Romans in Netherlands

For about four centuries was a large part of Western Europe occupied by the Romans. All this time affected the Roman Government the life and culture of the then residents and (indirectly) that of the following generations.



Content
[hide] *1 History  ==History[ Edit] == The first contact between the Romans and the then population of Western Europe took place around [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=nl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F58_v.Chr. 58 BC] when Julius Caesar became stadtholder of the Roman province of Gallia (as much of Western Europe was then called) and he was commissioned by the Roman Senate to subject this whole area. This contact led to many wars, leaving all sorts of shifts took place in the local balance of power. In this period also attracted newcomers as the Batavians and the Netherlands along the large rivers Rhine fleet inside. Caesar tried to conclude peace treaties ' with the ' indigenous tribes, but in particular the Eburones, living in current Dutch Limburg Kempen, and Belgian-Limburg and along the Roer to the Rhine, oppose. They knew the Romans a few sensitive defeats. Caesar left them largely eradicate in retaliation and invited Germans from the vicinity of the Rhine to repopulate their residential areas. But Caesar was murdered in 44 BC and civil war broke out between the successors in Rome that the next 30 years noordgrenzen reduced the attention for the remote.Long time subregions by the Romans were again left to their own devices. ===Arminius[ Edit] === In [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=nl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F12_v.Chr. 12 BC], the Romans back when Caesars ultimate successor Gaius Octavian (better known as Emperor Augustus) had sufficiently consolidated his power in Rome. The whole area of the current Netherlands, Belgiumand France was enlisted and decorated as a base for large-scale campaigns in the North of the current Germany, that up to the Elbe was conquered. To do this, were major Legion camps built (e.g. the great castra on the Hunerberg in 15 BC) and marine laid out. This politics came to the fore after in the year 9 the Germanic leader Arminius 3 Roman legions led by Varus had defeated. In the year 17 Netherlands were South of the Rhine, East of Belgium and part of Germany West of the Rhine a Roman administrative unit: Germania Inferior. ===The revolt of the Frisii[ Edit] === Replica of a Roman Watchtower at Fort FightCome In 28 ad the Frisii in rebellion. Since the western portion of the limes (at the mouth of Rhine) at that time knew only a few forts (Velsen, Meinerswijk and Nijmegen), compared with the 9 in Germany, one can assume that the western part was regarded as largely pacified. This is also evident from the auxiliary troops which rushed from Germania Superior were to be met. The panic that triggered this rebellion, is aptly illustrated by a coin treasure in Nijmegen which in this period was buried.
 * 1.1 Arminius
 * 1.2 the rebellion of the Frisii
 * 1.3 rebellion of the Batavians
 * 1.4 border area of the Roman Empire
 * 1.5 decline of Roman power
 * 1.6 the Romans pull away
 * 2 influences on the social infrastructure
 * 3 Recruitment of mercenaries
 * 4 Gaius Plinius Secundus maior
 * 5 overview maps Roman Netherlands
 * 5.1 forts in Netherlands (the squares on the map)
 * 5.2 cities in Netherlands (the triangles on the map)
 * 5.3 settlement (the buttons on the map)
 * 5.4 soil conditions in Netherlands around 50 ad.
 * 6 see also
 * 7 References
 * 8 Sources
 * 9 Notes

