish State for which was a combination of a modern Jewish culture, combined with the best of Europe's heritage. Herzl called his model "Mutualism", and it was based on a mixed economy, with public possession of the land and natural resources, agricultural cooperation and, social prosperity, which corresponded to Communist or Socialist visions, although private property was encouraged. Herzl rejected the European class system as real modernist, but he remained Europe's cultural heritage at the wedding. He went on to also assume that there would be multiple languages spoken, but Hebrew wouldn't be the main language. Proponents of a Jewish cultural rebirth, such as Ahad Ha'am were critical of Altneuland set.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13.63636302948px;">Herzl envisioned In the book no conflict between Jews and Arabs. One of the main characters in it is an engineer of Haifa, called Reshif Bey. He is one of the leaders of the ' new Community ' and very grateful towards his Jewish neighbors to improve the economy of Palestine and sees no reason to conflict: all non-Jews have equal rights. The mainplot in the novel is the attempt of a fanatical rabbi to relieve the non-Jewish citizens of their rights. ==Activities such as Zionist leader<span class="mw-editsection" len="352" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Theodor Herzl<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13.63636302948px;">Herzl sought international backing for his Zionist movement. He felt a Viennese German-nationalist and he had always had a great admiration for Bismarck, the founder of the German Empire. In his dreamed-of Jewish State in Palestine would have to be the main language German. The German Emperor Wilhelm II (nofilosemiet) was initially so much for the idea of a Jewish State in Palestine to poke – on the one hand to "which were los zu Juden" (= "to get rid of the Jews"), on the other hand, in order to get the German influence in the Middle East increase. In 1898, during the journey of Wilhelm II to Palestine, the two men actually met each other for consultation (three times). The ' Kaiser ' Herzls showed great respect for commitment to the Zionist dream come true. From the initial benevolence of the Kaiser, however, remained silent on when it turned out that sultan Abdülhamit II play-offs of his Ottoman Empire wanted to Herzls idea. Wilhelm II eventually attached more value to relations with the Turks than to the proposed "Schirmherrschaft" (= "aegis").

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13.63636302948px;">Herzl founded In 1899 in London the Jewish Colonial Trust on, with the aim of money available for land purchases in Palestine. He remained tireless lobbying influential diplomats and wealthy Jewish banker, and even the Vatican wanted him to speak politely. The net result of his efforts to get to Palestine for the Zionist movement in the short term, however, was nil. He, on the other hand, had success in the British colonies, Joseph Chamberlain, which the proposal did the British colony of Uganda to set at the disposal of the Zionists. Herzl felt here much for, and defended on the sixth Zionist Congress of 1903 the proposal to establish the Jewish State in Uganda. A final decision was not taken, and the following year, Herzl died unexpectedly at the age of 44 from a heart attack. Another year later decided the seventh Zionist Congress of 1905 to finally choose Palestine as a place to declare the Jewish State. ==After his death<span class="mw-editsection" len="332" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13.63636302948px;">In the end, the further worsening of anti-Semitism (resulting in the Holocaust) and Zionism together led to the Foundation of the modern State of Israel. In 1949, forty-five years after his death, the bones of Theodor Herzl with the first flight of the Israeli airline El Al transferred to Israel to there on the Herzlberg named after him (a ridge in Jerusalem) to be reburied. On his stone is the inscription: "Wenn ihr wollt, ist es kein Märchen" (= "If you want, it's not a fairy tale").

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13.63636302948px;">Two of his three children, Hans and Pauline, who for years in Europe buried layers, were reburied on september 20, 2006 on the Herzlberg, where their father is buried. The third child of Theodor Herzl, his youngest daughter Trude, came during the Second World War to put in a concentration camp, but her body has never been found.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13.63636302948px;">The for its beach holidays, movie studios and ICT industry known town of Herzliyya is named after him. The city name Tel Aviv (= Spring Hill) recalls the title of Herzl's in the Hebrew translated and discussed above novel Altneuland. In it he gives an exuberant vision of the future on Israel, full of details that were later to reality, such as the development of the fishing village of Haifa to a major port city complete with a metro train pulled by cables. The visionary In Altneuland also speaks about a channel to the dead sea and the possible electricity generation, but this plan has not been run yet. Herzl is a popular boys name in Israel. ==Jewish criticism of Herzl and Zionism<span class="mw-editsection" len="359" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13.63636302948px;">Not all Jews appreciate Herzl and Zionism. Some believe that the mistake was by the creator certain fate of the Jewish community to take into their own hands, and that the Jews had to wait until the arrival of the real Messiah, who would lead the people back to Jerusalem. Especially because of the occurrence of Sjabtaj Tzwi in the 17th century, by whose hands many full of enthusiasm to present-day Israel moved, they have anxiety once again for the charms of a "false Messiah" to fall. A small group of religious, but fiercely anti-Semitic Jews, Neturei Karta, even goes so far as that they take part in pro-Palestinian demonstrations against Israel in 2006 and is prominent on the A World without Zionism Conference in Tehran, where they delivered next to speakers among others David Duke, the Holocaust deniers Robert Faurisson and Fredrick T. ==Case-Dreyfus<span class="mw-editsection" len="332" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:20.3636360168457px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13.63636302948px;">The anti-Dreyfuspers wrote daily about the perfidious role of ' the syndicate', a large conspiracy of the Jews, Freemasons, Socialists and foreigners, that France wanted to tear up with list, deceit, bribery and forgery. When Dreyfus was demoted, shouted the crowd for the fences: À mort, à mort les juifs! (=Death to the Jews). Herzl was at that time in Paris the Jewish correspondent for Neue Freie Presse the Viennese newspaper. He was so shocked that he went home and wrote the first sentences of his treatise Der Judenstaat: the Jews had to get their own State. The very first germ of the creation of the State of Israel is here, in the Dreyfus case.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mak_1-1" len="169" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [1]