In ad 47 . it comes to a conflict again, this time because the Frisii migrating South with boats and pasture occupy reserved for use by the legions. They are driven back by Corbulo, they impose laws, a Senate and magistrates. Corbulo is about an all-out assault on the Chauken to start, but Claudius prohibits him short and well all further actions on the other side of the Rhine. The result was that the Romans finally withdrew behind the then course of the Rhine, with the result that the heavily fortified border line running right through Netherlands came.Corbulo let behind the lines a domestic connection dig between the Maas and the Rhine mouth mouth: the Canal of Corbulo. North Netherlands is freed from the Roman occupation, but the Roman influence will assert itself for a long time.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Until recently, the decor of the limes with the forts in present-day Netherlands placed around the year 47 ad, and viewed as a static border. As a result of recent investigations by archaeologists suspect that the establishment has taken place some years earlier in connection with plans for a Roman invasion of Britannia in 43 ad and the limes in it should be seen more as a well-guarded military transport route. ===Rebellion of the Batavians<span class="mw-editsection" len="350" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Just after the Four Emperor year come the Batavians, Frisii and Cananefates revolted under Julius Civilis . Vitellius had the troops on the limes taken to Rome and the entourage of Vitellius, which had been left in a magistratenrol, misdroeg itself in relation to the Batavians. The Batavian Cohorts, which were bound for Rome, were recalled, the forts of the Limes were destroyed and the occupation was murdered, Notes andAtuatuca Tungrorum were reduced to ashes. Vespasian is princeps , which now prints with a superior force of six legions in the uprising and Legio X Gemina, which establishes in Spain was stationed on theHunnerberg. ===Border area of the Roman Empire<span class="mw-editsection" len="361" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Modern boundary stone (1997) on the former border of the Roman Empire<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the Batavian rebellion was 200 years quietly in Netherlands. South of the limes were the good agricultural land divided into big lots that sometimes an imposing villarose. The owners were mostly wealthy inhabitants of the new places that the Romans founded such as Maastricht and Nijmegen. The indigenous people worked on these lands, crafts practiced or served in the Roman army. In addition to the listed centers there were also numerous smaller villages and hamlets (vicus) often use the cores are of many current sites. The economy was mainly on the needs of the large garrison towns along the Rhine-oriented.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">An estimate of the population of current Netherlands in Roman times amounts to 150,000 to 200,000 people. Approximately 100,000 indigenous people lived in the zone, where the limes-about 20 Roman forts were manned by around 10,000 soldiers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" len="173" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"> [1] ===Decline of the Roman power<span class="mw-editsection" len="356" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During the crisis of the third century the Empire was torn apart by the internal wars between each other the military emperors that the supreme power questioned. This weakened the border defense of which the ' Barbarians ' across the border made grateful use. From about 250 increasingly began raiding on booty belustte Germanic tribes from around the Rhine.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the end of the third century, the rest under Diocletian somewhat back. But the barbarians in the previous centuries had achieved a military catch up compared to the Roman legions. Many Germanic warriors served in the Roman armed forces and by degrees there came into existence they took many military arts and achievements of their Roman masters. Technical and strategic relationships become the power were almost the same. That also proved increasingly difficult to maintain because the border was against ' barbarous ' aggressors, many of whom were veterans of the Roman army. Regularly robbing gangs invade knew, while others from the Northern German coastal area skirted him literally. If remedy was a system of "depth defense ' set, with forts along the coast and in the hinterland. From there had to absorb any Cavalry units of rapid invaders.By this strategy, the whole Dutch territory that lay within the Empire a militarized zone in which invaders had increasingly free play. ===The Romans pull away<span class="mw-editsection" len="351" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the fourth century was then still an attempt to strengthen the border again with a series of newly built forts, but these did not last long and eventually left the Romans this northwestern areas on their own. The Franksmade grateful use of. They succeeded in the border areas in current Brabant and Limburg to occupy. They installed themselves as the new rulers elite about the Romans and romanized natives who have not fled. The Franks gradually expanded their influence to the still relatively prosperous Gaul and over the rivers. Meanwhile, the Empire had plenty of internal problems that all the attention and military clout to be promoted so that the Franks and other tribes had free reign. ==Influences on the social infrastructure<span class="mw-editsection" len="366" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Constantius Gallus, Caesar. 351-354 n. CHR.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">From the foregoing, it appears that the Roman presence in the low countries becoming a strong military character has worn that a stamp pressed the social infrastructure. Certainly on the far outside border of the Empire was the Roman army itself a society . The seagoing service lasted twenty-five years and that was a job for life for most literally. There came at that the army was almost completely self-sufficient. In that respect, it was also the first major Roman army in Netherlandsproject developer that provided a comprehensive infrastructure, large construction projects and works of hydrology nature. Further probably came much of the native production at the service of the market economy that functioned around the army. ==Recruitment of mercenaries<span class="mw-editsection" len="354" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">All the while there was among the locals heavily recruited. This must also have influenced society. A number of generations in a row disappeared so many indigenous young men from the production process. This seems to reflect the changing focus of agriculture and animal husbandry, mixed company to an industry that is less labor intensive and for which our country lent itself well wet. And veteran who returned home after his long service time was highly romanized and pressed a mark on his immediate surroundings. ==Gaius Plinius Secundus maior<span class="mw-editsection" len="357" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The elder Gaius Plinius Secundus was a Roman writer who lived between 23 and 79 ad. In his Historia Naturalis -an encyclopedic work-he wrote among other things about the Germanic areas and hereby gives the typical look of Romans in Germania Inferior : <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">''The ocean pours twice a day with giant waves from across the country, so that one themselves with this eternal struggle of nature wonder if this piece of land belongs to the country or to the sea. On the hills or better said, with hands raised residences (the mounds) lives there an unfortunate people. At high tide are the net Seamen Convention, at low tide previously castaways. And when they are overcome by the Roman people, they call that slavery!'' <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Plinus, however, was never itself been in Germania Inferior and so all its information at Romans who had been to these regions. Plinus would perish on the Italian Beach (!) at the outbreak of the Vesuvius in 79.According to the Roman law in the Roman army legionaries were allowed to not marry, but archaeological research indicates that they in their castra (camps) have lived together with women and children. Especially the sizes of the recovered footwear show this clearly. Given this and the fact that many native men far away in Scotland or were stationed on the Danube, leads to the conclusion that these soldiers were sweethearts indigenous women. ==Overview Maps Roman Netherlands<span class="mw-editsection" len="364" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p lang="en" len="43" style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The exact course of the coastline is unknown. ===Forts in Netherlands (the squares on the map)<span class="mw-editsection" len="377" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ===Cities in Netherlands (the triangles on the map)<span class="mw-editsection" len="377" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A) Aellium Cananefatum/Forum Hadriani (Voorburg) B) Colonia Ulpia Noviomagus (Nijmegen) C) Batavorum (Nijmegen) D) Colonia Ulpia Trajana (Xanten, Germany) E) Coriovallum (Heerlen) ===Settlement (the buttons on the map)<span class="mw-editsection" len="366" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">F) Nigrum Pullum (Zwammerdam) G)? (Leidsche Rijn) H Haltna (Wooden )) I) Mars camp near Ermelo J)? (Tiel) K) Roman temples (Elst) L) Found Temple, probably dedicated to Hercules Magusannus (Kessel) M)? (Where) N) Ceuclum (Cuijk) O)? (Esch) P) Maastricht
 * 1) Flevum (Velsen) Here is also found a port
 * 2) Lugdunum Batavorum (Brittenburg)
 * 3) Praetorium Agrippinae (Valkenburg)
 * 4) Matilo (Lead-Roomburg)
 * 5) Albaniana (Alphen aan den Rijn)
 * 6) ? (Bodegraven)
 * 7) Laurium (Woerden)
 * 8) Maybe Fletio (Vleuten)
 * 9) Traiectum (Utrecht)
 * 10) Fectio (Fighting)
 * 11) Levefanum (Wijk bij Duurstede)
 * 12) Carvo (Kesteren)
 * 13) ? (Meinerswijk)
 * 14) Noviomagus (Nijmegen)
 * The Vicus of Ockenburgh on the coast near the Hague, not indicated on the map.

<p lang="en" len="211" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Not on the map: Venlo (possible with fort)

<p lang="en" len="426" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Also not on the map: Domburgand Colijnsplaat, temples dedicated to Nehalennia

<p lang="en" len="265" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.3999996185303px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Also: aardenburg, various buildings, most likely with a military function  ===Soil conditions in Netherlands around 50 ad.<span class="mw-editsection" len="373" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ Edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" len="1" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:inherit;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><span len="2" style="border-style:none;color:rgb(255,241,93);">█ █  Beach and dunes

<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:inherit;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><span len="2" style="border-style:none;color:rgb(210,213,0);">█ █  Tidal area (sand wadden, swallowing and salt marshes)

<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:inherit;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><span len="2" style="border-style:none;color:rgb(181,108,3);">█ █  Became accessible large bogs and rivers (including electric-shock belts, verlande/crevassen)

<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:inherit;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><span len="2" style="border-style:none;color:rgb(161,170,149);">█ █  Valley of the large rivers (not overveend)

<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:inherit;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><span len="2" style="border-style:none;color:rgb(254,201,1);">█ █  River dunes (delo)

<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:inherit;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><span len="2" style="border-style:none;color:rgb(227,244,252);">█ █  Open water (Sea, lagoons, rivers)

<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:inherit;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><span len="2" style="border-style:none;color:rgb(241,246,226);">█ █  Pleistocene landscape (>-6 m compared to NAP)

<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:inherit;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><span len="2" style="border-style:none;color:rgb(255,253,238);">█ █  Pleistocene landscape (-6 m-0 m)

<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:inherit;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><span len="2" style="border-style:none;color:rgb(255,249,194);">█ █  Pleistocene landscape (0 m-10 m)

<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:inherit;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><span len="2" style="border-style:none;color:rgb(255,235,166);">█ █  Pleistocene landscape (10 m-20 m)

<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:inherit;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><span len="2" style="border-style:none;color:rgb(254,201,1);">█ █  Pleistocene landscape (20 m-50 m)

<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:inherit;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><span len="2" style="border-style:none;color:rgb(231,163,0);">█ █  Pleistocene landscape (50 m-100 m)

<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:inherit;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><span len="2" style="border-style:none;color:rgb(218,96,13);">█ █  Pleistocene landscape (100 m-200 m)